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Large Language Models With Contrastive Decoding Algorithm for Hallucination Mitigation in Low-Resource Languages 认领 引用 被引量：1
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作者 Zan Hongying Arifa Javed +2 位作者 Muhammad Abdullah Javed Rashid Muhammad Faheem 《CAAI Transactions on Intelligence Technology》 SCIE EI CSCD 2025年第4期1104-1117,共14页
Neural machine translation(NMT)has advanced with deep learning and large-scale multilingual models,yet translating lowresource languages often lacks sufficient training data and leads to hallucinations.This often resu... Neural machine translation(NMT)has advanced with deep learning and large-scale multilingual models,yet translating lowresource languages often lacks sufficient training data and leads to hallucinations.This often results in translated content that diverges significantly from the source text.This research proposes a refined Contrastive Decoding(CD)algorithm that dynamically adjusts weights of log probabilities from strong expert and weak amateur models to mitigate hallucinations in lowresource NMT and improve translation quality.Advanced large language NMT models,including ChatGLM and LLaMA,are fine-tuned and implemented for their superior contextual understanding and cross-lingual capabilities.The refined CD algorithm evaluates multiple candidate translations using BLEU score,semantic similarity,and Named Entity Recognition accuracy.Extensive experimental results show substantial improvements in translation quality and a significant reduction in hallucination rates.Fine-tuned models achieve higher evaluation metrics compared to baseline models and state-of-the-art models.An ablation study confirms the contributions of each methodological component and highlights the effectiveness of the refined CD algorithm and advanced models in mitigating hallucinations.Notably,the refined methodology increased the BLEU score by approximately 30%compared to baseline models. 展开更多
关键词 ChatGLM contrastive decoding hallucination LLAMA LLM low resource NMT
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Plant Secondary Metabolism and Functional Biology 认领 引用
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作者 Cheng Song Muhammad Abdullah Muhammad Aamir Manzoor 《Phyton-International Journal of Experimental Botany》 SCIE 2025年第9期2949-2955,共7页
1 Plant SecondaryMetabolism and Functional Biology Progress Plants have long been recognized as biochemical powerhouses,producing a vast array of compounds through their secondary metabolic pathways[1].Although histor... 1 Plant SecondaryMetabolism and Functional Biology Progress Plants have long been recognized as biochemical powerhouses,producing a vast array of compounds through their secondary metabolic pathways[1].Although historically referred to as‘secondary’due to their perceived non-essential role in basic plant survival,it is now understood that these metabolites are integral to plant growth,development and adaptation to environmental challenges.Secondary metabolites,such as alkaloids,terpenoids,phenolics and flavonoids,serve as critical mediators of plant-environment interactions,conferring resistance to biotic and abiotic stressors[2].Beyond their ecological functions,these compounds are invaluable to humans,supporting industries ranging from pharmaceuticals and nutrition to agrochemicals and chemical additives. 展开更多
关键词 alkaloids flavonoids secondary metabolic pathways biochemical powerhouses functional biology terpenoids phenolics plant secondary metabolism
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A comprehensive overview of omics-based approaches to enhance biotic and abiotic stress tolerance in sweet potato 认领 引用 被引量：3
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作者 Sulaiman Ahmed Muhammad Saad Shoaib Khan +6 位作者 Songlei Xue Faisal Islam Aziz Ul Ikram Muhammad Abdullah Shan Liu Piengtawan Tappiban Jian Chen 《Horticulture Research》 SCIE CSCD 2024年第3期351-367,共17页
Biotic and abiotic stresses negatively affect the yield and overall plant developmental process,thus causing substantial losses in global sweet potato production.To cope with stresses,sweet potato has evolved numerous... Biotic and abiotic stresses negatively affect the yield and overall plant developmental process,thus causing substantial losses in global sweet potato production.To cope with stresses,sweet potato has evolved numerous strategies to tackle ever-changing surroundings and biological and environmental conditions.The invention of modern sequencing technology and the latest data processing and analysis instruments has paved the way to integrate biological information from different approaches and helps to understand plant system biology more precisely.The advancement in omics technologies has accumulated and provided a great source of information at all levels(genome,transcript,protein,and metabolite)under stressful conditions.These latest molecular tools facilitate us to understand better the plant’s responses to stress signaling and help to process/integrate the biological information encoded within the biological system of plants.This review briefly addresses utilizing the latest omics strategies for deciphering the adaptive mechanisms for sweet potatoes’biotic and abiotic stress tolerance via functional genomics,transcriptomics,proteomics,and metabolomics.This information also provides a powerful reference to understand the complex,well-coordinated stress signaling genetic regulatory networks and better comprehend the plant phenotypic responses at the cellular/molecular level under various environmental stimuli,thus accelerating the design of stress-resilient sweet potato via the latest genetic engineering approaches. 展开更多
关键词 sweet potato omics data processing sequencing technology analysis instruments genomics integrate biological information transcriptomics
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EfficientNet-Based Robust Recognition of Peach Plant Diseases in Field Images 认领 引用 被引量：5
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作者 Haleem Farman Jamil Ahmad +3 位作者 Bilal Jan Yasir Shahzad Muhammad Abdullah Atta Ullah 《Computers, Materials & Continua》 SCIE EI 2022年第4期2073-2089,共17页
Plant diseases are a major cause of degraded fruit quality andyield losses. These losses can be significantly reduced with early detection ofdiseases to ensure their timely treatment, particularly in developing countr... Plant diseases are a major cause of degraded fruit quality andyield losses. These losses can be significantly reduced with early detection ofdiseases to ensure their timely treatment, particularly in developing countries.In this regard, an expert system based on deep learning model where the expertknowledge, particularly the one acquired by plant pathologist, is recursivelylearned by the system and is applied using a smart phone application for use inthe target field environment, is being proposed. In this paper, a robust diseasedetection method is developed based on convolutional neural network (CNN),where its powerful features extraction capabilities are leveraged to detectdiseases in images of fruits and leaves. The features extraction pipelines ofseveral state-of-the-art pretrained networks are fine-tuned to achieve optimaldetection performance. A novel dataset is collected from peach orchards andextensively augmented using both label-preserving and non-label-preservingtransformations. The augmented dataset is used to study the effects of finetuning the pretrained networks’ feature extraction pipeline as opposed tokeeping the network parameters unchanged. The CNN models, particularlyEfficientNet exhibited superior performance on the target dataset once theirfeature extraction pipelines are fine-tuned. The optimal model is able toachieve 96.6% average accuracy, 90% sensitivity and precision, and 98%specificity on the test set of images. 展开更多
关键词 Peach diseases EfficientNet data augmentation transfer learning
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Where Pakistan Stands Among Top Rice Exporting Countries, an Analysis of Competitiveness 认领 引用 被引量：3
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作者 Muhammad Abdullah Jia Li +3 位作者 Sidra Ghazanfar Jaleel Ahmed Imran Khan Mazhir Nadeem Ishaq 《Journal of Northeast Agricultural University(English Edition)》 CAS 2015年第2期80-86,共7页
Under the umbrella of WTO, the reduction in trade barriers has forced the policy makers to focus on the export competitiveness. Rice is an important source for foreign exchange earnings for the economy of Pakistan, ke... Under the umbrella of WTO, the reduction in trade barriers has forced the policy makers to focus on the export competitiveness. Rice is an important source for foreign exchange earnings for the economy of Pakistan, keeping in mind of this fact, the competitiveness of Pakistan＇s rice with other major exporters was examined by applying revealed competitive advantage. The domestic consumption trends of rice among the major rice exporting countries were also analyzed in the current study. The results revealed that as compare to other major exporters of rice in the world, Pakistan had high competitive and comparative advantage in the production of rice. The comparison of the movements in comparative advantage indices for Pakistan with the major world rice competitors/exporters showed that Pakistan possessed relatively high comparative and competitive advantages in rice production. The declining domestic per capita consumption of rice and increasing trends in competitiveness for Pakistan clearly revealed the expected potential of higher growth which meant that rice exports from Pakistan could continue to play an important role for the earnings of foreign exchange. In order to exploit the potential benefits of rice exports, we need to strengthen the competitiveness in rice sector of Pakistan. 展开更多
关键词 export rice competitiveness foreign exchange Pakistan
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Agricultural Exports Competitiveness of Pakistan in Global Market 认领 引用
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作者 Majid Lateef Tong Guang-ji +3 位作者 Muhammad Usman Riaz Mazhir Nadeem Ishaq Muhammad Abdullah Zeeshan Ahmad 《Journal of Northeast Agricultural University(English Edition)》 CAS 2018年第2期77-87,共11页
Agricultural sector is a major source of employment and export earnings for Pakistan. Exports of Pakistan are highly concentrated in agricultural products including cotton, rice, sugar and fruit. This study analyzed c... Agricultural sector is a major source of employment and export earnings for Pakistan. Exports of Pakistan are highly concentrated in agricultural products including cotton, rice, sugar and fruit. This study analyzed comparative and competitive advantages of the main agricultural products of Pakistan, i.e. cotton, rice and tangerines. Consumption patterns of top exporting countries in each category were also analyzed. Results revealed that Pakistan had strong competitiveness for export of these commodities. Strong potential for growth in the agricultural sector of Pakistan was found and it could be optimized to raise export earnings and meet the objectives of the strategic trade policy framework （STPF） 2015-2018 of Pakistan. 展开更多
关键词 agricultural trade comparative advantage competitiveness export Pakistan
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An improved haplotype resolved genome reveals more rice genes 认领 引用
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作者 Muhammad Abdullah Agnelo Furtado +2 位作者 Ardashir Kharabian Masouleh Pauline Okemo Robert J.Henry 《Tropical Plants》 2024年第1期383-387,共5页
The rice reference genome(Oryza sativa ssp.japonica cv.Nipponbare)has been an important resource in plant science.We now report an improved and haplotype resolved genome sequence based upon more accurate sequencing te... The rice reference genome(Oryza sativa ssp.japonica cv.Nipponbare)has been an important resource in plant science.We now report an improved and haplotype resolved genome sequence based upon more accurate sequencing technology.This improved assembly includes regions missing in earlier genome sequences and the annotation of more than 3,000 new genes due to greater sequence accuracy.This phased genome will be a useful resource for rice research. 展开更多
关键词 genome sequences genome oryza sativa phased genome improved genome haplotype resolved more accurate sequencing technologythis rice genes sequencing technology
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Farmers' Perception and Awareness and Factors Affecting Awareness of Farmers Regarding Crop Insurance as a Risk Coping Mechanism Evidence from Pakistan 认领 引用 被引量：9
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作者 Sidra Ghazanfar Zhang Qi-wen +2 位作者 Muhammad Abdullah Zeeshan Ahmad Majid Lateef 《Journal of Northeast Agricultural University(English Edition)》 CAS 2015年第1期76-82,共7页
This study has been conducted in three districts of Punjab Province namely, Dera Ghazi Khan, Rajan Pur and Bahawalpur of Pakistan. The study showed the results of a survey of 300 farmers which was organized to assess ... This study has been conducted in three districts of Punjab Province namely, Dera Ghazi Khan, Rajan Pur and Bahawalpur of Pakistan. The study showed the results of a survey of 300 farmers which was organized to assess awareness level of farmers regarding crop insurance, factors affecting the awareness level among farmers and the perception of farmers about crop insurance. Based on exploratory research work upon the responses of farmers, the average and standard deviation were calculated. Probit model was applied to explore the factors affecting the awareness level of farmers. SPSS was used for the analysis of the collected data. The results revealed that out of 300 farmers, 184 farmers were aware with crop insurance and rests of the 116 farmers were not aware. Banks and E-media were found to be the two most important sources of the awareness for the respondent farmers. In the study area, the climatic risks were reported as the most severe risks faced by the farmers. The results also revealed the existence of negative perceptions of the farmers about crop insurance i.e. farmers perceived crop insurance as a kind of tax and they believed premium was so high that it was out of range of poor farmers and only large scale farmers could afford it. Results obtained by applying Probit model revealed that ＂education＂ and ＂previously availed agricultural credit＂ were the two most important factors which affected the awareness of the farmers regarding crop insurance. 展开更多
关键词 crop insurance awareness perception agricultural risk climatic risk
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Optimal Scheme Selection of Agricultural Production Structure Adjustment——Based on DEA Model; Punjab(Pakistan) 认领 引用 被引量：1
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作者 Zeeshan Ahmad Meng Jun +3 位作者 Muhammad Abdullah Mazhar Nadeem Ishaq Majid Lateef Imran Khan 《Journal of Northeast Agricultural University(English Edition)》 CAS 2015年第4期48-52,共5页
This paper used the modern evaluation method of DEA （Data Envelopment Analysis） to assess the comparative efficiency and then on the basis of this among multiple schemes chose the optimal scheme of agricultural prod... This paper used the modern evaluation method of DEA （Data Envelopment Analysis） to assess the comparative efficiency and then on the basis of this among multiple schemes chose the optimal scheme of agricultural production structure adjustment. Based on the results of DEA model, we dissected scale advantages of each discretionary scheme or plan. We examined scale advantages of each discretionary scheme, tested profoundly a definitive purpose behind not-DEA efficient, which elucidated the system and methodology to enhance these discretionary plans. At the end, another method had been proposed to rank and select the optimal scheme. The research was important to guide the practice if the modification of agricultural production industrial structure was carded on. 展开更多
关键词 agricultural industrial structure adjustment agricultural production structure DEA efficient DMU＇s ranking Punjab
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Factors Hindering Pakistani Farmers' Choices Towards Adoption of Crop Insurance 认领 引用 被引量：1
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作者 Sidra Ghazanfar Zhang Qi-wen +3 位作者 Muhammad Abdullah Jaleel Ahmed Imran Khan Zeeshan Ahmad 《Journal of Northeast Agricultural University(English Edition)》 CAS 2015年第2期92-96,共5页
This study was conducted to analyze the factors that negatively influence Pakistani farmers＇ willingness to participate in crop insurance. Probit model was applied to identify the significant factors which influenced... This study was conducted to analyze the factors that negatively influence Pakistani farmers＇ willingness to participate in crop insurance. Probit model was applied to identify the significant factors which influenced our dependent variable ＂not willing to participate＂. The results of the analyses showed that crop insurance premium was the most influencing factor which had positive and significant impact on dependent variable. Similarly dissatisfaction with crop loan insurance scheme, lacking of knowledge about crop insurance, believing of being against Islamic rules and time taking process was also found to be positive and significantly influenced the dependent variable. While limited decision power and limited perils were not found to be significant in the results. 展开更多
关键词 crop insurance willingness to participate Probit model Premium
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Analysis the Influenced of Plain and Twill Structures on Woven Fabric Properties 认领 引用
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作者 Monour Khan Hasan Mahmud +5 位作者 Tirtha Sarathi Das Muhammad Abdullah Tushar Rahman Khan Rokibul Hasan Shohan Sajid Al Rafi Md Solaiman 《Journal of Textile Science and Technology》 2020年第3期107-113,共7页
Fabric outer appearance is influenced by various fabric structures. In this research work, the physical properties of plain and twill were analyzed. Physical, mechanical and other aesthetic properties are also tested ... Fabric outer appearance is influenced by various fabric structures. In this research work, the physical properties of plain and twill were analyzed. Physical, mechanical and other aesthetic properties are also tested and the finding results are also compared between two samples. After testing the samples it is found that rubbing fastness remains unchanged for plain and twill fabric. Abrasion resistance, pilling, crease recovery and cover factor were evaluated for twill and plain structures using ISO 12945-2, ISO 12945-1 and ISO 2313 methods respectively. Abrasion resistance and pills property are not good for twill fabric in comparison with plain fabric but crease recovery is better of twill fabric. 展开更多
关键词 Abrasion Pilling Crease Recovery Color Fastness Cover Factor EPI & PPI
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An Investigation into Infection Prevention and Control Practices among Close Contacts of COVID-19 Positive Cases Identified during Trace Test and Quarantine Activities at District Quetta (Unmatched Case-Control Study) 认领 引用
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作者 Muhammad Arif Abid Saeed +10 位作者 Muhammad Abdullah Ambreen Chaudhary Zakir Hussain Mirza Zeeshan Iqbal Baig Zubair Ahmed Khoso Mir Abdul Qadir Sheikh Ahmed Saher Sultan Zahra Gauhar Ayesha Babar Kawish Ehsan Larik 《Open Journal of Epidemiology》 2021年第4期360-370,共11页
The second wave of COVID-19 pandemic has started globally, right now 220 countries are infected and a total of 71,351,695 confirmed cases and 1,612,372 deaths due to COVID-19 have been reported. Infection Prevention a... The second wave of COVID-19 pandemic has started globally, right now 220 countries are infected and a total of 71,351,695 confirmed cases and 1,612,372 deaths due to COVID-19 have been reported. Infection Prevention and Control (IPC) measures for COVID-19 all have proved vital in decreasing the transmission rates among the communities. Methodology: Unmatched Case-Control Study was conducted where cases were defined as “every PCR positive contact (symptomatic or asymptomatic) for any index case” similarly controls were defined as “every PCR negative contact (symptomatic or asymptomatic) for any index case who was home quarantined for 14 days based on suspicion by PDSRU team”. A simple random technique was used and 300 individuals were made part of this study. Results: The major findings of this study shows that PCR positive contacts poorly adopted certain COVID-19 IPC measures of interest in their daily life hence got infected. The odds for all the variables of interest were found to be statistically significant among cases as compared to controls like the odds for knowingly and intentionally contacted with a COVID-19 positive case was 13.7 times more among the PCR positive contacts as compare to PCR negative contacts (p = 0.00, C.I = 7.62 - 24.90), similarly, the odds of being a family member of the index COVID-19 case was 7.07 times more among the PCR positive contacts as compared to the PCR negative contacts (p = 0.00, C.I = 3.25 - 15.86). Conclusion: Before the development and availability of a vaccine, the only tools that can help prevent the spread of COVID-19 are IPC measures. 展开更多
关键词 COVID-19 IPC Measures Contact PCR PDSRU
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Compliance of Milk Quality and Safety Measures Among Milk Producers and Milk Collection Centers in South Region of Punjab Province,Pakistan 认领 引用
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作者 Mazhir Nadeem Ishaq Li Cui-xia +2 位作者 Rukhsana Rasheed Majid Lateef Muhammad Abdullah 《Journal of Northeast Agricultural University(English Edition)》 CAS 2017年第1期80-91,共12页
The present study was conducted in four districts of Punjab Province to examine the attitude of milk producers and milk collection agents toward compliance of milk quality and safety parameters. In current scenario, t... The present study was conducted in four districts of Punjab Province to examine the attitude of milk producers and milk collection agents toward compliance of milk quality and safety parameters. In current scenario, the attitude of consumers for safe food in accordance to quality standards is ever increasing. The dairy industry in Pakistan is confronting many challenges to adapt these food safety and quality measures. This study was purposely conducted in the south region of Punjab Province, as this region has rich population of livestock and milk production. To collect essential data, field study was carded out in selected four districts of Punjab Province. Field survey for dairy farmers and milk collection centers was performed in two phases. The analysis of primary data was carried out by calculating the Likert scale mean value, analysis of variance （one-way） and other descriptive statistics tools. The results showed that 76.4% milk producers had no awareness about Punjab food quality laws; as Likert-scale mean value was 1.93. The compliance level for the management practices such as Hazard Analysis of Critical Control Point （HCCAP）, Good Animal Practices （GAP） and Good Veterinary Practices （GVP） etc. was also very poor. Approximately, 32.57% milk collectors （very frequently） applied milk quality testing parameters whereas 50.72% milk collectors merely used sensory quality inspection methods at the time of milk purchase from dairy farmers. For a sustainable supply of good quality raw milk to the dairy industry in Pakistan, it was recommended that the departments for hygiene and food inspection should be vigilant. The prescribed food safety laws relating to milk production and marketing activities should be enforced properly to improve the situation. 展开更多
关键词 dairy farmer milk collection center milk quality standard food safety measure Punjab
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Examining Mediating Role of Customer Loyalty for Influence of Brand Related Attributes on Customer Repurchase Intention 认领 引用
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作者 Zeeshan Ahmad Meng Jun +2 位作者 Imran Khan Muhammad Abdullah Tauqir Ahmad Ghauri 《Journal of Northeast Agricultural University(English Edition)》 CAS 2016年第2期89-96,共8页
The objective of current study was to investigate the influence of brand related attributes on customer loyalty and repurchase intention in agricultural product marketing in Pakistan. Results of current study would he... The objective of current study was to investigate the influence of brand related attributes on customer loyalty and repurchase intention in agricultural product marketing in Pakistan. Results of current study would help the management of branded agricultural products, in Pakistan specifically and in developing countries generally, to formulate the best strategies to enhance customer loyalty in order to induce repurchase intention of them. Future research could be conducted in the same field by adopting larger sample size and this research can be replicated with specific product category. 展开更多
关键词 brand image brand loyalty repurchase intention mediating effect agricultural product marketing
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Experimentation on Optimal Configuration and Size of Thin Cylinders in Natural Convection 认领 引用
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作者 Ali Riaz Adnan Ibrahim +3 位作者 Muhammad Sohail Bashir Masroor Asghar Muhammad Abdullah Ajmal Shah 《Semiconductor Science and Information Devices》 CAS 2022年第2期17-28,共12页
In this paper,an experimental study of laminar,steady state natural convection heat transfer from heated thin cylinders in an infinite air medium has been reported.Two electrically heated cylinders having the same sle... In this paper,an experimental study of laminar,steady state natural convection heat transfer from heated thin cylinders in an infinite air medium has been reported.Two electrically heated cylinders having the same slenderness ratio(L/D)i.e.6.1 but different diameters i.e.3.8 cm and 5.08 cm were used.105 experiments were carried out to study the effect of diameter and inclination angle of thin cylinder on natural convection heat transfer.After mandatory corrections of radiation and endcap heat losses,convective heat transfer results were presented in the form of local and average dimensionless numbers.For vertical configuration of thin cylinder,Nusselt number was varied from 52.99 to 95.10 corresponding to 1.28×108≤Ra*L≤1.08×1010.While for horizontal configuration,Nusselt number was varied from 10.74 to 17.78 corresponding to 9.42×104≤Ra*D≤8.17×106.Results were compared with the published data and found satisfactory as the maximum percentage difference was only 3.09%.The essence of research is that the heat transfer coefficient increases with decrease in diameter and increase in inclination angle.Smoke flow visualization was done to capture patterns of fluid flow.Finally,comparison was made to quantify increase in Nusselt number from slender cylinder as compared to the flat plate. 展开更多
关键词 Natural convection Thin cylinders Flat plate Nusselt number
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Convection Heat Transfer from Heated Thin Cylinders Inside a Ventilated Enclosure 认领 引用
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作者 Ali Riaz Adnan Ibrahim +3 位作者 Muhammad Sohail Bashir Muhammad Abdullah Ajmal Shah Abdul Quddus 《Semiconductor Science and Information Devices》 CAS 2022年第2期10-16,共7页
Experimental study was conducted to determine the effect of velocity of axial fan,outlet vent height,position,area,and aspect ratio(h/w)of ventilated enclosure on convection heat transfer.Rectangular wooden ventilated... Experimental study was conducted to determine the effect of velocity of axial fan,outlet vent height,position,area,and aspect ratio(h/w)of ventilated enclosure on convection heat transfer.Rectangular wooden ventilated enclosure having top and front transparent wall was made up of Perspex for visualization,and internal physical dimensions of box were 200 mm×200 mm×400 mm.Inlet vent was at bottom while outlet vents were at the side and top wall.Electrically heated cylindrical heat source having 6.1 slenderness ratio was fabricated and hanged at the centre of the enclosure.To calculate heat transfer rates,thermocouples were attached to the inner surface of heat source with silica gel.Heat source was operated at constant heat flux in order to quantify the effect of velocity of air on heat transfer.It was observed that average Nusselt number was increased from 68 to 216 by changing velocity from 0 to 3.34 m/s at constant modified Grashof number i.e.5.67E+09.While variation in outlet height at the front wall did not affect heat transfer in forced convection region.However,Nusselt number decreased to 5%by changing the outlet position from top to the front wall or by 50%reduction in outlet area during forced convection.Mean rise in temperature of enclosure increased from 8.19 K to 9.40 K by increasing aspect ratio of enclosure from 1.5 to 2 by operating heat source at constant heat flux i.e.541.20 w/m2. 展开更多
关键词 Experimentation Ventilated enclosures Convection heat transfer Dimensionless data
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Risk of “On Job Non Compliance” towards Various COVID-19 Standard &Transmission Based Infection Prevention &Control Measures/Precautions among the Healthcare Workers Working in OPD Settings of Public Sector Tertiary Care Hospitals of Quetta Balochistan (Prospective Cohort Study) 认领 引用
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作者 Muhammad Arif Muhammad Abdullah +10 位作者 Abid Saeed Ambreen Chaudhary Zakir Hussain Ayesha Babar Kawish Mir Abdul Qadir Sheikh Ahmed Saher Sultan Zubair Ahmed Khoso Zahra Gauhar Tahira Kamal Ehsan Larik 《Open Journal of Epidemiology》 2021年第4期390-401,共12页
Background: COVID-19 Pandemic is still circulating within the human population and proving to be a deadlier disease with a mortality rate ranging from 0.5% to 7%. Since COVID-19 is a highly transmissible disease;there... Background: COVID-19 Pandemic is still circulating within the human population and proving to be a deadlier disease with a mortality rate ranging from 0.5% to 7%. Since COVID-19 is a highly transmissible disease;there is always a probability for its outward spread towards the general public and community from the hospitals and healthcare facilities where they come to seek treatment. Methodology: A prospective cohort study design was used, considering the limited available resources and time—a total of 200 healthcare workers (including doctors, nurses, para-medical staff, janitorial staff, reception staff & pharmacists) working in the OPDs of the two major public sector hospitals of Quetta were made part of this study. The study participants were selected using a simple random sampling technique and selection was made from the daily attendance register. The study participants from “Hospital-A” were first of all educated and trained on various COVID-19 IPC measures later on various COVID-19-IEC materials;written in simple Urdu language, were displayed clearly everywhere in the OPD. Similarly, handwashing stations along with hand sanitizers/soaps and surgical face masks were also made available free of cost for all the study participants of Hospital-A. Moreover the importance and effectiveness of COVID-19 IPC measures were continuously announced in the OPD gallery of Hospital-A, these announcements used simple wording in local languages (i.e., Urdu, Pashto, Balochi and Brahvi). On the other hand, in the OPD of “Hospital-B”, no such interventions were made. The study participants of both the hospitals were followed for one month and observations like which group showed more on-job noncompliance towards various COVID-19 IPC measures were recorded. The data was recorded on daily basis (from 1st May-to-31st May 2021) after observing the study participants for compliance towards using face masks, face shields, personal protective gowns, gloves, hand sanitizers, maintaining 6 feet social distancing and implanting triage at his or her OPD counter. Any study participant with daily proper practice of at least face masks, gloves, hand sanitizer and maintaining a 6 feet social distancing SOPs during duty hours at the outdoor patients department was considered to be a compliant individual if even one of these minimum required SOPs has not practiced the study participant, he/she was classified as non-compliant individual. A checklist was used to record these findings for every study participant on daily basis by trained data collectors. Lastly, all the data was analyzed using Microsoft Excel 2007 version. Results: The major findings of this study are almost in line with the set objectives, the study results are clearly showing the Risk Ratio (RR) as 0.27, indicating that the intervention group participants were only 27% as likely to develop on-job non-compliance for various COVID-19 IPC measures compare to the non-intervention group. Discussion & Conclusion: It is highly recommended that various COVID-19 specific infection prevention and control interventions like COVID-19 IPC trainings, COVID-19 IEC and BCC materials be displayed clearly everywhere in the healthcare facilities especially in the OPD department. Moreover, audio announcements made in simple wording using local languages like Urdu, Pashto, Balochi and Brahvi could really serve as constant reminder tools especially in an OPD department where every next patient in the queue could present with a different infectious bug. 展开更多
关键词 COVID-19 IPC Measures IEC & BCC Materials
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Etiology of Upper GI Bleeding on Endoscopy 认领 引用
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作者 Junaid Khan Muhammad Ali +7 位作者 Hareem Bakhsh Sobhi Sheikh Moazzam Waheed Ifrah Shahnawaz Muhammad Abdullah Sardar Muhammad Omer Naseem Omer Kamal Farah Bashir Muhammad Nadeem 《Neuroscience & Medicine》 2018年第1期16-21,共6页
Background: Several circumstances and conditions lead to UGIB. The commonest among them peptic ulcer to an approximation of 50% in cases. The second major cause may be esoghageal varices and third is mallory-weis tear... Background: Several circumstances and conditions lead to UGIB. The commonest among them peptic ulcer to an approximation of 50% in cases. The second major cause may be esoghageal varices and third is mallory-weis tears. There are also other causes, which may include erosins, tumors and other malformations like arteriovenous. Methods: This was an observational retrospective study of all patients referred to endoscopy. The study exclusion criteria include all patients who had repeat endoscopies within one month of the previous endoscopy whereas all the patients with UGIB were included in this study. Results: We retrieved data of total 150 patients who had experienced upper gastrointestinal endoscopy during the selected time period covered in the study, March 2015 to February 2016. The mean age of the patients was 43.3 ± 13.80. 80 (53.3%) of the patients were male and 70 (46.7%) were females. Exploring more into UGIB causes the majority of patients were with esophageal varices 68 (45.3%) with male to female share was 2:1. The second most cause was esophagitis (n = 22, (14.67%)), the distribution of the cause was similar in male to female. Conclusion: We may conclude from our findings that the most common cause of UGIB is esophageal varices in our population. 展开更多
关键词 Upper Gastrointestinal Endoscopy Esophageal Varices Upper Gastrointestinal Bleeding Peptic Ulcer
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Outcomes of Evacuation Extradural Hematoma via Craniotomy under Local Anesthesia 认领 引用
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作者 Moazzam Waheed Sheikh Ifrah Shahnawaz +4 位作者 Muhammad Abdullah Omer Kamal Rabia Naheed Aisha Bushra Muhammad Nadeem 《Neuroscience & Medicine》 2017年第3期41-45,共5页
Background: The EDH occurs due to the accumulation of bleeding between the inner table of the skull and the outer layer of the dura mater. It is said to account for 1% - 3% of all head injured patients and 9% of those... Background: The EDH occurs due to the accumulation of bleeding between the inner table of the skull and the outer layer of the dura mater. It is said to account for 1% - 3% of all head injured patients and 9% of those who are comatose. The only life-saving treatment of choice is evacuation of EDH via craniotomy. Methods: This was a prospective observational study, where 40 patients were in follow-up for determining the outcomes of evacuation via craniotomy. Results: Majority of the patients were young and males. The main outcome of the evacuation was favorable (recovered), but certain unfavorable outcomes were also accounted like mortality. Conclusion: The pre-surgery clinical findings like consciousness of patient were an important indicator for EDH evacuation outcome. In most of the cases, the outcome was favorable with progressive recovery. 展开更多
关键词 Evacuation Extradural Hematoma Mortality Consciousness Unfavorable Outcomes
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Intrinsic Bio-Enhancer Entities of Fagonia creticafor Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles Involves Anti-Urease, Anti-Oxidant and Anti-Tyosinase Activity 认领 引用
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作者 Aqsa Yousaf Ayesha Zafar +10 位作者 Muhammad Ali Snober Mona Bukhary Yasmeen Manzoor Tuba Tariq Asma Saeed Muhammad Akram Faryal Bukhari Muhammad Abdullah Syeda Sadaf Zehra Shahbaz Gul Hassan Murtaza Hasan 《Advances in Bioscience and Biotechnology》 CAS 2019年第12期455-468,共14页
Objective: Evaluating the bio-reducing activity and various potential, annotates the biological entitties of Fagonia cretica. Method: By fractionating the crude extract with different ethanol-water fraction mixture. T... Objective: Evaluating the bio-reducing activity and various potential, annotates the biological entitties of Fagonia cretica. Method: By fractionating the crude extract with different ethanol-water fraction mixture. This substantiates the reduction potential for the biological synthesis of AgNPs, its antioxidant, anti-urease and anti-Tyrosinase activity. Results: UV-visible spectra confirm the bio-reducing potential for Ag NPs with the optimized 50% ethanol-water fraction mixture. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) confirmed the round shaped AgNPs with an average size of 16 nm in optimized 50% fraction mixture. Further evaluating Ethanol-water fraction with 90% and 70% of plant extract showed more potentials for Anti-Tyrosinase and Anti-urease activity. Moreover, diluted 30% fraction exhibits two folds higher Anti-oxidant and Anti urease activity. Conclusion: Overall, this work showed that 50% Ethanol-water fraction has potentially active molecules (among all fractions) primarily involved in bio-reducing potential of Ag NPs and enzymatic assay while 90% mixture proved to be least active. This study suggested electing the optimum mixture fraction of 50% ethanol-water in order to screen the bioactive compounds and to inculcate their activity status for clinical trials. 展开更多
关键词 Bioactivity Fagonia cretica Nanoparticles Enzymes Assay Bio Reducing Agent
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