To address the operational challenges posed by renewable energy generation uncertainty and load fluctuations in DC microgrids,this paper proposes a hierarchical coordinated optimization control strategy for electricit...To address the operational challenges posed by renewable energy generation uncertainty and load fluctuations in DC microgrids,this paper proposes a hierarchical coordinated optimization control strategy for electricity-hydrogen hybrid DC microgrids(EH-DC-MG).The strategy aims to leverage the synergistic advantages of hybrid electricity-hydrogen energy storage to simultaneously achieve multiple objectives,including economic system operation,efficient utilization of renewable energy,and reliable power supply.The upper optimization scheduling layer formulates a mixed-integer linear programming model with the objective of minimizing the total system cost,which incorporates equipment operation and maintenance expenses,battery depreciation,penalties for renewable energy curtailment,and power/hydrogen supply shortages.By solving this model,optimal power reference signals are generated for devices.The lower device control layer employs designed DC/DC converter control strategies to ensure fast and accurate tracking of the optimization commands while maintaining DC bus voltage stability.Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed strategy can effectively coordinate electricity-hydrogen energy conversion and storage.Under various typical and extreme scenarios,the system maintains a high renewable energy utilization rate—remaining above 97.572%even under extreme conditions—while keeping the power shortage rate and hydrogen load curtailment rate at low levels.Specifically,under extreme power deficit scenarios,these rates are limited to 2.003%and 5.081%,respectively,which are significantly below the 10%quality constraint threshold,thereby ensuring a high degree of supply reliability.In addition,the DC bus voltage fluctuation is stabilized within 0.37%,far below the 5%safety operation threshold,validating the effectiveness of the control strategy.This study confirms that the proposed hierarchical coordinated optimization control strategy can support electricity-hydrogen hybrid DC microgrids in achieving economical,reliable,and resilient operation,providing a key technical reference for the optimized management of microgrids with high penetration of renewable energy.展开更多
The hybrid series-parallel microgrid attracts more attention by combining the advantages of both the series-stacked voltage and parallel-expanded capacity.Low-voltage distributed generations(DGs)are connected in serie...The hybrid series-parallel microgrid attracts more attention by combining the advantages of both the series-stacked voltage and parallel-expanded capacity.Low-voltage distributed generations(DGs)are connected in series to form the intra-string,and then multiple strings are interconnected in parallel.For the existing control strategies,both intra-string and inter-string depend on the centralized or distributed control with high communication reliance.It has limited scalability and redundancy under abnormal conditions.Alternatively,in this study,an intra-string distributed and inter-string decentralized control framework is proposed.Within the string,a few DGs close to the AC bus are the leaders to get the string power information and the rest DGs are the followers to acquire the synchronization information through the droop-based distributed consistency.Specifically,the output of the entire string has the active power−angular frequency(ω-P)droop characteristic,and the decentralized control among strings can be autonomously guaranteed.Moreover,the secondary control is designed to realize multi-mode objectives,including on/off-grid mode switching,grid-connected power interactive management,and off-grid voltage quality regulation.As a result,the proposed method has the ability of plug-and-play capabilities,single-point failure redundancy,and seamless mode-switching.Experimental results are provided to verify the effectiveness of the proposed practical solution.展开更多
To address the issue of transient low-voltage instability in AC-DC hybrid power systems following large disturbances,conventional voltage assessment and control strategies typically adopt a sequential“assess-then-act...To address the issue of transient low-voltage instability in AC-DC hybrid power systems following large disturbances,conventional voltage assessment and control strategies typically adopt a sequential“assess-then-act”paradigm,which struggles to simultaneously meet the requirements for both high accuracy and rapid response.This paper proposes a transient voltage assessment and control method based on a hybrid neural network incorporated with an improved snow ablation optimization(ISAO)algorithm.The core innovation of the proposed method lies in constructing an intelligent“physics-informed and neural network-integrated”framework,which achieves the integration of stability assessment and control strategy generation.Firstly,to construct a highly correlated input set,response characteristics reflecting the system’s voltage stable/unstable states are screened.Simultaneously,the transient voltage severity index(TVSI)is introduced as a comprehensive metric to quantify the system’s post-disturbance transient voltage performance.Furthermore,the load bus voltage sensitivity index(LVSI)is defined as the ratio of the voltage change magnitude at a load node(or bus)to the change in the system-level TVSI,thereby pinpointing the response characteristics of critical load nodes.Secondly,both the transient voltage stability assessment result and its corresponding under-voltage load shedding(UVLS)control amount are jointly utilized as the outputs of the response-driven model.Subsequently,the snow ablation optimization(SAO)algorithm is enhanced using a good point set strategy and a Gaussian mutation strategy.This improved algorithm is then employed to optimize the key hyperparameters of the hybrid neural network.Finally,the superiority of the proposed method is validated on a modified CEPRI-36 system and an actual power grid case.Comparisons with various artificial intelligence methods demonstrate its significant advantages in model speed and accuracy.Additionally,when compared to traditional emergency control schemes and UVLS strategies,the proposed method exhibits exceptional rapidness and real-time capability in control decision-making.展开更多
The inherent unpredictability of renewable energy generation poses significant challenges to the reliable and economic dispatch of grid-connected microgrids.In response,this paper proposes a novel robust optimization ...The inherent unpredictability of renewable energy generation poses significant challenges to the reliable and economic dispatch of grid-connected microgrids.In response,this paper proposes a novel robust optimization strategy grounded in uncertain boundary decision-making and enhanced through innovations in the multi-objective cross-entropy method.An uncertainty budget-aware environmental economic dispatch model is first established,integrating photovoltaic and wind power generation.By employing mathematical sophistication-particularly Lagrangian transformation-the proposed method effectively resolves embedded uncertainties,transforming the original model into a deterministic multi-objective optimization framework robust against renewable energy volatility.Furthermore,by incorporating the dynamic operational demands of microgrids,this paper culminates in a robust optimization approach that is both fundamentally based on and adaptively responsive to uncertainty boundaries.To address the critical challenges of convergence and diversity in multi-objective optimization,crossover operators and an adaptive parameter update mechanism are introduced,significantly refining the conventional multi-objective cross-entropy algorithm.Case studies demonstrate the rationality and effectiveness of the proposed dispatch strategy and corroborate the superior performance and applicability of the enhanced algorithm.展开更多
Under extreme weather conditions(such as hurricanes and heatwaves causing sudden drops in renewable energy output and surges in load),microgrid operations face severe challenges due to the uncertainty of renewable ene...Under extreme weather conditions(such as hurricanes and heatwaves causing sudden drops in renewable energy output and surges in load),microgrid operations face severe challenges due to the uncertainty of renewable energy and load fluctuations.Although existing research has focused on microgrid optimal scheduling or electric vehicle integration,there has not yet been a systematic approach to multi-timescale scheduling that combines electric vehicle fleets under extreme weather scenarios,and particularly,explicit modeling of weather events and their impact on component failure rates and transmission lines is lacking.This paper proposes,for the first time,a multi-timescale optimal scheduling strategy integrated with an electric vehicle fleet,filling this gap.By constructing a microgrid model containing diesel generators,micro gas turbines,renewable energy sources,energy storage,and demand response loads,and defining four typical extreme weather scenarios(high solar&high wind,high solar&low wind,low solar&high wind,low solar&low wind)to simulate the impact of extreme events,a day-ahead and intraday coordinated framework aiming to minimize total operating costs is established.In this framework,the day-ahead stage formulates a preliminary plan based on wind and solar forecasts,while the intraday stage employs the mobile energy storage characteristics of the electric vehicle fleet for rolling adjustments to cope with renewable fluctuations and sudden load changes.Simulations based on actual data from Huai’an City in 2024 show that this strategy can significantly reduce microgrid operating costs(by 5.6%–7.2%),increase renewable energy utilization(94%–96%),reduce carbon emissions(17.8%–22.6%),and enhance the system’s economic performance and resilience under extreme weather conditions.展开更多
Integrating renewable energy sources presents technical challenges due to their variable nature,particularly in predicting and managing microgrid operational modes.Accurate identification of grid statesinterconnected ...Integrating renewable energy sources presents technical challenges due to their variable nature,particularly in predicting and managing microgrid operational modes.Accurate identification of grid statesinterconnected or islanded—is essential for maintaining stability and optimizing performance under fluctuating environmental conditions to meet energy demand.This work proposes a bio-inspired,optimized binary classification model based on Multi-Layer Perceptron Artificial Neural Networks(MLP-ANN),with the architecture and hyperparameters tuned using the novel Mosquito Mating Swarm Optimization(MMSO)algorithm,inspired by mosquito mating behavior and swarm dynamics.The model employs an MLP-ANN with a variable number of hidden layers and neurons per layer,configured to maximize classification accuracy by dynamically adjusting parameters,including the learning rate and regularization coefficients.Training utilizes k-fold cross-validation on experimental microgrid data.The MMSO approach is benchmarked against Particle Swarm Optimization(PSO),Genetic Algorithm(GA),and Grey Wolf Optimizer(GWO)to validate its effectiveness.Results show that the MMSO-optimized MLP-ANN achieved an 86.34%recall,98.96%precision,and 92.29%accuracy,while minimizing the Mean Squared Error to 0.0206.The MMSO-optimized MLP-ANN model achieved competitive classification performance compared to the other algorithms evaluated;although no statistically significant differences in recall were observed among the optimizers(p=0.22),the MMSO achieved the lowest MSE(0.0206).The MMSO was the only algorithm capable of discovering a four-layer architecture hidden within the same search space,evidencing superior exploration of deeper architectural regions of the solution space.These findings demonstrate the model's capacity to predict microgrid operational modes under variable conditions,highlighting the potential of integrating bio-inspired algorithms with neural networks for energy management systems.This approach could enhance the efficiency and reliability of integrating renewable energy sources into dynamic energy systems.展开更多
Dear Editor,This letter presents anε-exact penalty-based scalarization method to solve the constrained multi-objective optimization problem of load sharing and transmission loss minimization within voltage safety con...Dear Editor,This letter presents anε-exact penalty-based scalarization method to solve the constrained multi-objective optimization problem of load sharing and transmission loss minimization within voltage safety constraints in a meshed direct current(DC)microgrid.A distributed predefined-time optimization algorithm is designed and implemented by deploying consensus-based observers to obtain an optimal solution.The proposed algorithm is verified by simulations and hardware-in-the-loop experiments in cases of load variation,plugand-play,grid change,and by comparative study.展开更多
With the deepening of the power system reform,an increasing number of microgrids are being integrated into the distribution network.In traditional centralized optimization algorithms,the optimal power flow model of th...With the deepening of the power system reform,an increasing number of microgrids are being integrated into the distribution network.In traditional centralized optimization algorithms,the optimal power flow model of the distribution network and the optimal scheduling model of microgrid clusters are directly coupled and solved simultaneously.This process involves extensive information exchange between the upper distribution network system and the lower microgrid clusters,which not only increases the communication burden but also prolongs computation time and raises computational complexity.Moreover,it requires excessive information sharing,making it difficult to achieve limited information exchange between the upper and lower systems.In this paper,an optimization model and solution method based on the analytical target cascading approach are proposed.First,a typical microgrid model is constructed.On this basis,a collaborative optimization model for the active distribution network(ADN)and microgrid clusters is established.The distribution network and the microgrid clusters are treated as a unified entity of interest,with their interconnection power represented as virtual generators and virtual loads to achieve decoupling.Finally,simulations based on the IEEE-33 node standard system are conducted.Compared with the centralized algorithm,the effectiveness of the analytical target cascading method in coordinating the distribution network and microgrid clusters is verified.The proposed approach reduces computational complexity and enables optimized operation with limited information exchange.展开更多
This paper presents a novel framework for the development of a real-time energy management system for mining microgrids,which integrates the benefits of a long short-term memory(LSTM)network and a feedforward neural n...This paper presents a novel framework for the development of a real-time energy management system for mining microgrids,which integrates the benefits of a long short-term memory(LSTM)network and a feedforward neural network(FNN)for the prediction of the load and solar power,and the optimization of the dispatch,respectively,while ensuring the safety of the microgrid through the application of a convex safety filter.In the proposed framework,the LSTM provides probabilistic multi-step forecasts of load and photovoltaic generation,capturing the high volatility characteristic of mining operations with ramp rates up to 5 MW/min.The FNN approximates the optimal power dispatch policy,enabling sub-millisecond inference times essential for real-time control.The convex safety filter projects the FNN’s proposed actions onto the feasible set defined by operational constraints,ensuring voltage regulation within±0.1%and preventing safety violations.The framework was validated using operational data from Jwaneng Mine,Botswana,within a MATLAB/Simulink co-simulation environment that couples discrete-time EMS decisions(15-min intervals)with continuous-time electrical dynamics(1-s resolution).Simulation results demonstrate an 18.7%reduction in operational costs,renewable energy utilization of 79.1%,voltage deviation of only 0.08%,and constraint violations reduced to 0.3%of intervals.The complete system achieves end-to-end latency of 50.8 ms,with the core optimization requiring just 0.8 ms,satisfying the stringent real-time requirements of mining microgrid control.展开更多
This paper presents a dynamic energy management strategy for a community-scale campus hybrid microgrid integrating photovoltaic(PV)generation,aggregated wind power,a proton exchange membrane fuel cell,and battery ener...This paper presents a dynamic energy management strategy for a community-scale campus hybrid microgrid integrating photovoltaic(PV)generation,aggregated wind power,a proton exchange membrane fuel cell,and battery energy storage to support electric vehicle(EV)charging infrastructure under variable environmental and load conditions.The system configuration is inspired by existing renewable energy installations and planned developments at the Federation University Mt Helen Campus,enabling realistic modeling of aggregated demand and coordinated multi-source operation.To enhance physical realism,power electronic conversion efficiencies and hierarchical control dynamics are incorporated,while the wind subsystem is represented using an aggregated generation model consistent with MW-scale operation.The proposed control architecture employs a Mamdani-type fuzzy logic controller(FLC)to coordinate distributed energy resources in real time based on solar irradiance,temperature,wind speed,load demand,and battery state of charge.A comprehensive MATLAB/Simulink model interfaces each source through converter-based power electronic stages,enabling adaptive power flow and stable system operation.Simulation results demonstrate uninterrupted load supply,reduced grid dependency,and effective bidirectional energy exchange.PV output varies between 18.76 and 95.12 kW,wind generation ranges from 1553.5 to 6493.84 kW,and the fuel cell provides a stable 1000 kW contribution,while the battery dynamically supports charging and discharging up to 203.07 kW.Power balance analysis confirms coordinated load sharing among all sources,with the grid supplying or absorbing power as required.Quantitative comparison with conventional PI-based dispatch demonstrates improved transient response,enhanced voltage regulation,smoother control effort,and improved power balance stability,with peak system efficiency reaching 97.83%,validating the proposed EMS as a robust and adaptive solution for EV-integrated renewable microgrids and next-generation smart energy systems.展开更多
In recent years,the hybrid AC-DC microgrid has been well accepted as it combines the advantages of both AC and DC systems.As the microgrid contains both DC sub-grids and AC sub-grids,interlinking DC-AC converters are ...In recent years,the hybrid AC-DC microgrid has been well accepted as it combines the advantages of both AC and DC systems.As the microgrid contains both DC sub-grids and AC sub-grids,interlinking DC-AC converters are essential.Meanwhile,considering the nonlinear AC loads may deteriorate the voltage quality of the AC bus,embedding an ancillary harmonic compensation function to the interlinking converters is promising.However,the conventional harmonic control methods used for active power filters(APFs)may not be suitable for the interlinking converters due to the main purpose of it is to exchange real and reactive power between the DC and AC sub-grids.The switching frequency is preferred to be lower than the APFs when the capacity of the microgrid is large.At low switching frequency,harmonic compensation performance or even the system stability may be affected.In this paper,a harmonic compensation approach suitable for hybrid AC-DC interlinking converters at low switching frequency is proposed.Through feeding the PWM reference signal with the harmonic compensation component directly to avoid the multi-loop control path of the fundamental component,the proposed method can achieve the effective harmonics compensation without being limited by the closed-loop control bandwidth.The proposed method,modeling approaches,stability analysis,as well as detailed virtual impedance design are presented.Experimental verification is also provided.展开更多
This study proposes an optimized design method for wind-solar-storage microgrid systems in the Gobi Desert region of northwest China.The core innovation is the development of a Modified Dragonfly Algorithm(MDA)to addr...This study proposes an optimized design method for wind-solar-storage microgrid systems in the Gobi Desert region of northwest China.The core innovation is the development of a Modified Dragonfly Algorithm(MDA)to address the challenges of optimal system sizing and operation under complex desert conditions characterized by high renewable volatility and demanding environmental constraints.To strengthen the algorithm’s global search capability and convergence speed,three key enhancements are introduced:optimal point set initialization for even population distribution,cosine similarity guidance for balanced exploration-exploitation,and a nonlinear convergence factor for adaptive adjustment.The multi-objective optimization model is evaluated using a comprehensive set of technical,economic,and environmental metrics.Simulation results for a case study demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed approach.The optimized microgrid configuration achieves a total net present cost of 40.062 million CNY,a competitive levelized cost of energy of 0.452 CNY/kWh,and a high renewable energy penetration rate of 88.73%.Environmentally,the system significantly reduces carbon dioxide emissions by approximately 1403.35 t annually compared to conventional power supply.A detailed sensitivity analysis reveals that energy storage capacity,local wind speed variability,and load fluctuations are the most critical factors influencing system economy and operational stability.Furthermore,a financial feasibility assessment yields a positive net present value of 9.237 million CNY and an investment payback period of approximately 8.7 years.These results collectively confirm the proposed MDAoptimized microgrid design offers strong economic viability,technical reliability,and substantial environmental benefits for sustainable development in arid and remote desert regions.展开更多
This paper presents a stability analysis of droop-free controlled islanded microgrids with asymmetric commu-nication networks for proper active power sharing of distributed energy resources(DERs)while maintaining freq...This paper presents a stability analysis of droop-free controlled islanded microgrids with asymmetric commu-nication networks for proper active power sharing of distributed energy resources(DERs)while maintaining frequency stability.With the normalized active power consensus(NAPC)-based droop-free control which can share the load among controllable DERs in proportion to their available capacities,this paper,for the first time,proves the asymptotic stability of NAPC-based droop-free control with asymmetric communication networks,by testifying that all effective eigenvalues have negative real parts.The stability margin under both symmetric and asymmetric designs is analyzed with respect to different system sizes,demonstrating that droop-free control with asymmetric communication networks is more suitable for large system implementations.Moreover,different Laplacian matrix designs of the asymmetric communication network,i.e.,zero columnow sum,are analyzed comparatively.Case studies demonstrate that communication networks with the zero row sum Laplacian matrix will lead to equal normalized active power sharing against disturbances,and a zero column sum can maintain the average nodal frequency at 60 Hz.展开更多
Against the background of China's dual-carbon goals and refined energy management on the building side,university dormitory buildings have become typical scenarios for the coordinated application of rooftop photov...Against the background of China's dual-carbon goals and refined energy management on the building side,university dormitory buildings have become typical scenarios for the coordinated application of rooftop photovoltaics and electrochemical energy storage.This paper takes Dormitory Building No.9 at the University of Science and Technology Beijing,constructing a grid-connected microgrid with rooftop Photovoltaics(PV),lithium iron phosphate storage,loads,and the grid.Using Beijing's time-of-use industrial/commercial tariff and typical summer/winter days,a 24-hour linear optimal scheduling model minimizes daily operating cost(power purchase cost plus PV curtailment penalty)under constraints like power balance,State-of-Charge(SOC),charge/discharge limits,and grid interaction.The results show that,under the boundary condition of no power export to the grid,the energy storage system reconstructs the grid purchase curve through"off-peak charging,high-price discharging,and midday absorption of surplus PV power."The daily operating costs in the typical summer and winter scenarios decrease by 16.41%and 18.59%,respectively;PV curtailment is reduced to zero in both scenarios;and the PV self-consumption rate increases to 100%.Sensitivity analysis indicates that increasing the storage capacity can further reduce operating cost,but the marginal benefit declines gradually,providing a quantitative reference for sizing energy storage in dormitory buildings.展开更多
A micro-grid is a miniature active delivery network that uses DGs(distributed generations)(both green and conventional),energy storage facilities,and loads to run in either grid-connected or islanded modes.More over t...A micro-grid is a miniature active delivery network that uses DGs(distributed generations)(both green and conventional),energy storage facilities,and loads to run in either grid-connected or islanded modes.More over to decrease the variations in load voltage,power flow fluctuations,and enhanced the control of DC(direct current)connection with different bus voltage in battery storage unit is most complicated in prior studies.Hence in this paper efficiently proposed the Tripartite Managed DC-DC convertor that highly reduces the load voltage variations in micro grid.As a consequence,in terms of load and input voltage differences,it regulates the voltage in a DC micro grid depending on replacing frequency,service ratio,and patch shift between two vigorous connectors.Then the paper introduces the novel kingpin-acolyte based distributed consonance control strategy for ensuring the balanced power flow and enhanced the battery storage unit control.Control can be achieved by active and passive layers of control in this case.The active stage uses a reference-based droop control technique to assign tonnage components to the batteries for voltage power.The passive align uses sequential multi-agent scheme-oriented distributed solidarity for redistributing the DC bus voltage also procure controlled power transpose within these battery energy storage modules.Consequently,the outcome of the proposed work efficiently described the performances of the controller.展开更多
基金supported by the Science and Technology Project of China Southern Power Grid under Grant ZBKJXM20240021.
摘要To address the operational challenges posed by renewable energy generation uncertainty and load fluctuations in DC microgrids,this paper proposes a hierarchical coordinated optimization control strategy for electricity-hydrogen hybrid DC microgrids(EH-DC-MG).The strategy aims to leverage the synergistic advantages of hybrid electricity-hydrogen energy storage to simultaneously achieve multiple objectives,including economic system operation,efficient utilization of renewable energy,and reliable power supply.The upper optimization scheduling layer formulates a mixed-integer linear programming model with the objective of minimizing the total system cost,which incorporates equipment operation and maintenance expenses,battery depreciation,penalties for renewable energy curtailment,and power/hydrogen supply shortages.By solving this model,optimal power reference signals are generated for devices.The lower device control layer employs designed DC/DC converter control strategies to ensure fast and accurate tracking of the optimization commands while maintaining DC bus voltage stability.Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed strategy can effectively coordinate electricity-hydrogen energy conversion and storage.Under various typical and extreme scenarios,the system maintains a high renewable energy utilization rate—remaining above 97.572%even under extreme conditions—while keeping the power shortage rate and hydrogen load curtailment rate at low levels.Specifically,under extreme power deficit scenarios,these rates are limited to 2.003%and 5.081%,respectively,which are significantly below the 10%quality constraint threshold,thereby ensuring a high degree of supply reliability.In addition,the DC bus voltage fluctuation is stabilized within 0.37%,far below the 5%safety operation threshold,validating the effectiveness of the control strategy.This study confirms that the proposed hierarchical coordinated optimization control strategy can support electricity-hydrogen hybrid DC microgrids in achieving economical,reliable,and resilient operation,providing a key technical reference for the optimized management of microgrids with high penetration of renewable energy.
基金supported by the Smart Grid-National Science and Technology Major Project(2025ZD0804500)the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant 52307232the Hunan Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant 2024JJ4055.
摘要The hybrid series-parallel microgrid attracts more attention by combining the advantages of both the series-stacked voltage and parallel-expanded capacity.Low-voltage distributed generations(DGs)are connected in series to form the intra-string,and then multiple strings are interconnected in parallel.For the existing control strategies,both intra-string and inter-string depend on the centralized or distributed control with high communication reliance.It has limited scalability and redundancy under abnormal conditions.Alternatively,in this study,an intra-string distributed and inter-string decentralized control framework is proposed.Within the string,a few DGs close to the AC bus are the leaders to get the string power information and the rest DGs are the followers to acquire the synchronization information through the droop-based distributed consistency.Specifically,the output of the entire string has the active power−angular frequency(ω-P)droop characteristic,and the decentralized control among strings can be autonomously guaranteed.Moreover,the secondary control is designed to realize multi-mode objectives,including on/off-grid mode switching,grid-connected power interactive management,and off-grid voltage quality regulation.As a result,the proposed method has the ability of plug-and-play capabilities,single-point failure redundancy,and seamless mode-switching.Experimental results are provided to verify the effectiveness of the proposed practical solution.
基金supported by the State Grid Shanxi Electric Power Company science and technology project“Research on Key Technologies for Voltage Stability Analysis and Control of UHV Transmission Sending-End Grid with Large-Scale Integration of Wind-Solar-Storage Systems”(520530240026).
摘要To address the issue of transient low-voltage instability in AC-DC hybrid power systems following large disturbances,conventional voltage assessment and control strategies typically adopt a sequential“assess-then-act”paradigm,which struggles to simultaneously meet the requirements for both high accuracy and rapid response.This paper proposes a transient voltage assessment and control method based on a hybrid neural network incorporated with an improved snow ablation optimization(ISAO)algorithm.The core innovation of the proposed method lies in constructing an intelligent“physics-informed and neural network-integrated”framework,which achieves the integration of stability assessment and control strategy generation.Firstly,to construct a highly correlated input set,response characteristics reflecting the system’s voltage stable/unstable states are screened.Simultaneously,the transient voltage severity index(TVSI)is introduced as a comprehensive metric to quantify the system’s post-disturbance transient voltage performance.Furthermore,the load bus voltage sensitivity index(LVSI)is defined as the ratio of the voltage change magnitude at a load node(or bus)to the change in the system-level TVSI,thereby pinpointing the response characteristics of critical load nodes.Secondly,both the transient voltage stability assessment result and its corresponding under-voltage load shedding(UVLS)control amount are jointly utilized as the outputs of the response-driven model.Subsequently,the snow ablation optimization(SAO)algorithm is enhanced using a good point set strategy and a Gaussian mutation strategy.This improved algorithm is then employed to optimize the key hyperparameters of the hybrid neural network.Finally,the superiority of the proposed method is validated on a modified CEPRI-36 system and an actual power grid case.Comparisons with various artificial intelligence methods demonstrate its significant advantages in model speed and accuracy.Additionally,when compared to traditional emergency control schemes and UVLS strategies,the proposed method exhibits exceptional rapidness and real-time capability in control decision-making.
基金funded by Science and Technology Project of StateGrid Zhejiang Electric Power Co.,Ltd.,grant number B311WZ23000C.
摘要The inherent unpredictability of renewable energy generation poses significant challenges to the reliable and economic dispatch of grid-connected microgrids.In response,this paper proposes a novel robust optimization strategy grounded in uncertain boundary decision-making and enhanced through innovations in the multi-objective cross-entropy method.An uncertainty budget-aware environmental economic dispatch model is first established,integrating photovoltaic and wind power generation.By employing mathematical sophistication-particularly Lagrangian transformation-the proposed method effectively resolves embedded uncertainties,transforming the original model into a deterministic multi-objective optimization framework robust against renewable energy volatility.Furthermore,by incorporating the dynamic operational demands of microgrids,this paper culminates in a robust optimization approach that is both fundamentally based on and adaptively responsive to uncertainty boundaries.To address the critical challenges of convergence and diversity in multi-objective optimization,crossover operators and an adaptive parameter update mechanism are introduced,significantly refining the conventional multi-objective cross-entropy algorithm.Case studies demonstrate the rationality and effectiveness of the proposed dispatch strategy and corroborate the superior performance and applicability of the enhanced algorithm.
基金supported by the following grants:Jiangsu Provincial College Student Innovation and Entrepreneurship Program(Grant No.SJCX25_2184)-“Multi-energy Complementary Optimization and VehicleStorage Bidirectional Interaction Technology Driven by Novel 5E Framework”(Principal Investigator:Yuan-Yuan ShiFunding Agency:Jiangsu Provincial Education Department)+3 种基金Huaian Natural Science Research Project(Grant No.HAB2024046)-“Optimal Control of Flexible Cold-Heat-Power Integrated System with Source-Grid-Load-Storage Coordination”(Principal Investigator:Jie JiFunding Agency:Huaian Science and Technology Bureau)Huaiyin Institute of Technology University-funded Project(Grant No.HGYK202511)-“Data-driven Cooperative Optimization Dispatch for Source-Grid-Load Systems”(Principal Investigator:Chu-Tong ZhangFunding Agency:Huaiyin Institute of Technology).
摘要Under extreme weather conditions(such as hurricanes and heatwaves causing sudden drops in renewable energy output and surges in load),microgrid operations face severe challenges due to the uncertainty of renewable energy and load fluctuations.Although existing research has focused on microgrid optimal scheduling or electric vehicle integration,there has not yet been a systematic approach to multi-timescale scheduling that combines electric vehicle fleets under extreme weather scenarios,and particularly,explicit modeling of weather events and their impact on component failure rates and transmission lines is lacking.This paper proposes,for the first time,a multi-timescale optimal scheduling strategy integrated with an electric vehicle fleet,filling this gap.By constructing a microgrid model containing diesel generators,micro gas turbines,renewable energy sources,energy storage,and demand response loads,and defining four typical extreme weather scenarios(high solar&high wind,high solar&low wind,low solar&high wind,low solar&low wind)to simulate the impact of extreme events,a day-ahead and intraday coordinated framework aiming to minimize total operating costs is established.In this framework,the day-ahead stage formulates a preliminary plan based on wind and solar forecasts,while the intraday stage employs the mobile energy storage characteristics of the electric vehicle fleet for rolling adjustments to cope with renewable fluctuations and sudden load changes.Simulations based on actual data from Huai’an City in 2024 show that this strategy can significantly reduce microgrid operating costs(by 5.6%–7.2%),increase renewable energy utilization(94%–96%),reduce carbon emissions(17.8%–22.6%),and enhance the system’s economic performance and resilience under extreme weather conditions.
基金supported by the PROSNII 2025 program granted by the University of Guadalajara to Jesus Aguila-LeonIn addition,the research was supported by the Vicerrectorado de Investigacion of the Universitat Politecnica de Valencia through the PAID-11-25 program.
摘要Integrating renewable energy sources presents technical challenges due to their variable nature,particularly in predicting and managing microgrid operational modes.Accurate identification of grid statesinterconnected or islanded—is essential for maintaining stability and optimizing performance under fluctuating environmental conditions to meet energy demand.This work proposes a bio-inspired,optimized binary classification model based on Multi-Layer Perceptron Artificial Neural Networks(MLP-ANN),with the architecture and hyperparameters tuned using the novel Mosquito Mating Swarm Optimization(MMSO)algorithm,inspired by mosquito mating behavior and swarm dynamics.The model employs an MLP-ANN with a variable number of hidden layers and neurons per layer,configured to maximize classification accuracy by dynamically adjusting parameters,including the learning rate and regularization coefficients.Training utilizes k-fold cross-validation on experimental microgrid data.The MMSO approach is benchmarked against Particle Swarm Optimization(PSO),Genetic Algorithm(GA),and Grey Wolf Optimizer(GWO)to validate its effectiveness.Results show that the MMSO-optimized MLP-ANN achieved an 86.34%recall,98.96%precision,and 92.29%accuracy,while minimizing the Mean Squared Error to 0.0206.The MMSO-optimized MLP-ANN model achieved competitive classification performance compared to the other algorithms evaluated;although no statistically significant differences in recall were observed among the optimizers(p=0.22),the MMSO achieved the lowest MSE(0.0206).The MMSO was the only algorithm capable of discovering a four-layer architecture hidden within the same search space,evidencing superior exploration of deeper architectural regions of the solution space.These findings demonstrate the model's capacity to predict microgrid operational modes under variable conditions,highlighting the potential of integrating bio-inspired algorithms with neural networks for energy management systems.This approach could enhance the efficiency and reliability of integrating renewable energy sources into dynamic energy systems.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(62573202)。
摘要Dear Editor,This letter presents anε-exact penalty-based scalarization method to solve the constrained multi-objective optimization problem of load sharing and transmission loss minimization within voltage safety constraints in a meshed direct current(DC)microgrid.A distributed predefined-time optimization algorithm is designed and implemented by deploying consensus-based observers to obtain an optimal solution.The proposed algorithm is verified by simulations and hardware-in-the-loop experiments in cases of load variation,plugand-play,grid change,and by comparative study.
基金funded by a technology project from the State Grid Corporation of China under grant number JC2024122.
摘要With the deepening of the power system reform,an increasing number of microgrids are being integrated into the distribution network.In traditional centralized optimization algorithms,the optimal power flow model of the distribution network and the optimal scheduling model of microgrid clusters are directly coupled and solved simultaneously.This process involves extensive information exchange between the upper distribution network system and the lower microgrid clusters,which not only increases the communication burden but also prolongs computation time and raises computational complexity.Moreover,it requires excessive information sharing,making it difficult to achieve limited information exchange between the upper and lower systems.In this paper,an optimization model and solution method based on the analytical target cascading approach are proposed.First,a typical microgrid model is constructed.On this basis,a collaborative optimization model for the active distribution network(ADN)and microgrid clusters is established.The distribution network and the microgrid clusters are treated as a unified entity of interest,with their interconnection power represented as virtual generators and virtual loads to achieve decoupling.Finally,simulations based on the IEEE-33 node standard system are conducted.Compared with the centralized algorithm,the effectiveness of the analytical target cascading method in coordinating the distribution network and microgrid clusters is verified.The proposed approach reduces computational complexity and enables optimized operation with limited information exchange.
摘要This paper presents a novel framework for the development of a real-time energy management system for mining microgrids,which integrates the benefits of a long short-term memory(LSTM)network and a feedforward neural network(FNN)for the prediction of the load and solar power,and the optimization of the dispatch,respectively,while ensuring the safety of the microgrid through the application of a convex safety filter.In the proposed framework,the LSTM provides probabilistic multi-step forecasts of load and photovoltaic generation,capturing the high volatility characteristic of mining operations with ramp rates up to 5 MW/min.The FNN approximates the optimal power dispatch policy,enabling sub-millisecond inference times essential for real-time control.The convex safety filter projects the FNN’s proposed actions onto the feasible set defined by operational constraints,ensuring voltage regulation within±0.1%and preventing safety violations.The framework was validated using operational data from Jwaneng Mine,Botswana,within a MATLAB/Simulink co-simulation environment that couples discrete-time EMS decisions(15-min intervals)with continuous-time electrical dynamics(1-s resolution).Simulation results demonstrate an 18.7%reduction in operational costs,renewable energy utilization of 79.1%,voltage deviation of only 0.08%,and constraint violations reduced to 0.3%of intervals.The complete system achieves end-to-end latency of 50.8 ms,with the core optimization requiring just 0.8 ms,satisfying the stringent real-time requirements of mining microgrid control.
基金supporting the findings of this study are maintained by the Centre for New Energy Transition Research,Federation University Australia,Mount Helen Campus,VIC 3350,Australia.
摘要This paper presents a dynamic energy management strategy for a community-scale campus hybrid microgrid integrating photovoltaic(PV)generation,aggregated wind power,a proton exchange membrane fuel cell,and battery energy storage to support electric vehicle(EV)charging infrastructure under variable environmental and load conditions.The system configuration is inspired by existing renewable energy installations and planned developments at the Federation University Mt Helen Campus,enabling realistic modeling of aggregated demand and coordinated multi-source operation.To enhance physical realism,power electronic conversion efficiencies and hierarchical control dynamics are incorporated,while the wind subsystem is represented using an aggregated generation model consistent with MW-scale operation.The proposed control architecture employs a Mamdani-type fuzzy logic controller(FLC)to coordinate distributed energy resources in real time based on solar irradiance,temperature,wind speed,load demand,and battery state of charge.A comprehensive MATLAB/Simulink model interfaces each source through converter-based power electronic stages,enabling adaptive power flow and stable system operation.Simulation results demonstrate uninterrupted load supply,reduced grid dependency,and effective bidirectional energy exchange.PV output varies between 18.76 and 95.12 kW,wind generation ranges from 1553.5 to 6493.84 kW,and the fuel cell provides a stable 1000 kW contribution,while the battery dynamically supports charging and discharging up to 203.07 kW.Power balance analysis confirms coordinated load sharing among all sources,with the grid supplying or absorbing power as required.Quantitative comparison with conventional PI-based dispatch demonstrates improved transient response,enhanced voltage regulation,smoother control effort,and improved power balance stability,with peak system efficiency reaching 97.83%,validating the proposed EMS as a robust and adaptive solution for EV-integrated renewable microgrids and next-generation smart energy systems.
摘要In recent years,the hybrid AC-DC microgrid has been well accepted as it combines the advantages of both AC and DC systems.As the microgrid contains both DC sub-grids and AC sub-grids,interlinking DC-AC converters are essential.Meanwhile,considering the nonlinear AC loads may deteriorate the voltage quality of the AC bus,embedding an ancillary harmonic compensation function to the interlinking converters is promising.However,the conventional harmonic control methods used for active power filters(APFs)may not be suitable for the interlinking converters due to the main purpose of it is to exchange real and reactive power between the DC and AC sub-grids.The switching frequency is preferred to be lower than the APFs when the capacity of the microgrid is large.At low switching frequency,harmonic compensation performance or even the system stability may be affected.In this paper,a harmonic compensation approach suitable for hybrid AC-DC interlinking converters at low switching frequency is proposed.Through feeding the PWM reference signal with the harmonic compensation component directly to avoid the multi-loop control path of the fundamental component,the proposed method can achieve the effective harmonics compensation without being limited by the closed-loop control bandwidth.The proposed method,modeling approaches,stability analysis,as well as detailed virtual impedance design are presented.Experimental verification is also provided.
摘要This study proposes an optimized design method for wind-solar-storage microgrid systems in the Gobi Desert region of northwest China.The core innovation is the development of a Modified Dragonfly Algorithm(MDA)to address the challenges of optimal system sizing and operation under complex desert conditions characterized by high renewable volatility and demanding environmental constraints.To strengthen the algorithm’s global search capability and convergence speed,three key enhancements are introduced:optimal point set initialization for even population distribution,cosine similarity guidance for balanced exploration-exploitation,and a nonlinear convergence factor for adaptive adjustment.The multi-objective optimization model is evaluated using a comprehensive set of technical,economic,and environmental metrics.Simulation results for a case study demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed approach.The optimized microgrid configuration achieves a total net present cost of 40.062 million CNY,a competitive levelized cost of energy of 0.452 CNY/kWh,and a high renewable energy penetration rate of 88.73%.Environmentally,the system significantly reduces carbon dioxide emissions by approximately 1403.35 t annually compared to conventional power supply.A detailed sensitivity analysis reveals that energy storage capacity,local wind speed variability,and load fluctuations are the most critical factors influencing system economy and operational stability.Furthermore,a financial feasibility assessment yields a positive net present value of 9.237 million CNY and an investment payback period of approximately 8.7 years.These results collectively confirm the proposed MDAoptimized microgrid design offers strong economic viability,technical reliability,and substantial environmental benefits for sustainable development in arid and remote desert regions.
基金supported by the Army Combat Capabilities Development Command(CCDC)project on Resiliency of Energy Resources and Supply Chain for the Industrial Base and the PSEG Foundation gift.
摘要This paper presents a stability analysis of droop-free controlled islanded microgrids with asymmetric commu-nication networks for proper active power sharing of distributed energy resources(DERs)while maintaining frequency stability.With the normalized active power consensus(NAPC)-based droop-free control which can share the load among controllable DERs in proportion to their available capacities,this paper,for the first time,proves the asymptotic stability of NAPC-based droop-free control with asymmetric communication networks,by testifying that all effective eigenvalues have negative real parts.The stability margin under both symmetric and asymmetric designs is analyzed with respect to different system sizes,demonstrating that droop-free control with asymmetric communication networks is more suitable for large system implementations.Moreover,different Laplacian matrix designs of the asymmetric communication network,i.e.,zero columnow sum,are analyzed comparatively.Case studies demonstrate that communication networks with the zero row sum Laplacian matrix will lead to equal normalized active power sharing against disturbances,and a zero column sum can maintain the average nodal frequency at 60 Hz.
摘要Against the background of China's dual-carbon goals and refined energy management on the building side,university dormitory buildings have become typical scenarios for the coordinated application of rooftop photovoltaics and electrochemical energy storage.This paper takes Dormitory Building No.9 at the University of Science and Technology Beijing,constructing a grid-connected microgrid with rooftop Photovoltaics(PV),lithium iron phosphate storage,loads,and the grid.Using Beijing's time-of-use industrial/commercial tariff and typical summer/winter days,a 24-hour linear optimal scheduling model minimizes daily operating cost(power purchase cost plus PV curtailment penalty)under constraints like power balance,State-of-Charge(SOC),charge/discharge limits,and grid interaction.The results show that,under the boundary condition of no power export to the grid,the energy storage system reconstructs the grid purchase curve through"off-peak charging,high-price discharging,and midday absorption of surplus PV power."The daily operating costs in the typical summer and winter scenarios decrease by 16.41%and 18.59%,respectively;PV curtailment is reduced to zero in both scenarios;and the PV self-consumption rate increases to 100%.Sensitivity analysis indicates that increasing the storage capacity can further reduce operating cost,but the marginal benefit declines gradually,providing a quantitative reference for sizing energy storage in dormitory buildings.
摘要A micro-grid is a miniature active delivery network that uses DGs(distributed generations)(both green and conventional),energy storage facilities,and loads to run in either grid-connected or islanded modes.More over to decrease the variations in load voltage,power flow fluctuations,and enhanced the control of DC(direct current)connection with different bus voltage in battery storage unit is most complicated in prior studies.Hence in this paper efficiently proposed the Tripartite Managed DC-DC convertor that highly reduces the load voltage variations in micro grid.As a consequence,in terms of load and input voltage differences,it regulates the voltage in a DC micro grid depending on replacing frequency,service ratio,and patch shift between two vigorous connectors.Then the paper introduces the novel kingpin-acolyte based distributed consonance control strategy for ensuring the balanced power flow and enhanced the battery storage unit control.Control can be achieved by active and passive layers of control in this case.The active stage uses a reference-based droop control technique to assign tonnage components to the batteries for voltage power.The passive align uses sequential multi-agent scheme-oriented distributed solidarity for redistributing the DC bus voltage also procure controlled power transpose within these battery energy storage modules.Consequently,the outcome of the proposed work efficiently described the performances of the controller.