Modern physics is confronted with persistent foundational contradictions:quantum mechanics lacks a coherent ontological basis for wave-particle duality and entanglement;relativity cannot unify gravity with quantum int...Modern physics is confronted with persistent foundational contradictions:quantum mechanics lacks a coherent ontological basis for wave-particle duality and entanglement;relativity cannot unify gravity with quantum interactions;and both theories fail to explain the nature of the vacuum,field ontology,the interpretation of quantum waves,and fundamental particle structure.This paper contends that aether,reconceived as unobservable sub-elementary quanta that underpin all observable matter,represents a rationally defensible and logically consistent ontological candidate for resolving foundational inconsistencies in modern physics.Combined with mind(nonmaterial ontological existence),it forms a dualistic ontological framework worthy of theoretical exploration for physical theory.Aether is not proposed as a mechanically specifiable medium or an empirically verifiable substance,but as a theoretical substrate to account for the structure and behavior of elementary particles.Mind and aether together constitute the underlying basis of both animate and inanimate observable systems.As unobservable by current technology(aether)or nonmaterial(mind),they lie beyond direct experimental detection but provide a supplementary causal and structural foundation for motion,change,and interaction that current physics cannot fully explain.Proposing aether as an ontological candidate is not a regression but a methodological and ontological exploration that enhances the consistency and unity of physical theory without overstepping the empirical bounds of science.展开更多
General quantum gravity arguments predict that Lorentz symmetry might not hold exactly in nature.This has motivated much interest in Lorentz breaking gravity theories recently.Among such models are vector-tensor theor...General quantum gravity arguments predict that Lorentz symmetry might not hold exactly in nature.This has motivated much interest in Lorentz breaking gravity theories recently.Among such models are vector-tensor theories with preferred direction established at every point of spacetime by a fixed-norm vector field.The dynamical vector field defined in this way is referred to as the"aether".In this paper,we put forward the idea of a null aether field and introduce,for the first time,the Null Aether Theory(NAT)—a vector-tensor theory.We first study the Newtonian limit of this theory and then construct exact spherically symmetric black hole solutions in the theory in four dimensions,which contain Vaidya-type non-static solutions and static Schwarzschild-(A)dS type solutions,Reissner-Nordstr?m-(A)dS type solutions and solutions of conformal gravity as special cases.Afterwards,we study the cosmological solutions in NAT:We find some exact solutions with perfect fluid distribution for spatially flat FLRW metric and null aether propagating along the x direction.We observe that there are solutions in which the universe has big-bang singularity and null field diminishes asymptotically.We also study exact gravitational wave solutions—AdS-plane waves and pp-waves—in this theory in any dimension D≥3.Assuming the Kerr-Schild-Kundt class of metrics for such solutions,we show that the full field equations of the theory are reduced to two,in general coupled,differential equations when the background metric assumes the maximally symmetric form.The main conclusion of these computations is that the spin-0 aether field acquires a"mass"determined by the cosmological constant of the background spacetime and the Lagrange multiplier given in the theory.展开更多
Extreme gravitational collapse is explored by utilizing two fundamental properties and one reasonable assumption, which together lead logically to an end-state gravitating structure. This structure, called a Terminal ...Extreme gravitational collapse is explored by utilizing two fundamental properties and one reasonable assumption, which together lead logically to an end-state gravitating structure. This structure, called a Terminal state neutron star, manifests nature’s ultimate density of mass and possesses the ultimate electromagnetic barrier. It is then shown how this structure is central to the remarkable mechanism whereby the density is prevented from going higher. A simple process assures that such density is not exceeded—regardless of the quantity of additional mass. As an example, the discourse focuses on the expected progression and outcome when a compact star of —far more mass than can be accommodated by the basic Terminal state structure—undergoes total gravitational collapse. An examination of what happens to the considerable excess mass leads the discussion to the principle of mass extinction by the process of aether deprivation and its profound implications for black-hole physics and the current revolution in cosmology.展开更多
We propose that the QCD vacuum pion tetrahedron condensate density vary in space and drops to extremely low values in the Kennan, Barger and Cowie (KBC) void in analogy to earth’s atmospheric density drop with elevat...We propose that the QCD vacuum pion tetrahedron condensate density vary in space and drops to extremely low values in the Kennan, Barger and Cowie (KBC) void in analogy to earth’s atmospheric density drop with elevation from earth. We propose a formula for the gravitation acceleration based on the non-uniform pion tetrahedron condensate. Gravity may be due to the underlying microscopic attraction between quarks and antiquarks, which are part of the vacuum pion tetrahedron condensate. We propose an electron tetrahedron model, where electrons are comprised of tetraquark tetrahedrons, and . The quarks determine the negative electron charge and the or quarks determine the electron two spin states. The electron tetrahedron may perform a high frequency quark exchange reactions with the pion tetrahedron condensate by tunneling through the condensation gap creating a delocalized electron cloud with a fixed spin. The pion tetrahedron may act as a QCD glue bonding electron pairs in atoms and molecules and protons to neutrons in the nuclei. Conservation of valence quarks and antiquarks is proposed.展开更多
In 1951, Dirac proposed a formalism for a Lorentz invariant Aether with a vacuum state that contains all possible velocity states at each space-time point. Dirac showed no explicit path from the Aether towards the Qua...In 1951, Dirac proposed a formalism for a Lorentz invariant Aether with a vacuum state that contains all possible velocity states at each space-time point. Dirac showed no explicit path from the Aether towards the Quantum Mechanics. In this paper, we demonstrate that Dirac’s proposed Aether can be described by a lattice of possible events in space-time built in the local Lorentz frame. The idealised case of single velocity state leads to the famous Dirac equation for a plane wave state and is compatible with quantum statistics. On the lattice, possible space-time events are connected by the Dirac spinors which provide the probability of observing an event. The inertial mass of a particle is shown to be equivalent to the density of possible events on the lattice. Variation of the lattice density of events modifies the metric and provides a space-time curvature leading to the Hilbert action associated with general relativity. In classical limit, the perturbation in the density of possible events of the Aether is proportional to the Newtonian gravitational potential.展开更多
We study light rays in the static and spherically symmetric gravitational field of the null aether theory(NAT).To this end,we employ the Gauss-Bonnet theorem to compute the deflection angle formed by a NAT black hole ...We study light rays in the static and spherically symmetric gravitational field of the null aether theory(NAT).To this end,we employ the Gauss-Bonnet theorem to compute the deflection angle formed by a NAT black hole in the weak limit approximation.Using the optical metrics of the NAT black hole,we first obtain the Gaussian curvature and then calculate the leading terms of the deflection angle.Our calculations indicate how gravitational lensing is affected by the NAT field.We also illustrate that the bending of light stems from global and topological effects.展开更多
基金supported by the scientific research project of Westlake University“Theoretical Research and Demonstration Application of Complex Systems and Deep-Sea Technology(Phase I)”under Grant Number WU2025A006.
摘要Modern physics is confronted with persistent foundational contradictions:quantum mechanics lacks a coherent ontological basis for wave-particle duality and entanglement;relativity cannot unify gravity with quantum interactions;and both theories fail to explain the nature of the vacuum,field ontology,the interpretation of quantum waves,and fundamental particle structure.This paper contends that aether,reconceived as unobservable sub-elementary quanta that underpin all observable matter,represents a rationally defensible and logically consistent ontological candidate for resolving foundational inconsistencies in modern physics.Combined with mind(nonmaterial ontological existence),it forms a dualistic ontological framework worthy of theoretical exploration for physical theory.Aether is not proposed as a mechanically specifiable medium or an empirically verifiable substance,but as a theoretical substrate to account for the structure and behavior of elementary particles.Mind and aether together constitute the underlying basis of both animate and inanimate observable systems.As unobservable by current technology(aether)or nonmaterial(mind),they lie beyond direct experimental detection but provide a supplementary causal and structural foundation for motion,change,and interaction that current physics cannot fully explain.Proposing aether as an ontological candidate is not a regression but a methodological and ontological exploration that enhances the consistency and unity of physical theory without overstepping the empirical bounds of science.
基金Supported in part by the Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey(TUBITAK)
摘要General quantum gravity arguments predict that Lorentz symmetry might not hold exactly in nature.This has motivated much interest in Lorentz breaking gravity theories recently.Among such models are vector-tensor theories with preferred direction established at every point of spacetime by a fixed-norm vector field.The dynamical vector field defined in this way is referred to as the"aether".In this paper,we put forward the idea of a null aether field and introduce,for the first time,the Null Aether Theory(NAT)—a vector-tensor theory.We first study the Newtonian limit of this theory and then construct exact spherically symmetric black hole solutions in the theory in four dimensions,which contain Vaidya-type non-static solutions and static Schwarzschild-(A)dS type solutions,Reissner-Nordstr?m-(A)dS type solutions and solutions of conformal gravity as special cases.Afterwards,we study the cosmological solutions in NAT:We find some exact solutions with perfect fluid distribution for spatially flat FLRW metric and null aether propagating along the x direction.We observe that there are solutions in which the universe has big-bang singularity and null field diminishes asymptotically.We also study exact gravitational wave solutions—AdS-plane waves and pp-waves—in this theory in any dimension D≥3.Assuming the Kerr-Schild-Kundt class of metrics for such solutions,we show that the full field equations of the theory are reduced to two,in general coupled,differential equations when the background metric assumes the maximally symmetric form.The main conclusion of these computations is that the spin-0 aether field acquires a"mass"determined by the cosmological constant of the background spacetime and the Lagrange multiplier given in the theory.
摘要Extreme gravitational collapse is explored by utilizing two fundamental properties and one reasonable assumption, which together lead logically to an end-state gravitating structure. This structure, called a Terminal state neutron star, manifests nature’s ultimate density of mass and possesses the ultimate electromagnetic barrier. It is then shown how this structure is central to the remarkable mechanism whereby the density is prevented from going higher. A simple process assures that such density is not exceeded—regardless of the quantity of additional mass. As an example, the discourse focuses on the expected progression and outcome when a compact star of —far more mass than can be accommodated by the basic Terminal state structure—undergoes total gravitational collapse. An examination of what happens to the considerable excess mass leads the discussion to the principle of mass extinction by the process of aether deprivation and its profound implications for black-hole physics and the current revolution in cosmology.
摘要We propose that the QCD vacuum pion tetrahedron condensate density vary in space and drops to extremely low values in the Kennan, Barger and Cowie (KBC) void in analogy to earth’s atmospheric density drop with elevation from earth. We propose a formula for the gravitation acceleration based on the non-uniform pion tetrahedron condensate. Gravity may be due to the underlying microscopic attraction between quarks and antiquarks, which are part of the vacuum pion tetrahedron condensate. We propose an electron tetrahedron model, where electrons are comprised of tetraquark tetrahedrons, and . The quarks determine the negative electron charge and the or quarks determine the electron two spin states. The electron tetrahedron may perform a high frequency quark exchange reactions with the pion tetrahedron condensate by tunneling through the condensation gap creating a delocalized electron cloud with a fixed spin. The pion tetrahedron may act as a QCD glue bonding electron pairs in atoms and molecules and protons to neutrons in the nuclei. Conservation of valence quarks and antiquarks is proposed.
摘要In 1951, Dirac proposed a formalism for a Lorentz invariant Aether with a vacuum state that contains all possible velocity states at each space-time point. Dirac showed no explicit path from the Aether towards the Quantum Mechanics. In this paper, we demonstrate that Dirac’s proposed Aether can be described by a lattice of possible events in space-time built in the local Lorentz frame. The idealised case of single velocity state leads to the famous Dirac equation for a plane wave state and is compatible with quantum statistics. On the lattice, possible space-time events are connected by the Dirac spinors which provide the probability of observing an event. The inertial mass of a particle is shown to be equivalent to the density of possible events on the lattice. Variation of the lattice density of events modifies the metric and provides a space-time curvature leading to the Hilbert action associated with general relativity. In classical limit, the perturbation in the density of possible events of the Aether is proportional to the Newtonian gravitational potential.
摘要We study light rays in the static and spherically symmetric gravitational field of the null aether theory(NAT).To this end,we employ the Gauss-Bonnet theorem to compute the deflection angle formed by a NAT black hole in the weak limit approximation.Using the optical metrics of the NAT black hole,we first obtain the Gaussian curvature and then calculate the leading terms of the deflection angle.Our calculations indicate how gravitational lensing is affected by the NAT field.We also illustrate that the bending of light stems from global and topological effects.