Background The Registrar Clinical Encounters in Training(ReCEnT)project is an Australian general practice vocational training programme with integrated and interdependent education and research functions.Trainees(regi...Background The Registrar Clinical Encounters in Training(ReCEnT)project is an Australian general practice vocational training programme with integrated and interdependent education and research functions.Trainees(registrars)contemporaneously document in-consultation clinical experience and actions.Objectives Using a realist lens,we elucidate the mechanisms underpinning project outcomes to answer questions around programme effectiveness,impacts,sustainability and the lessons and findings that are translatable to other primary care training programmes.Methods The context,input,process and product framework was used.As a means to understand the interactions between each of the interdependent components,it allows for inferences regarding causal mechanisms for specific outcomes.Results Context:ReCEnT occurs within an apprenticeship-like model of general practice vocational training entailing a central supervisor/apprentice relationship.ReCEnT has demystified the content and characteristics of registrar consultations.Input:multiple stakeholder involvement is both advantageous and a logistical challenge,with the programme’s success dependent on registrars,practices and training providers providing detailed and accurate data,with prompt subsequent processing.Process:contemporaneous consultation data collection in different stages of training constitutes a component of registrars’programmatic assessment.Product:individualised feedback provides educational benefit through reflection.Clinical and educational research questions can be addressed with resulting research translation feeding back into the programme model and government policy.Clinical behaviour change is also evaluated.Conclusion ReCEnT is unique,globally,in its scope and longevity(2010–present).Creation of meaningful,individualised feedback facilitates reflection and provides both immediate educational benefits and the substrate for further research,programme and policy design and targeted formal teaching and learning.展开更多
To promote sustainability, it has become increasingly vital to properly account material and energy flows in industrial production processes. Therefore, a generic process-level input-output (IO) model was developed ...To promote sustainability, it has become increasingly vital to properly account material and energy flows in industrial production processes. Therefore, a generic process-level input-output (IO) model was developed to provide an integrated energy (material) accounting and analysis approach for industrial production processes. By extending the existing processlevel IO models, the production, usage, export and loss of by-products were explicitly considered in the proposed IO model. Moreover, the by-products allocation procedures were incorporated into the proposed IO model to reflect individual contributions of products to energy consumption. Finally, the proposed model enabled calculating embodied energy of main products and total energy consumption under hierarchical accounting scope. Plant managers, energy management consultants, governmental officials and academic researchers could use this input-output model to account material and energy flows, thus calculating energy consumption indicators of a production process with their specific system boundary requirements. The accounting results could be further used for energy labeling, identifying bottlenecks of production activities, evaluating industrial symbiosis effects, improving materials and energy utilization efficiency, etc. The model could also be used as a planning tool to determine the effect that a particular change of technology and supply chains may have on the industrial production processes. The proposed model was tested and applied in a real integrated steel mill, which also provided the reference results for related researches. At last, some concepts, computational issues and limi- tations of the proposed model were discussed.展开更多
This study takes the virtual business society environment(VBSE)practical training course as a case study and applies the theoretical framework of the context,input,process,product(CIPP)model to construct an evaluation...This study takes the virtual business society environment(VBSE)practical training course as a case study and applies the theoretical framework of the context,input,process,product(CIPP)model to construct an evaluation indicator system for the application of civic and politics in professional practice courses.The context evaluation is measured from the support of the VBSE practical training course into course civic and politics,teachers’cognition,and the integration of course objectives;the input evaluation is measured from the matching degree of teachers’civic and political competence,and the matching degree of teaching resources;the process evaluation is measured from the degree of implementation of civic and politics teaching and the degree of students’acceptance;and the product evaluation is measured from the degree of impact of civic and politics teaching.展开更多
我国对加工贸易进口豁免关税而不豁免非关税壁垒。在国际产业分工深度调整和变革的背景下,全球价值链贸易发展促使中间品进出口往来大量增加,中间品进口遭遇的非关税壁垒对加工贸易企业的影响增大。统计结果显示,我国技术性贸易壁垒(Tec...我国对加工贸易进口豁免关税而不豁免非关税壁垒。在国际产业分工深度调整和变革的背景下,全球价值链贸易发展促使中间品进出口往来大量增加,中间品进口遭遇的非关税壁垒对加工贸易企业的影响增大。统计结果显示,我国技术性贸易壁垒(Technical Barriers to Trade,TBT)主要分布于纺织服装、化纤制造、机械、机电与通信设备制造等重要的劳动密集型加工制造行业,并且不同产品间遭遇的TBT差异程度较大。通过交互匹配我国TBT数据、工业企业数据和海关产品进口数据,本文实证检验了我国加工贸易企业中间品进口遭遇的TBT对企业全要素生产率的影响。结果表明,我国设置的TBT通过提高进口中间品质量、扩大进口规模和来源地结构效应显著促进本土加工贸易企业生产率提升,并且对大型企业、外资企业、资本密集型、低污染以及东部地区加工贸易企业生产率提升的促进效应更大,此外该促进效应随着企业从事来料加工贸易份额减少而逐渐增强。本文补充了进口贸易政策影响加工贸易企业绩效的经验证据。展开更多
摘要Background The Registrar Clinical Encounters in Training(ReCEnT)project is an Australian general practice vocational training programme with integrated and interdependent education and research functions.Trainees(registrars)contemporaneously document in-consultation clinical experience and actions.Objectives Using a realist lens,we elucidate the mechanisms underpinning project outcomes to answer questions around programme effectiveness,impacts,sustainability and the lessons and findings that are translatable to other primary care training programmes.Methods The context,input,process and product framework was used.As a means to understand the interactions between each of the interdependent components,it allows for inferences regarding causal mechanisms for specific outcomes.Results Context:ReCEnT occurs within an apprenticeship-like model of general practice vocational training entailing a central supervisor/apprentice relationship.ReCEnT has demystified the content and characteristics of registrar consultations.Input:multiple stakeholder involvement is both advantageous and a logistical challenge,with the programme’s success dependent on registrars,practices and training providers providing detailed and accurate data,with prompt subsequent processing.Process:contemporaneous consultation data collection in different stages of training constitutes a component of registrars’programmatic assessment.Product:individualised feedback provides educational benefit through reflection.Clinical and educational research questions can be addressed with resulting research translation feeding back into the programme model and government policy.Clinical behaviour change is also evaluated.Conclusion ReCEnT is unique,globally,in its scope and longevity(2010–present).Creation of meaningful,individualised feedback facilitates reflection and provides both immediate educational benefits and the substrate for further research,programme and policy design and targeted formal teaching and learning.
摘要To promote sustainability, it has become increasingly vital to properly account material and energy flows in industrial production processes. Therefore, a generic process-level input-output (IO) model was developed to provide an integrated energy (material) accounting and analysis approach for industrial production processes. By extending the existing processlevel IO models, the production, usage, export and loss of by-products were explicitly considered in the proposed IO model. Moreover, the by-products allocation procedures were incorporated into the proposed IO model to reflect individual contributions of products to energy consumption. Finally, the proposed model enabled calculating embodied energy of main products and total energy consumption under hierarchical accounting scope. Plant managers, energy management consultants, governmental officials and academic researchers could use this input-output model to account material and energy flows, thus calculating energy consumption indicators of a production process with their specific system boundary requirements. The accounting results could be further used for energy labeling, identifying bottlenecks of production activities, evaluating industrial symbiosis effects, improving materials and energy utilization efficiency, etc. The model could also be used as a planning tool to determine the effect that a particular change of technology and supply chains may have on the industrial production processes. The proposed model was tested and applied in a real integrated steel mill, which also provided the reference results for related researches. At last, some concepts, computational issues and limi- tations of the proposed model were discussed.
基金2022 Southwest Forestry University Educational Science Research Project:Surface Project Grant(Project number:YB202227)Grant No.42 of 2024 Curriculum Civics Construction(Teaching Research Project)of Southwest Forestry University。
摘要This study takes the virtual business society environment(VBSE)practical training course as a case study and applies the theoretical framework of the context,input,process,product(CIPP)model to construct an evaluation indicator system for the application of civic and politics in professional practice courses.The context evaluation is measured from the support of the VBSE practical training course into course civic and politics,teachers’cognition,and the integration of course objectives;the input evaluation is measured from the matching degree of teachers’civic and political competence,and the matching degree of teaching resources;the process evaluation is measured from the degree of implementation of civic and politics teaching and the degree of students’acceptance;and the product evaluation is measured from the degree of impact of civic and politics teaching.
摘要我国对加工贸易进口豁免关税而不豁免非关税壁垒。在国际产业分工深度调整和变革的背景下,全球价值链贸易发展促使中间品进出口往来大量增加,中间品进口遭遇的非关税壁垒对加工贸易企业的影响增大。统计结果显示,我国技术性贸易壁垒(Technical Barriers to Trade,TBT)主要分布于纺织服装、化纤制造、机械、机电与通信设备制造等重要的劳动密集型加工制造行业,并且不同产品间遭遇的TBT差异程度较大。通过交互匹配我国TBT数据、工业企业数据和海关产品进口数据,本文实证检验了我国加工贸易企业中间品进口遭遇的TBT对企业全要素生产率的影响。结果表明,我国设置的TBT通过提高进口中间品质量、扩大进口规模和来源地结构效应显著促进本土加工贸易企业生产率提升,并且对大型企业、外资企业、资本密集型、低污染以及东部地区加工贸易企业生产率提升的促进效应更大,此外该促进效应随着企业从事来料加工贸易份额减少而逐渐增强。本文补充了进口贸易政策影响加工贸易企业绩效的经验证据。