Hydrogel electrolyte have attracted widely interest for aqueous zinc-ion batteries because of their multifunctionality and intrinsic safety.However,the unstable anode/electrolyte interface by dendrite and side reactio...Hydrogel electrolyte have attracted widely interest for aqueous zinc-ion batteries because of their multifunctionality and intrinsic safety.However,the unstable anode/electrolyte interface by dendrite and side reaction(HER)restricted the cycling of Zn anode,especially at high utilization.Herein,we propose an interface engineering strategy by introducing dimethylformamide(DMF)to polyacrylamide(PAM)electrolyte which could construct the polymer-inorganic bilayer solid electrolyte interphase(SEI)to improve the interface stability and compatibility.Internal Zn5(OH)6(CO3)2 provided high modulus to suppress the dendrite physically and external polymer exhibited flexibility to accommodate the volume change of Zn during cycles.Meanwhile,larger polymer clusters were induced by enhanced hydrogen-bond interactions,resulted in higher shear strength and interfacial adhesion.Additionally,DMF regulated the crystal orientation along(100)crystal plane and solvation structure of Zn2+with PAM,enabling dense deposition and reduced by-products.Consequently,the Zn anode could provide an impressive lifespan(0.5 mA/cm2@0.5 mAh/cm2,4000 h;30 mA/cm2@15 mAh/cm2,650 h).More importantly,high utilization(68%)was achieved using ultra-thin Zn(10μm)with superior stability(2 mA/cm2@4 mAh/cm2,1200 h).Coupled with iodine cathode,the Zn-I2 cell could provide an initial capacity of 184.5 mAh/g at the low ratio of anode/cathode capacity(N/P:4.3)and~86.4%retention over 500 cycles.This work provides a promising approach to construct robust interface by hydrogel electrolyte towards practical zinc-ion batteries.展开更多
Aqueous zinc-ion batteries(AZIBs) are promising candidates for the large-scale energy storage systems due to their high intrinsic safety,cost-effectiveness and environmental friendliness.However,issues such as dendrit...Aqueous zinc-ion batteries(AZIBs) are promising candidates for the large-scale energy storage systems due to their high intrinsic safety,cost-effectiveness and environmental friendliness.However,issues such as dendrite growth,hydrogen evolution reaction,and interfacial passivation occurring at the anode/electrolyte interface(AEI) have hindered their practical application.Constructing a stable AEI plays a key role in regulating zinc deposition and improving the cycle life of AZIBs.The fundamentals of AEI and the challenges faced by the Zn anode due to unstable interfaces are discussed.A comprehensive summary of electrolyte regulation strategies by electrolyte engineering to achieve a stable Zn anode is provided.The effectiveness evaluation techniques for stable AEI are also analyzed,including the interfacial chemistry and surface morphology evolution of the Zn anode.Finally,suggestions and perspectives for future research are offered about enabling a durable and stable AEI via electrolyte engineering,which may pave the way for developing high-performance AZIBs.展开更多
Rechargeable magnesium batteries(RMBs),as a low-cost,high-safety and high-energy storage technology,have attracted tremendous attention in large-scale energy storage applications.However,the key anode/electrolyte inte...Rechargeable magnesium batteries(RMBs),as a low-cost,high-safety and high-energy storage technology,have attracted tremendous attention in large-scale energy storage applications.However,the key anode/electrolyte interfacial issues,including surface passivation,uneven Mg plating/stripping,and pulverization after cycling still result in a large overpotential,short cycling life,poor power density,and possible safety hazards of cells,severely impeding the commercial development of RMBs.In this review,a concise overview of recently advanced strategies to address these anode/electroyte interfacial issues is systematically classified and summarized.The design of magnesiophilic substrates,construction of artificial SEI layers,and modification of electrolyte are important and effective strategies to improve the uniformity/kinetics of Mg plating/stripping and achieve the stable anode/electrolyte interface.The key opportunities and challenges in this field are advisedly put forward,and the insights into future directions for stabilizing Mg metal anodes and the anode/electrolyte interface are highlighted.This review provides important references fordeveloping the high-performance and high-safety RMBs.展开更多
Aqueous zinc-ion batteries(AZIBs)have garnered considerable attention as promising post-lithium energy storage technologies owing to their intrinsic safety,cost-effectiveness,and competitive gravimetric energy density...Aqueous zinc-ion batteries(AZIBs)have garnered considerable attention as promising post-lithium energy storage technologies owing to their intrinsic safety,cost-effectiveness,and competitive gravimetric energy density.However,their practical commercialization is hindered by critical challenges on the anode side,including dendrite growth and parasitic reactions at the anode/electrolyte interface.Recent studies highlight that rational electrolyte structure engineering offers an effective route to mitigate these issues and strengthen the electrochemical performance of the zinc metal anode.In this review,we systematically summarize state-of-the-art strategies for electrolyte optimization,with a particular focus on the zinc salts regulation,electrolyte additives,and the construction of novel electrolytes,while elucidating the underlying design principles.We further discuss the key structure–property relationships governing electrolyte behavior to provide guidance for the development of next-generation electrolytes.Finally,future perspectives on advanced electrolyte design are proposed.This review aims to serve as a comprehensive reference for researchers exploring high-performance electrolyte engineering in AZIBs.展开更多
Hydrogel electrolytes are widely used in zinc-ion batteries(ZIBs)due to their advantages of regulating zinc deposition/stripping process,and limiting dendrite growth.However,their relatively poor ionic conductivity an...Hydrogel electrolytes are widely used in zinc-ion batteries(ZIBs)due to their advantages of regulating zinc deposition/stripping process,and limiting dendrite growth.However,their relatively poor ionic conductivity and mechanical properties remain significant obstacles to their practical application in ZIBs.Herein,the multi-component cross-linked polyacrylamide/carboxymethyl cellulose/agarose(PCA)hydrogel polymerized electrolytes are designed via a heat-initiated polymerization approach.The PCA hydrogel electrolytes exhibit high ionic conductivity of 38.78 mS/cm and excellent mechanical strength from 2.9 MPa to 5.6 MPa.Meanwhile,the ample hydroxyl(-OH)functional groups on the PCA hydrogel electrolytes chain can capture and anchor H2O molecules via hydrogen bonding,thus fundamentally regulating the coordination environment of Zn2+and inhibiting side reactions.The combined effect of carboxyl(-COOH)groups and amino(-NH2)groups in PCA hydrogel electrolytes can induce the uniform deposition of zinc ions.Consequently,The Zn//Zn symmetrical cell assembled with this hydrogel electrolytes demonstrate excellent cycling stability over 2500 h at the current density of 1 mA/cm2.Furthermore,the Zn//MnO2/CNT full cell retains a specific capacity of 127.2 mAh/g after 1000 cycles at 1 A/g,with 97.8%capacity retention.展开更多
Halide solid state electrolytes(SSEs)have attracted significant attention due to their outstanding advantages of better cathodic stability and higher ionic conductivity.However,the most halide SSEs are unstable agains...Halide solid state electrolytes(SSEs)have attracted significant attention due to their outstanding advantages of better cathodic stability and higher ionic conductivity.However,the most halide SSEs are unstable against lithium,preventing their direct use with lithium anodes and thus sacrificing the energy density of all solid-state lithium batteries(AsSLBs),which significantly limits their application.Conventional strategies,such as employing Li-In anode or sulfide interface layer,suffer from reduced energy density or interfacial incompatibility.Employing a halide of the same family as the interface layer,instead of the chemically dissimilar sulfide SSEs,is expected to resolve the interfacial compatibility problem.Herein,we propose an all-halide double composite electrolyte(LTLC-LZC),where Li2ZrCl6(LZC)serves as the bulk layer and Li0.388Ta0.238La0.475Cl3(LTLC)functions as the anode-side interfacial contact layer.The two halide electrolytes exhibit excellent chemical compatibility and comparable processability,enabling facile cold-pressed bilayer assembly.Compared with single-layer LZC,the LTLC-LZC electrolyte significantly enhances interfacial stability and ionic conductivity.Therefore,Li|LTLC-LZC|Li symmetric cells cycle stably for over 2500 h,while Li|LTLC-LZC|NCM622 full cells deliver high initial coulombic efficiency and maintain~100%coulombic efficiency during cycling.This work provides a viable pathway toward practical high-energy halide-based AsSLBs.展开更多
In recent years,advanced battery systems based on solid electrolytes have become a research hotspot to replace traditional liquid lithium-ion batteries due to their significant advantages in energy storage performance...In recent years,advanced battery systems based on solid electrolytes have become a research hotspot to replace traditional liquid lithium-ion batteries due to their significant advantages in energy storage performance and safety.The alloy anode materials(such as Si,Sn,and P)have attracted much attention due to their significantly higher theoretical capacity than graphite.This article systematically reviews the characteristics,key challenge and the latest progress of alloy-solid-state batteries at the anode and solid electrolyte levels.It is emphasized that through strategies such as structural design,material composite,surface engineering and overall electrode system optimization,the volume expansion problem of alloy materials during the cycling process can be alleviated.Meanwhile,in-depth analyses of the dynamic evolution of the interface of solid electrolytes,the kinetics of lithium-ion transport,and the failure mechanisms and innovative strategies in terms of mechanical properties have also been conducted.In addition,this paper introduces the in-depth analysis of the dynamic mechanism in the lithiation process through advanced in situ characterization techniques and multi-physics field simulation methods,thereby providing theoretical guidance for material design.Finally,the potential directions and future opportunities for promoting the development of solid-state batteries with alloy-based anodes are explored.展开更多
The increasing demand for high-performance energy devices has prompted the exploration of advanced electrolytic solutions for aqueous energy storage.Redoxenhanced Zn-ion capacitors(RZICs)overcome the limitations of co...The increasing demand for high-performance energy devices has prompted the exploration of advanced electrolytic solutions for aqueous energy storage.Redoxenhanced Zn-ion capacitors(RZICs)overcome the limitations of conventional electrochemical capacitors by integrating redox-active molecules into the electrolyte,which enables higher energy density and expanded voltage windows.In this study,we developed organic dye-based colorimetric indicators for the fabrication of functional electrolytes in RZICs.The structural responsiveness of these dyes,driven by proton-electron transfer through electrochromic dynamics,allows real-time monitoring and optimization of the RZICs.The acid-base equilibrium of colorimetric indicators supports pH buffering,resulting in an extended lifespan of Zn||Zn cells up to 4,000 h.The conjugated aromatic structure of the indicators enhances their adsorption onto activated carbon,thereby minimizing the self-discharge in RZICs.Additionally,the phenol-quinone transformation increases the capacity of RZICs to 152.4 mAh g−1 within an optimized voltage window of 0.2-1.6 V,while promoting electrochemical kinetics and suppressing anode degradation.The results advance the design and customization of redox electrolytes with colorimetric properties for supercapacitive energy storage.展开更多
The advent of all-solid-state lithium metal batteries(ASSLMBs)holds promise for overcoming the safety hazards and energy density limitations faced by traditional lithium-ion batteries,thereby advancing the industriali...The advent of all-solid-state lithium metal batteries(ASSLMBs)holds promise for overcoming the safety hazards and energy density limitations faced by traditional lithium-ion batteries,thereby advancing the industrialization of next-generation energy storage technologies with high safety and specific energy.However,during practical application,three core challenges persist at the interface between the solidstate electrolytes(SSEs)and the lithium metal anode(LMA):Poor physical contact,interfacial side reactions,and growth of lithium dendrites.These interfacial issues constrain the overall performance of ASSLMBs and impede the commercialization process of this battery system.This review begins by examining the underlying mechanisms responsible for the interfacial problems between SSEs and LMA.Building on this foundation,optimization strategies and recent research progress are systematically introduced,classified according to the interfacial components:SSE-side optimizations,interface engineering,and LMA-side treatments.Finally,future research directions,strategies,and optimization schemes addressing the interfacial challenges between SSEs and LMA are prospected.This analysis aims to facilitate critical breakthroughs in the stability,cycling lifespan,and energy density of ASSLMBs,promoting their transition from laboratory innovation to commercial application.展开更多
Silicon(Si)composite anodes that integrate solid electrolytes(SEs)and hard carbon(HC)are promising for all-solid-state lithium batteries,offering improved ionic transport,electronic conduction,and mechanical buffering...Silicon(Si)composite anodes that integrate solid electrolytes(SEs)and hard carbon(HC)are promising for all-solid-state lithium batteries,offering improved ionic transport,electronic conduction,and mechanical buffering.Although mechanistic studies of such Si composite anodes with sulfide-based SEs have revealed performance benefits,the high costs,moisture sensitivity,and pressure requirements of sulfide-based SEs hinder scale-up.Polymer composite solid electrolytes(CSEs)provide simpler processing,pressure-free operation,and scalable manufacturing.However,their compatibility with Si composite anodes remains unclear.Here,detailed mechanisms of the roles of lithiation,SE,and HC in Si composite anodes paired with CSEs are elucidated through in-situ Raman spectroscopy,ex-situ characterizations,and finite element simulations.Lithiation offsets irreversible Li+loss during solidelectrolyte interphase(SEI)formation,while HC mitigates mechanical cracking.However,in SEcontaining anodes,HC accelerates SE decomposition and excessive SEI formation,increasing interfacial resistance and capacity loss.Interestingly,unlike sulfide systems,where mechanical failure dominates interfacial resistance,CSE-based systems suffer primarily from the accumulation of insulating SEI products.These mechanistic insights help to establish design rules that balance lithiation protocol,SE fraction,and HC content by elucidating the chemical-mechanical degradation,guiding customizable and pressure-free Si anodes compatible with scalable CSE processing.展开更多
Zinc metal anodes(ZMAs)in aqueous zinc-ion batteries are hindered by parasitic reactions arising from unstable electrolyte pH,low Zn2+transport number,and limited ionic conductivity,which critically restrict cyclin...Zinc metal anodes(ZMAs)in aqueous zinc-ion batteries are hindered by parasitic reactions arising from unstable electrolyte pH,low Zn2+transport number,and limited ionic conductivity,which critically restrict cycling stability and practical applicability.Here,we propose a high-entropy electrolyte paradigm based on molecular diversity,in which six structurally distinct amino acids are simultaneously incorporated into a ZnSO4 electrolyte to construct an amino acid-based high-entropy electrolyte(AA-HEE).Spectroscopic characterizations combined with molecular dynamics simulations provide direct evidence that the AA-HEE reaches a high-entropy state.Benefiting from the synergistic interactions among multiple amino acids,the AA-HEE exhibits a unique Zn2+solvation structure featuring both direct coordination and indirect stabilization of the hydrogen-bond network.Consequently,the chemical and electrochemical stability of the ZMAs|AA-HEE interface,together with the ion transport kinetics of the electrolyte,are substantially enhanced.As a result,ZMAs with effectively suppressed dendrites,HER,and passivation are achieved.The AA-HEE enabled Zn||Zn symmetric cells cycle stably for over 5300 h at 1 mA cm-2,while Zn||NH4V4O10 full cells deliver 82.9%capacity retention after 1500 cycles at 5 A g-1 and exhibit outstanding rate capability and low self-discharge ratio.These results highlight high-entropy electrolyte engineering as an effective strategy for high-performance aqueous zinc-ion batteries.展开更多
Lithium metal batteries(LMBs)are regarded as promising candidates for the next-generation high-energy-density storage systems due to their unparalleled theoretical energy density and low redox potential.However,the co...Lithium metal batteries(LMBs)are regarded as promising candidates for the next-generation high-energy-density storage systems due to their unparalleled theoretical energy density and low redox potential.However,the commercialization of LMBs is tremendously plagued by the barbaric growth of lithium dendrite and the intricate decomposition of electrolytes.Herein,the tailored boron nitride nanosheets(BNNSs)with hydroxyl(BNNSs-OH)and amidogen(BNNSs-NH2)functional groups are used as electrolyte additives to improve ion transport of the electrolyte and interface compatibility with lithium metal anode(LMAs).The BNNSs-NH2-based electrolyte exhibits superior Li+deposition behavior due to the stronger electrostatic interaction between-NH2groups and TFSI-anions,and the modified electrolyte shows obvious advantages in balancing Li+concentration gradients and enhancing the lithium-ion transference number.Therefore,the lithium-ion transference number of the BNNSs-NH2-based LMBs increases to 0.61.The Li‖BNNSs-NH2‖Li symmetric cell cycles stably over 1200 h at a current density of 0.5 mA cm-2,and the average Coulombic efficiency of the Li‖BNNSs-NH2‖Cu asymmetric cell reaches up to 97.01%after 300cycles at 0.5 mA cm-2.In addition,the specific capacity of the LiFePO4‖BNNSs-NH2‖Li full cell is 120.26 mAh g-1after 600 cycles at 3C,corresponding to the capacity retention of 96.34%.This work provides a new strategy for homogenizing the ion deposition and enhancing the Li+transport through the tailored electrolyte additives,laying a theoretical foundation for the practical application of lithium metal batteries with high-energy-density.展开更多
Micro-sized silicon(mSi)anodes offer high capacity for next-generation lithium-ion batteries but suffer from severe volume changes,causing unstable interphases and poor cycling.Traditional electrolytes derive unstable...Micro-sized silicon(mSi)anodes offer high capacity for next-generation lithium-ion batteries but suffer from severe volume changes,causing unstable interphases and poor cycling.Traditional electrolytes derive unstable electrolyte/electrolyte interphases,and flammable solvents pose safety risks.Here,we introduce a non-flammable molten salt electrolyte,which consists of lithium bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide,potassium bis(fluorosulfonyl)amide,and cesium bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide in a mole ratio of 0.3:0.35:0.35(noted as Li0.3K0.35Cs0.35FSA),that forms an inorganic interphase on mSi,stabilizing the electrode/electrolyte interface.Computational and experimental insights elucidate the FSA-anion decomposition-derived SEI predominantly of LiF,Li3N,Li2O,and Li2S,which exhibits mechanical resilience and low interfacial resistance,effectively accommodating the significant volume expansion of silicon during lithiation/delithiation.As a result,the Li||mSi half-cell achieves 60.7%capacity retention after 100 cycles with 99.5%average Coulombic efficiency.Overall,the Li0.3K0.35Cs0.35FSA electrolyte eliminates flammability concerns while enabling robust cycling performance.This work demonstrates a safe,high-energy battery system by coupling mSi anodes with stable molten salt electrolytes,addressing both interfacial instability and safety challenges in mSi-based lithium-ion batteries.展开更多
Aqueous zinc-ion batteries(AZIBs)are facing challenges of severe parasitic side reactions and uncontrolled Zn dendrite growth in promoting commercial applications.Here,rare earth metal neodymium ions(Nd3+)have been...Aqueous zinc-ion batteries(AZIBs)are facing challenges of severe parasitic side reactions and uncontrolled Zn dendrite growth in promoting commercial applications.Here,rare earth metal neodymium ions(Nd3+)have been introduced into the conventional Zn SO_4 electrolyte as an electrolyte additive to improve the stability and reversibility of AZIBs.Combining experimental characterization and theoretical calculations,Nd3+ions are adsorbed at the active sites of zinc crystal growth,forming a positively charged shielding layer on the Zn anode surface that effectively prevents lateral reactions and induces uniform Zn deposition.Meanwhile,Nd3+ions preferentially adsorb on(100)and(101)planes of Zn,thus facilitating preferential deposition on the(002)plane and achieving a dendrite-free Zn anode.Consequently,a Zn//Zn symmetric cell with the Nd3+-modified electrolyte exhibits an ultralong lifespan of 3000 h at0.5 m A cm-2,and a Zn//Cu asymmetric cell realizes an impressive Coulombic efficiency of 99.47%for Zn stripping and plating over 550 cycles at 1.0 mA cm-2.Impressively,Zn//CNT@MnO2 full cell reaches a considerably stable long cycle performance over 2500 cycles at 1.0 A g-1.This work offers an effective solution to the challenges faced by Zn anode and expands the application scope of metallic ions in metalbased energy storage devices.展开更多
Mg-air batteries,as a new energy storage solution,exhibit enormous potentials due to their high energy density and simple structure.However,traditional designs of Mg-air batteries still face theoretical,cost-related a...Mg-air batteries,as a new energy storage solution,exhibit enormous potentials due to their high energy density and simple structure.However,traditional designs of Mg-air batteries still face theoretical,cost-related and time-consuming limitations.The integration of machine learning(ML)and density functional theory(DFT)presents a promising approach to optimize anode electrode and battery reaction kinetics.This review provided an overview of the fundamental principles of Mg-air batteries,focusing on aspects including ML/DFT-assisted design,anode alloying,electrolyte,and cathode catalysts.We reviewed recent research progress on each of these components,highlighted the primary challenges and summarized the directions of future developments for Mg-air batteries.Finally,we offered insights for improving the performance and commercial viability of Mg-air batteries.展开更多
Aqueous zinc-ion batteries(AZIBs)hold promising prospects for large-scale energy storage systems,yet their commercialization is hindered by dendritic growth and water-induced side reactions associated with zinc anodes...Aqueous zinc-ion batteries(AZIBs)hold promising prospects for large-scale energy storage systems,yet their commercialization is hindered by dendritic growth and water-induced side reactions associated with zinc anodes,especially at high depths of discharge(DOD).Herein,a multifunctional zincophilic additive is developed to promote the planar Zn deposition and construct a stable solid electrolyte interphase(SEI).Disodium malate(DMA)possesses pH-buffering capability that maintains electrolyte pH stability during prolonged cycling,effectively mitigating side reactions.Furthermore,the concentration of DMA significantly influences crystal deposition.An appropriate amount of DMA molecules selectively adsorbs onto the zinc foil,facilitating uniform zinc ion deposition on the(002)crystal plane.In addition,disodium maleate molecules reconfigure the electric double layer(EDL)to reduce free water interaction and promote the in-situ formation of the dense SEI,consisting of inorganic zinc salt and amorphous organic component,on the Zn metal surface.Notably,the dense organic-inorganic hybrid SEI layer persists with remarkable structural integrity even after long cycling.These features enable a highly reversible dendritefree Zn plating/stripping process and suppress side reactions.As a result,Zn||Zn cells with DMA additives demonstrate extended cycling stability,enduring up to 5000 h at 8.6%DOD.Moreover,DMA-modified Zn anodes achieve an exceptional cycle lifespan of 750 h under 81.9%DOD with a high coulombic efficiency of 99.81%in asymmetric cells.In full-cell configurations,Zn||I2 cells stably cycle for over 12,000 cycles,retaining 89.77%of their capacity.This electrolyte regulation strategy offers a compelling pathway for the development of aqueous zinc ion batteries.展开更多
Lithium(Li)metal batteries hold great promise due to their high energy density,yet severe side reactions between routine organic electrolytes and the Li metal anode hinder their practical implementation.Elucidating th...Lithium(Li)metal batteries hold great promise due to their high energy density,yet severe side reactions between routine organic electrolytes and the Li metal anode hinder their practical implementation.Elucidating the fundamental mechanisms that govern electrolyte stability on the Li metal anode is crucial to stabilizing the electrolyte-anode interface and promoting the practical applications of Li metal batteries.Herein,the regulation mechanism of the anode surface on the electrolyte stability is revealed at the atomic scale by density functional theory calculations.Indicated by the changes in the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital(LUMO)energy levels,solvents exhibit markedly lower reductive stability on Li metal surfaces compared with bulk molecules,making them more prone to parasitic reactions.Two major components in solid electrolyte interphase(SEI),i.e.,LiF and Li2O,can passivate the solvent reduction through an average increase of 1.46 eV in their LUMO energy levels.The LUMO energy changes are further correlated with the Li-O distance between the solvents and SEI components,exhibiting an approximately linear relationship.This work reveals the role of the SEI in protecting Li metal anodes from electrolyte corrosion and identifies key factors regulating solvent stability,providing fundamental insights for the rational design of advanced electrolytes and robust SEI for practical Li metal batteries.展开更多
Lithium metal batteries(LMBs)represent one of the most promising energy storage systems due to unparalleled energy density.However,in commercial electrolytes,their practical high-power performance is still hampered by...Lithium metal batteries(LMBs)represent one of the most promising energy storage systems due to unparalleled energy density.However,in commercial electrolytes,their practical high-power performance is still hampered by unstable electrolyte interfaces,leading to severe anode dendrite growth and cathode degradation.Here,4-fluoro-3-nitrophenylboronic acid is introduced as a dual-function additive,contributing to uniform N-/F-rich interphase layers at both electrodes of the LMBs.Therefore,in the optimized electrolyte,Li-metal electrodes demonstrate enhanced plating/stripping reversibility of>700 h(vs.250 h at 1 mA cm-2and 0.5 mAh cm-2)and coulombic efficiency of 98.2%(vs.84.2%).Moreover,the corresponding LMBs achieve 99.9% capacity retention(vs.44.7%)after 500 cycles at 3C rate,simultaneously maintaining>99.9% coulombic efficiencies.The impressive fast-charging performance attributes to not only the uniform and compact Li deposition at the anode,but also the inhibited uncontrolled electrolyte decomposition and active species loss at the cathode due to the robust electrolyte interphases.This work highlights that proper electrolyte additive is crucial for fast-charging metal batteries.展开更多
Localized high-concentration electrolytes(LHCEs)are considered as promising electrolyte candidates to resolve technical issues of metal batteries owing to their unique interfacial properties and solvation structures.H...Localized high-concentration electrolytes(LHCEs)are considered as promising electrolyte candidates to resolve technical issues of metal batteries owing to their unique interfacial properties and solvation structures.Herein,we propose a self-assembly chemical strategy into the LCHEs induced by ordered nanostructure of zwitterionic co-solutes for highly efficient and ultrastable zinc(Zn)metal batteries.Through the systematic screening of six zwitterionic compounds,3-(decyldimethylammonio)propanesulfonate salt(C10)with the decyl chain and zwitterions was determined as an optimum to construct quasi-spherical aggregates with a periodic length of 3.77 nm,as confirmed by comprehensive synchronous small-angle X-ray scattering,Guinier,pair distance distribution function,Porod,and other spectroscopic characterizations and molecular dynamic simulation.In particularly,this self-assembled structure in electrolyte environments was attributed to increasing the proportion of both contact and aggregated ion pairs for the formation of LHCEs as well as to providing fast and selective Zn2+conducting channels and uniform solid electrolyte interfaces for facilitated charge transfer kinetics.Moreover,the preferential adsorption of the self-assembled C10on the Zn(002)surface modulated the electrical double layer to suppress hydrogen evolution and corrosion reactions.Consequently,the Zn‖Zn symmetric cells in Zn(OTf)2/C10electrolytes showed long-term plating/stripping behaviors over 2800 h at 1 mA cm-2and 1 mAh cm-2as well as over 1200 h even at 5 mA cm-2and 5 mAh cm-2with a very high depth of discharge of 42.7%.Furthermore,the ZnllVO2/CNT full cells in Zn(OTf)2/C10electrolytes delivered a record-high capacity of 8.10 mAh cm-2at an ultrahigh cathode mass loading of 50 mg cm-2after 150 cycles.展开更多
Lithium(Li)metal anodes hold exceptional promise for next-generation high-energy-density batteries,yet their practical application is hindered by unstable solid electrolyte interphase(SEI)and uncontrolled dendritic gr...Lithium(Li)metal anodes hold exceptional promise for next-generation high-energy-density batteries,yet their practical application is hindered by unstable solid electrolyte interphase(SEI)and uncontrolled dendritic growth.Here,we proposed a proton-regulated nitrite release strategy that dynamically modulates the electrolyte solvation structure to engineer a robust and inorganic-rich SEI.Specifically,highly soluble nitrocellulose is introduced as a nitrite(NO2-)reservoir,which continuously releases NO2-via proton-mediated dissociation triggered by LiPF6hydrolysis.The released NO2-preferentially coordinates with Li+,generating an anion-rich solvation sheath,and subsequently undergoes preferential reduction to form an inorganic-rich SEI enriched with Li3N and LiNxOy.The resulting mechanically robust and ionically conductive interphase ensures homogeneous Li+flux,enabling uniform,dendrite-free Li deposition.Moreover,the sustained NO2-release facilitates dynamic SEI repair during cycling.Consequently,Li||Li symmetric cells operate stably for over 1000 h.Li||Li Ni0.5Co0.2Mn0.3O2full cells with high-areal-loading cathodes(3.0 m Ah cm-2)retain 80%capacity after 150 cycles at 1.0 C.Moreover,a practical409 Wh kg-1Li||Li Ni0.83Co0.12Mn0.05O2pouch cell demonstrates stable operation over 50 cycles.This work establishes a dynamically proton-regulated anion-release paradigm for solvation structure regulation,offering a scalable pathway toward high-performance Li metal batteries.展开更多
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.52471229)the Program for the Development of Science and Technology of Jilin Province,China(No.20250205055GH)Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(No.2025MS014)。
摘要Hydrogel electrolyte have attracted widely interest for aqueous zinc-ion batteries because of their multifunctionality and intrinsic safety.However,the unstable anode/electrolyte interface by dendrite and side reaction(HER)restricted the cycling of Zn anode,especially at high utilization.Herein,we propose an interface engineering strategy by introducing dimethylformamide(DMF)to polyacrylamide(PAM)electrolyte which could construct the polymer-inorganic bilayer solid electrolyte interphase(SEI)to improve the interface stability and compatibility.Internal Zn5(OH)6(CO3)2 provided high modulus to suppress the dendrite physically and external polymer exhibited flexibility to accommodate the volume change of Zn during cycles.Meanwhile,larger polymer clusters were induced by enhanced hydrogen-bond interactions,resulted in higher shear strength and interfacial adhesion.Additionally,DMF regulated the crystal orientation along(100)crystal plane and solvation structure of Zn2+with PAM,enabling dense deposition and reduced by-products.Consequently,the Zn anode could provide an impressive lifespan(0.5 mA/cm2@0.5 mAh/cm2,4000 h;30 mA/cm2@15 mAh/cm2,650 h).More importantly,high utilization(68%)was achieved using ultra-thin Zn(10μm)with superior stability(2 mA/cm2@4 mAh/cm2,1200 h).Coupled with iodine cathode,the Zn-I2 cell could provide an initial capacity of 184.5 mAh/g at the low ratio of anode/cathode capacity(N/P:4.3)and~86.4%retention over 500 cycles.This work provides a promising approach to construct robust interface by hydrogel electrolyte towards practical zinc-ion batteries.
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 52377222)the Natural Science Foundation of Hunan Province, China (Nos. 2023JJ20064, 2023JJ40759)。
摘要Aqueous zinc-ion batteries(AZIBs) are promising candidates for the large-scale energy storage systems due to their high intrinsic safety,cost-effectiveness and environmental friendliness.However,issues such as dendrite growth,hydrogen evolution reaction,and interfacial passivation occurring at the anode/electrolyte interface(AEI) have hindered their practical application.Constructing a stable AEI plays a key role in regulating zinc deposition and improving the cycle life of AZIBs.The fundamentals of AEI and the challenges faced by the Zn anode due to unstable interfaces are discussed.A comprehensive summary of electrolyte regulation strategies by electrolyte engineering to achieve a stable Zn anode is provided.The effectiveness evaluation techniques for stable AEI are also analyzed,including the interfacial chemistry and surface morphology evolution of the Zn anode.Finally,suggestions and perspectives for future research are offered about enabling a durable and stable AEI via electrolyte engineering,which may pave the way for developing high-performance AZIBs.
基金supported by the National Key R&D Program of China(No.2023YFB3809500)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.U23A20555,52202211)+3 种基金the Ninth Young Elite Scientists Sponsorship Program by CAST(2023QNRC001)the Chongqing Technology Innovation and Application Development Project(No.CSTB2022TIAD-KPX0028)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(2023CDJXY-018)the Venture&Innovation Support Program for Chongqing Overseas Returnees(cx2022119,cx2023087).
摘要Rechargeable magnesium batteries(RMBs),as a low-cost,high-safety and high-energy storage technology,have attracted tremendous attention in large-scale energy storage applications.However,the key anode/electrolyte interfacial issues,including surface passivation,uneven Mg plating/stripping,and pulverization after cycling still result in a large overpotential,short cycling life,poor power density,and possible safety hazards of cells,severely impeding the commercial development of RMBs.In this review,a concise overview of recently advanced strategies to address these anode/electroyte interfacial issues is systematically classified and summarized.The design of magnesiophilic substrates,construction of artificial SEI layers,and modification of electrolyte are important and effective strategies to improve the uniformity/kinetics of Mg plating/stripping and achieve the stable anode/electrolyte interface.The key opportunities and challenges in this field are advisedly put forward,and the insights into future directions for stabilizing Mg metal anodes and the anode/electrolyte interface are highlighted.This review provides important references fordeveloping the high-performance and high-safety RMBs.
基金supported by the Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.52125202,52202100,and U24A2065)the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province(BK20243016)Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities,China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(No.2024T171166).
摘要Aqueous zinc-ion batteries(AZIBs)have garnered considerable attention as promising post-lithium energy storage technologies owing to their intrinsic safety,cost-effectiveness,and competitive gravimetric energy density.However,their practical commercialization is hindered by critical challenges on the anode side,including dendrite growth and parasitic reactions at the anode/electrolyte interface.Recent studies highlight that rational electrolyte structure engineering offers an effective route to mitigate these issues and strengthen the electrochemical performance of the zinc metal anode.In this review,we systematically summarize state-of-the-art strategies for electrolyte optimization,with a particular focus on the zinc salts regulation,electrolyte additives,and the construction of novel electrolytes,while elucidating the underlying design principles.We further discuss the key structure–property relationships governing electrolyte behavior to provide guidance for the development of next-generation electrolytes.Finally,future perspectives on advanced electrolyte design are proposed.This review aims to serve as a comprehensive reference for researchers exploring high-performance electrolyte engineering in AZIBs.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.22075173 and 21673136)the Science and Technology Commission of Shanghai Municipality(Nos.19DZ2271100 and 21010501100)Shanghai Sailing Program(No.24YF2714900).
摘要Hydrogel electrolytes are widely used in zinc-ion batteries(ZIBs)due to their advantages of regulating zinc deposition/stripping process,and limiting dendrite growth.However,their relatively poor ionic conductivity and mechanical properties remain significant obstacles to their practical application in ZIBs.Herein,the multi-component cross-linked polyacrylamide/carboxymethyl cellulose/agarose(PCA)hydrogel polymerized electrolytes are designed via a heat-initiated polymerization approach.The PCA hydrogel electrolytes exhibit high ionic conductivity of 38.78 mS/cm and excellent mechanical strength from 2.9 MPa to 5.6 MPa.Meanwhile,the ample hydroxyl(-OH)functional groups on the PCA hydrogel electrolytes chain can capture and anchor H2O molecules via hydrogen bonding,thus fundamentally regulating the coordination environment of Zn2+and inhibiting side reactions.The combined effect of carboxyl(-COOH)groups and amino(-NH2)groups in PCA hydrogel electrolytes can induce the uniform deposition of zinc ions.Consequently,The Zn//Zn symmetrical cell assembled with this hydrogel electrolytes demonstrate excellent cycling stability over 2500 h at the current density of 1 mA/cm2.Furthermore,the Zn//MnO2/CNT full cell retains a specific capacity of 127.2 mAh/g after 1000 cycles at 1 A/g,with 97.8%capacity retention.
基金National Key Research and Development Program of China(2023YFB2503900)National Natural Science Foundation of China(22505091)+3 种基金Hubei Science and Technology Program(ZYYD202400156,JSCX202500431)China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(2024M761176)Postdoctoral Fellowship Program of CPSF(GZC20250099)Postdoctor Project of Hubei Province(2024HBBHJD056)。
摘要Halide solid state electrolytes(SSEs)have attracted significant attention due to their outstanding advantages of better cathodic stability and higher ionic conductivity.However,the most halide SSEs are unstable against lithium,preventing their direct use with lithium anodes and thus sacrificing the energy density of all solid-state lithium batteries(AsSLBs),which significantly limits their application.Conventional strategies,such as employing Li-In anode or sulfide interface layer,suffer from reduced energy density or interfacial incompatibility.Employing a halide of the same family as the interface layer,instead of the chemically dissimilar sulfide SSEs,is expected to resolve the interfacial compatibility problem.Herein,we propose an all-halide double composite electrolyte(LTLC-LZC),where Li2ZrCl6(LZC)serves as the bulk layer and Li0.388Ta0.238La0.475Cl3(LTLC)functions as the anode-side interfacial contact layer.The two halide electrolytes exhibit excellent chemical compatibility and comparable processability,enabling facile cold-pressed bilayer assembly.Compared with single-layer LZC,the LTLC-LZC electrolyte significantly enhances interfacial stability and ionic conductivity.Therefore,Li|LTLC-LZC|Li symmetric cells cycle stably for over 2500 h,while Li|LTLC-LZC|NCM622 full cells deliver high initial coulombic efficiency and maintain~100%coulombic efficiency during cycling.This work provides a viable pathway toward practical high-energy halide-based AsSLBs.
基金financial support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(52502252)Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Carbon Dioxide Resource Utilization(2024B1212010011)+1 种基金South China Normal University Young Faculty Research Development Fund(672192)financial support from the Australian Research Council.
摘要In recent years,advanced battery systems based on solid electrolytes have become a research hotspot to replace traditional liquid lithium-ion batteries due to their significant advantages in energy storage performance and safety.The alloy anode materials(such as Si,Sn,and P)have attracted much attention due to their significantly higher theoretical capacity than graphite.This article systematically reviews the characteristics,key challenge and the latest progress of alloy-solid-state batteries at the anode and solid electrolyte levels.It is emphasized that through strategies such as structural design,material composite,surface engineering and overall electrode system optimization,the volume expansion problem of alloy materials during the cycling process can be alleviated.Meanwhile,in-depth analyses of the dynamic evolution of the interface of solid electrolytes,the kinetics of lithium-ion transport,and the failure mechanisms and innovative strategies in terms of mechanical properties have also been conducted.In addition,this paper introduces the in-depth analysis of the dynamic mechanism in the lithiation process through advanced in situ characterization techniques and multi-physics field simulation methods,thereby providing theoretical guidance for material design.Finally,the potential directions and future opportunities for promoting the development of solid-state batteries with alloy-based anodes are explored.
基金support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.22105227)the Qinghai Provincial Science and Technology Project(2025-QY-236)the Guangzhou Science and Technology Programme(No.2024A04J2232).
摘要The increasing demand for high-performance energy devices has prompted the exploration of advanced electrolytic solutions for aqueous energy storage.Redoxenhanced Zn-ion capacitors(RZICs)overcome the limitations of conventional electrochemical capacitors by integrating redox-active molecules into the electrolyte,which enables higher energy density and expanded voltage windows.In this study,we developed organic dye-based colorimetric indicators for the fabrication of functional electrolytes in RZICs.The structural responsiveness of these dyes,driven by proton-electron transfer through electrochromic dynamics,allows real-time monitoring and optimization of the RZICs.The acid-base equilibrium of colorimetric indicators supports pH buffering,resulting in an extended lifespan of Zn||Zn cells up to 4,000 h.The conjugated aromatic structure of the indicators enhances their adsorption onto activated carbon,thereby minimizing the self-discharge in RZICs.Additionally,the phenol-quinone transformation increases the capacity of RZICs to 152.4 mAh g−1 within an optimized voltage window of 0.2-1.6 V,while promoting electrochemical kinetics and suppressing anode degradation.The results advance the design and customization of redox electrolytes with colorimetric properties for supercapacitive energy storage.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.52573348,52173263)the National Key Research and Development Program of China(No.2022YFB3603703)+2 种基金the Natural Science Basic Research Plan in Shaanxi Province of China(Nos.2024JC-YBMS-445,S2025-JC-YB-1383)Scientific Research Fund for High Level Talents of Xijing University(No.XJ25B06)Shaanxi Changban Information Technology Co.,Ltd.for their financial support(No.2025610002002996)。
摘要The advent of all-solid-state lithium metal batteries(ASSLMBs)holds promise for overcoming the safety hazards and energy density limitations faced by traditional lithium-ion batteries,thereby advancing the industrialization of next-generation energy storage technologies with high safety and specific energy.However,during practical application,three core challenges persist at the interface between the solidstate electrolytes(SSEs)and the lithium metal anode(LMA):Poor physical contact,interfacial side reactions,and growth of lithium dendrites.These interfacial issues constrain the overall performance of ASSLMBs and impede the commercialization process of this battery system.This review begins by examining the underlying mechanisms responsible for the interfacial problems between SSEs and LMA.Building on this foundation,optimization strategies and recent research progress are systematically introduced,classified according to the interfacial components:SSE-side optimizations,interface engineering,and LMA-side treatments.Finally,future research directions,strategies,and optimization schemes addressing the interfacial challenges between SSEs and LMA are prospected.This analysis aims to facilitate critical breakthroughs in the stability,cycling lifespan,and energy density of ASSLMBs,promoting their transition from laboratory innovation to commercial application.
摘要Silicon(Si)composite anodes that integrate solid electrolytes(SEs)and hard carbon(HC)are promising for all-solid-state lithium batteries,offering improved ionic transport,electronic conduction,and mechanical buffering.Although mechanistic studies of such Si composite anodes with sulfide-based SEs have revealed performance benefits,the high costs,moisture sensitivity,and pressure requirements of sulfide-based SEs hinder scale-up.Polymer composite solid electrolytes(CSEs)provide simpler processing,pressure-free operation,and scalable manufacturing.However,their compatibility with Si composite anodes remains unclear.Here,detailed mechanisms of the roles of lithiation,SE,and HC in Si composite anodes paired with CSEs are elucidated through in-situ Raman spectroscopy,ex-situ characterizations,and finite element simulations.Lithiation offsets irreversible Li+loss during solidelectrolyte interphase(SEI)formation,while HC mitigates mechanical cracking.However,in SEcontaining anodes,HC accelerates SE decomposition and excessive SEI formation,increasing interfacial resistance and capacity loss.Interestingly,unlike sulfide systems,where mechanical failure dominates interfacial resistance,CSE-based systems suffer primarily from the accumulation of insulating SEI products.These mechanistic insights help to establish design rules that balance lithiation protocol,SE fraction,and HC content by elucidating the chemical-mechanical degradation,guiding customizable and pressure-free Si anodes compatible with scalable CSE processing.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(21972133)the Science and Technology Development Planning of Jilin Province(20240101153JC)the Natural Science Foundation of Chongqing,China(CSTB2023NSCQMSX0090)。
摘要Zinc metal anodes(ZMAs)in aqueous zinc-ion batteries are hindered by parasitic reactions arising from unstable electrolyte pH,low Zn2+transport number,and limited ionic conductivity,which critically restrict cycling stability and practical applicability.Here,we propose a high-entropy electrolyte paradigm based on molecular diversity,in which six structurally distinct amino acids are simultaneously incorporated into a ZnSO4 electrolyte to construct an amino acid-based high-entropy electrolyte(AA-HEE).Spectroscopic characterizations combined with molecular dynamics simulations provide direct evidence that the AA-HEE reaches a high-entropy state.Benefiting from the synergistic interactions among multiple amino acids,the AA-HEE exhibits a unique Zn2+solvation structure featuring both direct coordination and indirect stabilization of the hydrogen-bond network.Consequently,the chemical and electrochemical stability of the ZMAs|AA-HEE interface,together with the ion transport kinetics of the electrolyte,are substantially enhanced.As a result,ZMAs with effectively suppressed dendrites,HER,and passivation are achieved.The AA-HEE enabled Zn||Zn symmetric cells cycle stably for over 5300 h at 1 mA cm-2,while Zn||NH4V4O10 full cells deliver 82.9%capacity retention after 1500 cycles at 5 A g-1 and exhibit outstanding rate capability and low self-discharge ratio.These results highlight high-entropy electrolyte engineering as an effective strategy for high-performance aqueous zinc-ion batteries.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.52572264)the Science and Technology Innovation leader Program of Hunan Province(Grant No.2022RC3049)+1 种基金Tianshan Innovation Team Program of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region(Grant No.2024D14001)the Key Project of Natural Science Foundation of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region(Grant No.2025D01D11)。
摘要Lithium metal batteries(LMBs)are regarded as promising candidates for the next-generation high-energy-density storage systems due to their unparalleled theoretical energy density and low redox potential.However,the commercialization of LMBs is tremendously plagued by the barbaric growth of lithium dendrite and the intricate decomposition of electrolytes.Herein,the tailored boron nitride nanosheets(BNNSs)with hydroxyl(BNNSs-OH)and amidogen(BNNSs-NH2)functional groups are used as electrolyte additives to improve ion transport of the electrolyte and interface compatibility with lithium metal anode(LMAs).The BNNSs-NH2-based electrolyte exhibits superior Li+deposition behavior due to the stronger electrostatic interaction between-NH2groups and TFSI-anions,and the modified electrolyte shows obvious advantages in balancing Li+concentration gradients and enhancing the lithium-ion transference number.Therefore,the lithium-ion transference number of the BNNSs-NH2-based LMBs increases to 0.61.The Li‖BNNSs-NH2‖Li symmetric cell cycles stably over 1200 h at a current density of 0.5 mA cm-2,and the average Coulombic efficiency of the Li‖BNNSs-NH2‖Cu asymmetric cell reaches up to 97.01%after 300cycles at 0.5 mA cm-2.In addition,the specific capacity of the LiFePO4‖BNNSs-NH2‖Li full cell is 120.26 mAh g-1after 600 cycles at 3C,corresponding to the capacity retention of 96.34%.This work provides a new strategy for homogenizing the ion deposition and enhancing the Li+transport through the tailored electrolyte additives,laying a theoretical foundation for the practical application of lithium metal batteries with high-energy-density.
基金supported by the Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(Grant No.XDA0400000)the One Hundred Person Project of the Chinese Academy of Sciences,the Shanghai Magnolia Talent Plan Pujiang Project(Grant No.23PJ1415600)the Shanghai International S&T Cooperation Program(Grant No.23160711700).
摘要Micro-sized silicon(mSi)anodes offer high capacity for next-generation lithium-ion batteries but suffer from severe volume changes,causing unstable interphases and poor cycling.Traditional electrolytes derive unstable electrolyte/electrolyte interphases,and flammable solvents pose safety risks.Here,we introduce a non-flammable molten salt electrolyte,which consists of lithium bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide,potassium bis(fluorosulfonyl)amide,and cesium bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide in a mole ratio of 0.3:0.35:0.35(noted as Li0.3K0.35Cs0.35FSA),that forms an inorganic interphase on mSi,stabilizing the electrode/electrolyte interface.Computational and experimental insights elucidate the FSA-anion decomposition-derived SEI predominantly of LiF,Li3N,Li2O,and Li2S,which exhibits mechanical resilience and low interfacial resistance,effectively accommodating the significant volume expansion of silicon during lithiation/delithiation.As a result,the Li||mSi half-cell achieves 60.7%capacity retention after 100 cycles with 99.5%average Coulombic efficiency.Overall,the Li0.3K0.35Cs0.35FSA electrolyte eliminates flammability concerns while enabling robust cycling performance.This work demonstrates a safe,high-energy battery system by coupling mSi anodes with stable molten salt electrolytes,addressing both interfacial instability and safety challenges in mSi-based lithium-ion batteries.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.51702081)。
摘要Aqueous zinc-ion batteries(AZIBs)are facing challenges of severe parasitic side reactions and uncontrolled Zn dendrite growth in promoting commercial applications.Here,rare earth metal neodymium ions(Nd3+)have been introduced into the conventional Zn SO_4 electrolyte as an electrolyte additive to improve the stability and reversibility of AZIBs.Combining experimental characterization and theoretical calculations,Nd3+ions are adsorbed at the active sites of zinc crystal growth,forming a positively charged shielding layer on the Zn anode surface that effectively prevents lateral reactions and induces uniform Zn deposition.Meanwhile,Nd3+ions preferentially adsorb on(100)and(101)planes of Zn,thus facilitating preferential deposition on the(002)plane and achieving a dendrite-free Zn anode.Consequently,a Zn//Zn symmetric cell with the Nd3+-modified electrolyte exhibits an ultralong lifespan of 3000 h at0.5 m A cm-2,and a Zn//Cu asymmetric cell realizes an impressive Coulombic efficiency of 99.47%for Zn stripping and plating over 550 cycles at 1.0 mA cm-2.Impressively,Zn//CNT@MnO2 full cell reaches a considerably stable long cycle performance over 2500 cycles at 1.0 A g-1.This work offers an effective solution to the challenges faced by Zn anode and expands the application scope of metallic ions in metalbased energy storage devices.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.52001015)the R&D Program of Beijing Municipal Education Commission(No.KM202310005010).
摘要Mg-air batteries,as a new energy storage solution,exhibit enormous potentials due to their high energy density and simple structure.However,traditional designs of Mg-air batteries still face theoretical,cost-related and time-consuming limitations.The integration of machine learning(ML)and density functional theory(DFT)presents a promising approach to optimize anode electrode and battery reaction kinetics.This review provided an overview of the fundamental principles of Mg-air batteries,focusing on aspects including ML/DFT-assisted design,anode alloying,electrolyte,and cathode catalysts.We reviewed recent research progress on each of these components,highlighted the primary challenges and summarized the directions of future developments for Mg-air batteries.Finally,we offered insights for improving the performance and commercial viability of Mg-air batteries.
基金financial support from the National Science Fund for Distinguished Young Scholars(No.52225312)the Natural Science Foundation of Zhejiang Province(No.LMS25E020002,LY24B030008)+1 种基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.52002101,52272292,and 2209032)supported by computational resources provided by the Australian Government through Gadi under the National Computa-tional Merit Allocation Scheme and was accessed through the SIH HPC Allocation Scheme(No.LE190100021).
摘要Aqueous zinc-ion batteries(AZIBs)hold promising prospects for large-scale energy storage systems,yet their commercialization is hindered by dendritic growth and water-induced side reactions associated with zinc anodes,especially at high depths of discharge(DOD).Herein,a multifunctional zincophilic additive is developed to promote the planar Zn deposition and construct a stable solid electrolyte interphase(SEI).Disodium malate(DMA)possesses pH-buffering capability that maintains electrolyte pH stability during prolonged cycling,effectively mitigating side reactions.Furthermore,the concentration of DMA significantly influences crystal deposition.An appropriate amount of DMA molecules selectively adsorbs onto the zinc foil,facilitating uniform zinc ion deposition on the(002)crystal plane.In addition,disodium maleate molecules reconfigure the electric double layer(EDL)to reduce free water interaction and promote the in-situ formation of the dense SEI,consisting of inorganic zinc salt and amorphous organic component,on the Zn metal surface.Notably,the dense organic-inorganic hybrid SEI layer persists with remarkable structural integrity even after long cycling.These features enable a highly reversible dendritefree Zn plating/stripping process and suppress side reactions.As a result,Zn||Zn cells with DMA additives demonstrate extended cycling stability,enduring up to 5000 h at 8.6%DOD.Moreover,DMA-modified Zn anodes achieve an exceptional cycle lifespan of 750 h under 81.9%DOD with a high coulombic efficiency of 99.81%in asymmetric cells.In full-cell configurations,Zn||I2 cells stably cycle for over 12,000 cycles,retaining 89.77%of their capacity.This electrolyte regulation strategy offers a compelling pathway for the development of aqueous zinc ion batteries.
基金National Key Research and Development Program(2021YFB2500300)National Natural Science Foundation of China(T2322015,92472101,22393903,22393900,and 52394170)+2 种基金Beijing Municipal Natural Science Foundation(L247015 and L233004)Tsinghua University Initiative Scientific Research ProgramTsinghua Xuetang Talents Program of Tsinghua University。
摘要Lithium(Li)metal batteries hold great promise due to their high energy density,yet severe side reactions between routine organic electrolytes and the Li metal anode hinder their practical implementation.Elucidating the fundamental mechanisms that govern electrolyte stability on the Li metal anode is crucial to stabilizing the electrolyte-anode interface and promoting the practical applications of Li metal batteries.Herein,the regulation mechanism of the anode surface on the electrolyte stability is revealed at the atomic scale by density functional theory calculations.Indicated by the changes in the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital(LUMO)energy levels,solvents exhibit markedly lower reductive stability on Li metal surfaces compared with bulk molecules,making them more prone to parasitic reactions.Two major components in solid electrolyte interphase(SEI),i.e.,LiF and Li2O,can passivate the solvent reduction through an average increase of 1.46 eV in their LUMO energy levels.The LUMO energy changes are further correlated with the Li-O distance between the solvents and SEI components,exhibiting an approximately linear relationship.This work reveals the role of the SEI in protecting Li metal anodes from electrolyte corrosion and identifies key factors regulating solvent stability,providing fundamental insights for the rational design of advanced electrolytes and robust SEI for practical Li metal batteries.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(grant nos.52322107,52432007,52571261).
摘要Lithium metal batteries(LMBs)represent one of the most promising energy storage systems due to unparalleled energy density.However,in commercial electrolytes,their practical high-power performance is still hampered by unstable electrolyte interfaces,leading to severe anode dendrite growth and cathode degradation.Here,4-fluoro-3-nitrophenylboronic acid is introduced as a dual-function additive,contributing to uniform N-/F-rich interphase layers at both electrodes of the LMBs.Therefore,in the optimized electrolyte,Li-metal electrodes demonstrate enhanced plating/stripping reversibility of>700 h(vs.250 h at 1 mA cm-2and 0.5 mAh cm-2)and coulombic efficiency of 98.2%(vs.84.2%).Moreover,the corresponding LMBs achieve 99.9% capacity retention(vs.44.7%)after 500 cycles at 3C rate,simultaneously maintaining>99.9% coulombic efficiencies.The impressive fast-charging performance attributes to not only the uniform and compact Li deposition at the anode,but also the inhibited uncontrolled electrolyte decomposition and active species loss at the cathode due to the robust electrolyte interphases.This work highlights that proper electrolyte additive is crucial for fast-charging metal batteries.
基金financially supported by the National Research Foundation of Korea(NRF)grant funded by the Korean government(MSIT)(No.NRF-2020R1A3B2079803 and No.RS-2024-00453815),Republic of Korea。
摘要Localized high-concentration electrolytes(LHCEs)are considered as promising electrolyte candidates to resolve technical issues of metal batteries owing to their unique interfacial properties and solvation structures.Herein,we propose a self-assembly chemical strategy into the LCHEs induced by ordered nanostructure of zwitterionic co-solutes for highly efficient and ultrastable zinc(Zn)metal batteries.Through the systematic screening of six zwitterionic compounds,3-(decyldimethylammonio)propanesulfonate salt(C10)with the decyl chain and zwitterions was determined as an optimum to construct quasi-spherical aggregates with a periodic length of 3.77 nm,as confirmed by comprehensive synchronous small-angle X-ray scattering,Guinier,pair distance distribution function,Porod,and other spectroscopic characterizations and molecular dynamic simulation.In particularly,this self-assembled structure in electrolyte environments was attributed to increasing the proportion of both contact and aggregated ion pairs for the formation of LHCEs as well as to providing fast and selective Zn2+conducting channels and uniform solid electrolyte interfaces for facilitated charge transfer kinetics.Moreover,the preferential adsorption of the self-assembled C10on the Zn(002)surface modulated the electrical double layer to suppress hydrogen evolution and corrosion reactions.Consequently,the Zn‖Zn symmetric cells in Zn(OTf)2/C10electrolytes showed long-term plating/stripping behaviors over 2800 h at 1 mA cm-2and 1 mAh cm-2as well as over 1200 h even at 5 mA cm-2and 5 mAh cm-2with a very high depth of discharge of 42.7%.Furthermore,the ZnllVO2/CNT full cells in Zn(OTf)2/C10electrolytes delivered a record-high capacity of 8.10 mAh cm-2at an ultrahigh cathode mass loading of 50 mg cm-2after 150 cycles.
基金funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(22209014,22479012,224B2901)the Beijing Municipal Natural Science Foundation(L223009)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(2023CX01031)。
摘要Lithium(Li)metal anodes hold exceptional promise for next-generation high-energy-density batteries,yet their practical application is hindered by unstable solid electrolyte interphase(SEI)and uncontrolled dendritic growth.Here,we proposed a proton-regulated nitrite release strategy that dynamically modulates the electrolyte solvation structure to engineer a robust and inorganic-rich SEI.Specifically,highly soluble nitrocellulose is introduced as a nitrite(NO2-)reservoir,which continuously releases NO2-via proton-mediated dissociation triggered by LiPF6hydrolysis.The released NO2-preferentially coordinates with Li+,generating an anion-rich solvation sheath,and subsequently undergoes preferential reduction to form an inorganic-rich SEI enriched with Li3N and LiNxOy.The resulting mechanically robust and ionically conductive interphase ensures homogeneous Li+flux,enabling uniform,dendrite-free Li deposition.Moreover,the sustained NO2-release facilitates dynamic SEI repair during cycling.Consequently,Li||Li symmetric cells operate stably for over 1000 h.Li||Li Ni0.5Co0.2Mn0.3O2full cells with high-areal-loading cathodes(3.0 m Ah cm-2)retain 80%capacity after 150 cycles at 1.0 C.Moreover,a practical409 Wh kg-1Li||Li Ni0.83Co0.12Mn0.05O2pouch cell demonstrates stable operation over 50 cycles.This work establishes a dynamically proton-regulated anion-release paradigm for solvation structure regulation,offering a scalable pathway toward high-performance Li metal batteries.