To address the operational challenges posed by renewable energy generation uncertainty and load fluctuations in DC microgrids,this paper proposes a hierarchical coordinated optimization control strategy for electricit...To address the operational challenges posed by renewable energy generation uncertainty and load fluctuations in DC microgrids,this paper proposes a hierarchical coordinated optimization control strategy for electricity-hydrogen hybrid DC microgrids(EH-DC-MG).The strategy aims to leverage the synergistic advantages of hybrid electricity-hydrogen energy storage to simultaneously achieve multiple objectives,including economic system operation,efficient utilization of renewable energy,and reliable power supply.The upper optimization scheduling layer formulates a mixed-integer linear programming model with the objective of minimizing the total system cost,which incorporates equipment operation and maintenance expenses,battery depreciation,penalties for renewable energy curtailment,and power/hydrogen supply shortages.By solving this model,optimal power reference signals are generated for devices.The lower device control layer employs designed DC/DC converter control strategies to ensure fast and accurate tracking of the optimization commands while maintaining DC bus voltage stability.Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed strategy can effectively coordinate electricity-hydrogen energy conversion and storage.Under various typical and extreme scenarios,the system maintains a high renewable energy utilization rate—remaining above 97.572%even under extreme conditions—while keeping the power shortage rate and hydrogen load curtailment rate at low levels.Specifically,under extreme power deficit scenarios,these rates are limited to 2.003%and 5.081%,respectively,which are significantly below the 10%quality constraint threshold,thereby ensuring a high degree of supply reliability.In addition,the DC bus voltage fluctuation is stabilized within 0.37%,far below the 5%safety operation threshold,validating the effectiveness of the control strategy.This study confirms that the proposed hierarchical coordinated optimization control strategy can support electricity-hydrogen hybrid DC microgrids in achieving economical,reliable,and resilient operation,providing a key technical reference for the optimized management of microgrids with high penetration of renewable energy.展开更多
Reaction-diffusion systems are widely used to describe pattern formation,and various control strategies have been applied to reaction-diffusion systems to achieve control objectives such as boundary control,output fee...Reaction-diffusion systems are widely used to describe pattern formation,and various control strategies have been applied to reaction-diffusion systems to achieve control objectives such as boundary control,output feedback stabilization,and synchronization.However,controlling pattern dynamics in reaction-diffusion systems with fractional-order diffusion remains an unresolved problem.This paper presents a proportional-derivative(PD)control strategy for the Schnakenberg system with fractional-order diffusion and cross-diffusion.Theoretical analysis explores the amplitude equation near the Turing bifurcation threshold,determining the selection and stability of pattern formations.Numerical simulations demonstrate that the PD controller accomplishes the modification of pattern structures and suppression of Turing instability by adjusting only two control parameters.Additionally,it is found that for smaller fractional diffusion order,the region can accommodate more hexagonal and stripe patterns in space.This work contributes to the control of complex pattern dynamics and offers a new approach to enhancing stability in fractional reaction-diffusion systems.展开更多
With the growing global demand for clean energy, wind power, as an important form of renewable energy generation, has been widely applied. Direct-drive permanent magnet synchronous wind turbine generators have become ...With the growing global demand for clean energy, wind power, as an important form of renewable energy generation, has been widely applied. Direct-drive permanent magnet synchronous wind turbine generators have become a research hotspot in the wind power field due to their advantages such as high efficiency and low maintenance costs. However, under complex and variable operating environments, direct-drive permanent magnet synchronous wind turbine generators inevitably suffer from various faults, which seriously affect the reliability and stability of wind power generation systems. This paper conducts an in-depth study on the fault diagnosis technology and fault-tolerant control strategy of direct-drive permanent magnet synchronous wind turbine generators, analyzes the common fault types and causes of generators, investigates multiple fault diagnosis methods, and proposes corresponding fault-tolerant control strategies. The research aims to improve the fault diagnosis accuracy and fault tolerance of direct-drive permanent magnet synchronous wind turbine generators, and ensure the reliable operation of wind power generation systems.展开更多
The emission regulations for heavy-duty diesel engines regarding nitrogen oxide(NOx)are becoming increasingly stringent,particularly in relation to cold start cycles.While the twostage selective catalytic reduction...The emission regulations for heavy-duty diesel engines regarding nitrogen oxide(NOx)are becoming increasingly stringent,particularly in relation to cold start cycles.While the twostage selective catalytic reduction(SCR)has the potential to achieve ultra-low NOx emissions,several challenges remain,including the accurate prediction of ammonia(NH3)storage mass and the co-control of the two-stage SCR.The first step in this study involved the establishment of a rapid control prototype platform to facilitate the development and validation of a two-stage SCR control strategy.Secondly,an initial method for predicting the NH3 storage based on the mass conservation law was proposed,which was subsequently improved by filling and emptying experiments.The third step involved the development of a two-stage SCR co-control strategy,including obtaining the steady-state NH3 storage target value,dynamic correction for NH3 storage target value,regulation of NH3 storage,and control of the close-coupled SCR urea injector state.Finally,the two-stage SCR urea injection control strategy was certified under the world harmonized transient cycle(WHTC).The results demonstrate that the composite value of engine outlet NOx emissions under cold and hot start WHTC cycles is 13 g/(kW·h).Meanwhile,the composite value of tailpipe NOx emissions under cold and hot start WHTC cycles is 0.065 g/(kW·h),representing only 14%of the EU VI limit value of 0.46 g/(kW·h).Thus,the findings demonstrate that integrating an accurate NH3 storage prediction method with the two-stage SCR co-control function is crucial for heavy-duty diesel engines to achieve ultra-low NOx emissions.展开更多
This research paper tackles the complexities of achieving global fuzzy consensus in leader-follower systems in robotic systems,focusing on robust control systems against an advanced signal attack that integrates senso...This research paper tackles the complexities of achieving global fuzzy consensus in leader-follower systems in robotic systems,focusing on robust control systems against an advanced signal attack that integrates sensor and actuator disturbances within the dynamics of follower robots.Each follower robot has unknown dynamics and control inputs,which expose it to the risks of both sensor and actuator attacks.The leader robot,described by a secondorder,time-varying nonlinear model,transmits its position,velocity,and acceleration information to follower robots through a wireless connection.To handle the complex setup and communication among robots in the network,we design a robust hybrid distributed adaptive control strategy combining the effect of sensor and actuator attack,which ensures asymptotic consensus,extending beyond conventional bounded consensus results.The proposed framework employs fuzzy logic systems(FLSs)as proactive controllers to estimate unknown nonlinear behaviors,while also effectively managing sensor and actuator attacks,ensuring stable consensus among all agents.To counter the impact of the combined signal attack on follower dynamics,a specialized robust control mechanism is designed,sustaining system stability and performance under adversarial conditions.The efficiency of this control strategy is demonstrated through simulations conducted across two different directed communication topologies,underscoring the protocol’s adaptability,resilience,and effectiveness in maintaining global consensus under complex attack scenarios.展开更多
Assessing the impact of anthropogenic volatile organic compounds(VOCs)on ozone(O3)formation is vital for themanagement of emission reduction and pollution control.Continuousmeasurement of O3and the major precurs...Assessing the impact of anthropogenic volatile organic compounds(VOCs)on ozone(O3)formation is vital for themanagement of emission reduction and pollution control.Continuousmeasurement of O3and the major precursorswas conducted in a typical light industrial city in the YRD region from 1 May to 25 July in 2021.Alkanes were the most abundant VOC group,contributing to 55.0%of TVOCs concentration(56.43±21.10 ppb).OVOCs,aromatics,halides,alkenes,and alkynes contributed 18.7%,9.6%,9.3%,5.2%and 1.9%,respectively.The observational site shifted from a typical VOC control regime to a mixed regime from May to July,which can be explained by the significant increase of ROxproduction,resulting in the transition of environment from NOx saturation to radical saturation with respect to O3production.The optimal O3control strategy should be dynamically changed depending on the transition of control regime.Under NOx saturation condition,minimizing the proportion of NOx in reduction could lead to better achievement of O3alleviation.Under mixed control regime,the cut percentage gets the top priority for the effectiveness of O3control.Five VOCs sources were identified:temperature dependent source(28.1%),vehicular exhausts(19.9%),petrochemical industries(7.2%),solvent&gasoline usage(32.3%)and manufacturing industries(12.6%).The increase of temperature and radiation would enhance the evaporation related VOC emissions,resulting in the increase of VOC concentration and the change of ROxcirculation.Our results highlight determination of the optimal control strategies for O3pollution in a typical YRD industrial city.展开更多
As an indispensable part of modern buildings,centralized central air conditioning systems play an important role in maintaining the comfort and air quality of the indoor environment.However,with the increasing energy ...As an indispensable part of modern buildings,centralized central air conditioning systems play an important role in maintaining the comfort and air quality of the indoor environment.However,with the increasing energy consumption,how to improve the energy efficiency ratio of air conditioning systems and reduce energy consumption has become an important issue in research and practice.The purpose of this paper is to discuss the impact of humidity control strategies on energy saving in centralized central air conditioning systems,with a view to providing a theoretical basis and practical guidance for realizing building energy efficiency.展开更多
Due to low investment cost and high reliability,a new scheme called DR-HVDC(Diode Rectifier based HVDC)transmission was recently proposed for grid integration of large offshore wind farms.However,in this scheme,the ap...Due to low investment cost and high reliability,a new scheme called DR-HVDC(Diode Rectifier based HVDC)transmission was recently proposed for grid integration of large offshore wind farms.However,in this scheme,the application of conventional control strategies for stability operation face several challenges due to the uncontrollability of the DR.In this paper,a coordinated control strategy of offshore wind farms using the DR-HVDC transmission technology to connect with the onshore grid,is investigated.A novel coordinated control strategy for DR-HVDC is proposed based on the analysis of the DC current control ability of the full-bridge-based modular multilevel converter(FB-MMC)at the onshore station and the input and output characteristics of the diode rectifier at the offshore.Considering the characteristics of operation stability and decoupling between reactive power and active power,a simplified design based on double-loop droop control for offshore AC voltage is proposed after power flow and voltage–current(I–V)characteristics of the offshore wind farm being analyzed.Furthermore,the impact of onshore AC fault to offshore wind farm is analyzed,and a fast fault detection and protection strategy without relying on communication is proposed.Case studies carried out by PSCAD/EMTDC verify the effectiveness of the proposed control strategy for the start up,power fluctuation,and onshore and offshore fault conditions.展开更多
Despite the series-parallel hybrid electric vehicle inherits the performance advantages from both series and parallel hybrid electric vehicle,few researches about the series-parallel hybrid electric vehicle have been ...Despite the series-parallel hybrid electric vehicle inherits the performance advantages from both series and parallel hybrid electric vehicle,few researches about the series-parallel hybrid electric vehicle have been revealed because of its complex co nstruction and control strategy.In this paper,a series-parallel hybrid electric bus as well as its control strategy is revealed,and a control parameter optimization approach using the real-valued genetic algorithm is proposed.The optimization objective is to minimize the fuel consumption while sustain the battery state of charge,a tangent penalty function of state of charge(SOC)is embodied in the objective function to recast this multi-objective nonlinear optimization problem as a single linear optimization problem.For this strategy,the vehicle operating mode is switched based on the vehicle speed,and an"optimal line"typed strategy is designed for the parallel control.The optimization parameters include the speed threshold for mode switching,the highest state of charge allowed,the lowest state of charge allowed and the scale factor of the engine optimal torque to the engine maximum torque at a rotational speed.They are optimized through numerical experiments based on real-value genes,arithmetic crossover and mutation operators.The hybrid bus has been evaluated at the Chinese Transit Bus City Driving Cycle via road test,in which a control area network-based monitor system was used to trace the driving schedule.The test result shows that this approach is feasible for the control parameter optimization.This approach can be applied to not only the novel construction presented in this paper,but also other types of hybrid electric vehicles.展开更多
In order to lucubrate the rolling characteristic of the two stands reversible cold rolling mill and establish the tension and thickness control strategy,the steady-state characteristic simulating program was establish...In order to lucubrate the rolling characteristic of the two stands reversible cold rolling mill and establish the tension and thickness control strategy,the steady-state characteristic simulating program was established using the steady-state continuous rolling theory.The influences of each factor on exit thickness under different tension control methods were analyzed.The results show that,the influence of the entry stand gap on exit thickness is significant and it changes little with different tension control methods.As a result,the entry stand gap can be used as the main control method of exit thickness,whereas rolling speed of any stand and roll gap of the exit stand can be used to adjust the inter-stand tension.The results are beneficial for thickness and tension control of the two stands reversible cold rolling mill.展开更多
An optimal control strategy of winner-take-all(WTA)model is proposed for target tracking and cooperative competition of multi-UAVs(unmanned aerial vehicles).In this model,firstly,based on the artificial potential fiel...An optimal control strategy of winner-take-all(WTA)model is proposed for target tracking and cooperative competition of multi-UAVs(unmanned aerial vehicles).In this model,firstly,based on the artificial potential field method,the artificial potential field function is improved and the fuzzy control decision is designed to realize the trajectory tracking of dynamic targets.Secondly,according to the finite-time convergence high-order differentiator,a double closed-loop UAV speed tracking the controller is designed to realize the speed control and tracking of the target tracking trajectory.Numerical simulation results show that the designed speed tracking controller has the advantages of fast tracking,high precision,strong stability and avoiding chattering.Finally,a cooperative competition scheme of multiple UAVs based on WTA is designed to find the minimum control energy from multiple UAVs and realize the optimal control strategy.Theoretical analysis and numerical simulation results show that the model has the fast convergence,high control accuracy,strong stability and good robustness.展开更多
After analyzing the working condition of the conventional diesel forklift,an energy recovery system in hybrid forklift is considered and its simulation model is built.Then,the control strategy for the proposed energy ...After analyzing the working condition of the conventional diesel forklift,an energy recovery system in hybrid forklift is considered and its simulation model is built.Then,the control strategy for the proposed energy recovery system is discussed,which is validated and evaluated by simulation.The simulation results show that the proposed control strategy can achieve balance of the power and keep the state of charge(SOC) of ultra capacitor in a reasonable range,and the fuel consumption can be reduced by about 20.8% compared with the conventional diesel forklift.Finally,the feasibility of the simulation results is experimentally verified based on the lifting energy recovery system.展开更多
The optimum control strategy and the saving potential of all variable chiller plant under the conditions of changing building cooling load and cooling water supply temperature were investigated. Based on a simulation ...The optimum control strategy and the saving potential of all variable chiller plant under the conditions of changing building cooling load and cooling water supply temperature were investigated. Based on a simulation model of water source chiller plant established in dynamic transient simulation program (TRNSYS),the four-variable quadratic orthogonal regression experiments were carried out by taking cooling load,cooling water supply temperature,cooling water flow rate and chilled water flow rate as variables,and the fitting formulas expressing the relationships between the total energy consumption of chiller plant with the four selected parameters was obtained. With the SAS statistical software and MATHEMATICA mathematical software,the optimal chilled water flow rate and cooling water flow rate which result in the minimum total energy consumption were determined under continuously varying cooling load and cooling water supply temperature. With regard to a chiller plant serving an office building in Shanghai,the total energy consumptions under different control strategies were computed in terms of the forecasting function of cooling load and water source temperature. The results show that applying the optimal control strategy to the chiller plant can bring a saving of 23.27% in power compared with the corresponding conventional variable speed plant,indicating that the optimal control strategy can improve the energy efficiency of chiller plant.展开更多
Based on analyzing the structure and working principle on electric vehicles (EVs) with dual motors coupled by planetarY gears, the control strategy of mode switching was proposed. The power interruption problem on E...Based on analyzing the structure and working principle on electric vehicles (EVs) with dual motors coupled by planetarY gears, the control strategy of mode switching was proposed. The power interruption problem on EVs with automatic mechanical transmission (AMT) shifting was resolved. Based on the speed-torque characteristics of the planetary gears and the principle of the auxiliary motor' s zero speed braking, control features of mode switching were introduced. The mode shifting between the main motor mode and dual motors coupled driving were studied. Matlab/Simulink was adopted as a platform to develop the simulation model of EVs with dual motors drive system and 3 gears AMT. Simulation results demonstrated that the power interruption of dual motors drive system was solved during mode switching. The power requirements of EVs were satisfied, too.展开更多
To solve the problem of power distribution for hybrid tracked vehicles (HTV), a supervi- sory control strategy is proposed. Firstly, power system integration is analyzed and modeled. Then the control algorithm is gi...To solve the problem of power distribution for hybrid tracked vehicles (HTV), a supervi- sory control strategy is proposed. Firstly, power system integration is analyzed and modeled. Then the control algorithm is given. Two fuzzy logics are used to realize the coordination control over each power unit. One controls power distribution based on the load power and battery state of charge (SOC). The other manage the power during regenerating braking. To validate the presented control strategy, a "driver and controller" in the loop simulation platform is built based on dSPACE system and real-time simulation is made. The simulation results show that the strategy presented can solve the power distribution problem of hybrid tracked vehicles correctly and effectively.展开更多
The propagation form of internal cracks induced by continuous casting soft reduction and the control strategy for enhancing the internal quality of 45 steel through industrial trials and a three-dimensional flow-heat ...The propagation form of internal cracks induced by continuous casting soft reduction and the control strategy for enhancing the internal quality of 45 steel through industrial trials and a three-dimensional flow-heat transfer-solidification coupling model were investigated.The results showed that the internal cracks induced by soft reduction exhibited a characteristic of being"coarse in the middle and fine at both ends",and displayed an elliptical arc distribution on the loose side of the strand cross section.The cracks originated within the brittle temperature range and propagated inward to the liquid impenetrable temperature and outward to the zero ductility temperature or below.The control strategy for enhancing the internal quality of the 45 steel strand through soft reduction is to adjust the casting speed or the reduction zone appropriately,ensuring that the central solid fraction of the reduction zone falls within the range of 0.33-0.99.At this point,a reasonable reduction amount is allocated to eliminate the center shrinkage cavities and center segregation,even if it results in minor reduction-induced cracks.展开更多
During shift,power flow is not interrupted in powertrains equipped with continuously variable transmission(CVT).When hard acceleration is commanded,engine speed will flare and corresponding torque will be consumed,w...During shift,power flow is not interrupted in powertrains equipped with continuously variable transmission(CVT).When hard acceleration is commanded,engine speed will flare and corresponding torque will be consumed,which leads to a drop in vehicle drive torque and also the vehicle acceleration.This is the reason why CVT vehicles have poor drivability during hard acceleration maneuver.Conventional method such as torque compensation doesn't always work due to the limited backup torque of engine.According to this,means to evaluate the drivability of CVT vehicles are studied,affect factors of drivability are analyzed in detail.Hard acceleration process of CVT vehicle is studied by theoretical analysis,based on which engine torque and ratio change rate of CVT are identified as two key control parameters that decide the drivability of CVT vehicles during hard acceleration maneuver.Therefore,a control strategy based on restricting the change rate of CVT ratio together with torque compensation is proposed,and two different algorithms to establish the limitation of ratio change rate are proposed.These two algorithms are simulated and compared with each other,results indicate that drop of vehicle acceleration is eliminated evidently by limit the change rate of CVT ratio,but small ratio change rate also results in a longer time to finish the accelerate process,an algorithm to decide a proper ratio change rate is needed in order to tune these different characteristics.In order to get better control effects,a new fuzzy logic based algorithm is proposed to decide a proper ratio change rate during kick down conditions,simulation and experiment results indicate that,the amount of vehicle acceleration decrease is reduced from about 1 m/s2 to almost 0,in the mean time the accelerate process only delayed for about 0.3 s.The proposed control strategy and algorithm can effectively tune the characteristics of CVT equipped vehicle during kick down conditions.展开更多
In order to improve the frequency response and anti-interference characteristics of the smart electromechanical actuator(EMA)system,and aiming at the force fighting problem when multiple actuators work synchronously,a...In order to improve the frequency response and anti-interference characteristics of the smart electromechanical actuator(EMA)system,and aiming at the force fighting problem when multiple actuators work synchronously,a multi input multi output(MIMO)position difference cross coupling control coordinated strategy based on double‑closed-loop load feedforward control is proposed and designed.In this strategy,the singular value method of return difference matrix is used to design the parameter range that meets the requirements of system stability margin,and the sensitivity function and the H∞norm theory are used to design and determine the optimal solution in the obtained parameter stability region,so that the multi actuator system has excellent synchronization,stability and anti-interference.At the same time,the mathematical model of the integrated smart EMA system is established.According to the requirements of point-to-point control,the controller of double-loop control and load feedforward compensation is determined and designed to improve the frequency response and anti-interference ability of single actuator.Finally,the 270 V high-voltage smart EMA system experimental platform is built,and the frequency response,load feedforward compensation and coordinated control experiments are carried out to verify the correctness of the position difference cross coupling control strategy and the rationality of the parameter design,so that the system can reach the servo control indexes of bandwidth 6 Hz,the maximum output force 20000 N and the synchronization error≤0.1 mm,which effectively solves the problem of force fighting.展开更多
Steering control strategy for high-speed tracked vehicle with hydrostatic drive is designed based on analyzing the fundamental steering theories of the hydrostatic drive tracked vehicle. The strategy is completed by t...Steering control strategy for high-speed tracked vehicle with hydrostatic drive is designed based on analyzing the fundamental steering theories of the hydrostatic drive tracked vehicle. The strategy is completed by the cooperation between integrated steering control unit and pump & motor displacement controller. The steering simulation is conducted by using Simulink of Matlab. It is indicated that this steering control strategy can reduce the average vehicle speed automatically to achieve the driver's expected steering radius exactly in the case of en- suring not exceeding the system pressure threshold and no sideslip.展开更多
Walking is the most basic and essential part of the activities of daily living. To enable the elderly and non-ambulatory gait-impaired patients, the repetitive practice of this task, a novel gait training robot(GTR) w...Walking is the most basic and essential part of the activities of daily living. To enable the elderly and non-ambulatory gait-impaired patients, the repetitive practice of this task, a novel gait training robot(GTR) was designed followed the end-effector principle, and an active partial body weight support(PBWS) system was introduced to facilitate successful gait training. For successful establishment of a walking gait on the GTR with PBWS, the motion laws of the GTR were planned to enable the phase distribution relationships of the cycle step, and the center of gravity(COG) trajectory of the human body during gait training on the GTR was measured. A coordinated control strategy was proposed based on the impedance control principle. A robotic prototype was developed as a platform for evaluating the design concepts and control strategies. Preliminary gait training with a healthy subject was implemented by the robotic-assisted gait training system and the experimental results are encouraging.展开更多
基金supported by the Science and Technology Project of China Southern Power Grid under Grant ZBKJXM20240021.
摘要To address the operational challenges posed by renewable energy generation uncertainty and load fluctuations in DC microgrids,this paper proposes a hierarchical coordinated optimization control strategy for electricity-hydrogen hybrid DC microgrids(EH-DC-MG).The strategy aims to leverage the synergistic advantages of hybrid electricity-hydrogen energy storage to simultaneously achieve multiple objectives,including economic system operation,efficient utilization of renewable energy,and reliable power supply.The upper optimization scheduling layer formulates a mixed-integer linear programming model with the objective of minimizing the total system cost,which incorporates equipment operation and maintenance expenses,battery depreciation,penalties for renewable energy curtailment,and power/hydrogen supply shortages.By solving this model,optimal power reference signals are generated for devices.The lower device control layer employs designed DC/DC converter control strategies to ensure fast and accurate tracking of the optimization commands while maintaining DC bus voltage stability.Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed strategy can effectively coordinate electricity-hydrogen energy conversion and storage.Under various typical and extreme scenarios,the system maintains a high renewable energy utilization rate—remaining above 97.572%even under extreme conditions—while keeping the power shortage rate and hydrogen load curtailment rate at low levels.Specifically,under extreme power deficit scenarios,these rates are limited to 2.003%and 5.081%,respectively,which are significantly below the 10%quality constraint threshold,thereby ensuring a high degree of supply reliability.In addition,the DC bus voltage fluctuation is stabilized within 0.37%,far below the 5%safety operation threshold,validating the effectiveness of the control strategy.This study confirms that the proposed hierarchical coordinated optimization control strategy can support electricity-hydrogen hybrid DC microgrids in achieving economical,reliable,and resilient operation,providing a key technical reference for the optimized management of microgrids with high penetration of renewable energy.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(62073172)the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province of China(BK20221329)。
摘要Reaction-diffusion systems are widely used to describe pattern formation,and various control strategies have been applied to reaction-diffusion systems to achieve control objectives such as boundary control,output feedback stabilization,and synchronization.However,controlling pattern dynamics in reaction-diffusion systems with fractional-order diffusion remains an unresolved problem.This paper presents a proportional-derivative(PD)control strategy for the Schnakenberg system with fractional-order diffusion and cross-diffusion.Theoretical analysis explores the amplitude equation near the Turing bifurcation threshold,determining the selection and stability of pattern formations.Numerical simulations demonstrate that the PD controller accomplishes the modification of pattern structures and suppression of Turing instability by adjusting only two control parameters.Additionally,it is found that for smaller fractional diffusion order,the region can accommodate more hexagonal and stripe patterns in space.This work contributes to the control of complex pattern dynamics and offers a new approach to enhancing stability in fractional reaction-diffusion systems.
摘要With the growing global demand for clean energy, wind power, as an important form of renewable energy generation, has been widely applied. Direct-drive permanent magnet synchronous wind turbine generators have become a research hotspot in the wind power field due to their advantages such as high efficiency and low maintenance costs. However, under complex and variable operating environments, direct-drive permanent magnet synchronous wind turbine generators inevitably suffer from various faults, which seriously affect the reliability and stability of wind power generation systems. This paper conducts an in-depth study on the fault diagnosis technology and fault-tolerant control strategy of direct-drive permanent magnet synchronous wind turbine generators, analyzes the common fault types and causes of generators, investigates multiple fault diagnosis methods, and proposes corresponding fault-tolerant control strategies. The research aims to improve the fault diagnosis accuracy and fault tolerance of direct-drive permanent magnet synchronous wind turbine generators, and ensure the reliable operation of wind power generation systems.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.51921004).
摘要The emission regulations for heavy-duty diesel engines regarding nitrogen oxide(NOx)are becoming increasingly stringent,particularly in relation to cold start cycles.While the twostage selective catalytic reduction(SCR)has the potential to achieve ultra-low NOx emissions,several challenges remain,including the accurate prediction of ammonia(NH3)storage mass and the co-control of the two-stage SCR.The first step in this study involved the establishment of a rapid control prototype platform to facilitate the development and validation of a two-stage SCR control strategy.Secondly,an initial method for predicting the NH3 storage based on the mass conservation law was proposed,which was subsequently improved by filling and emptying experiments.The third step involved the development of a two-stage SCR co-control strategy,including obtaining the steady-state NH3 storage target value,dynamic correction for NH3 storage target value,regulation of NH3 storage,and control of the close-coupled SCR urea injector state.Finally,the two-stage SCR urea injection control strategy was certified under the world harmonized transient cycle(WHTC).The results demonstrate that the composite value of engine outlet NOx emissions under cold and hot start WHTC cycles is 13 g/(kW·h).Meanwhile,the composite value of tailpipe NOx emissions under cold and hot start WHTC cycles is 0.065 g/(kW·h),representing only 14%of the EU VI limit value of 0.46 g/(kW·h).Thus,the findings demonstrate that integrating an accurate NH3 storage prediction method with the two-stage SCR co-control function is crucial for heavy-duty diesel engines to achieve ultra-low NOx emissions.
摘要This research paper tackles the complexities of achieving global fuzzy consensus in leader-follower systems in robotic systems,focusing on robust control systems against an advanced signal attack that integrates sensor and actuator disturbances within the dynamics of follower robots.Each follower robot has unknown dynamics and control inputs,which expose it to the risks of both sensor and actuator attacks.The leader robot,described by a secondorder,time-varying nonlinear model,transmits its position,velocity,and acceleration information to follower robots through a wireless connection.To handle the complex setup and communication among robots in the network,we design a robust hybrid distributed adaptive control strategy combining the effect of sensor and actuator attack,which ensures asymptotic consensus,extending beyond conventional bounded consensus results.The proposed framework employs fuzzy logic systems(FLSs)as proactive controllers to estimate unknown nonlinear behaviors,while also effectively managing sensor and actuator attacks,ensuring stable consensus among all agents.To counter the impact of the combined signal attack on follower dynamics,a specialized robust control mechanism is designed,sustaining system stability and performance under adversarial conditions.The efficiency of this control strategy is demonstrated through simulations conducted across two different directed communication topologies,underscoring the protocol’s adaptability,resilience,and effectiveness in maintaining global consensus under complex attack scenarios.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.42005086,91844301,and 41805100)the National Key Research and Development Programof China(No.2022YFC3703500)+2 种基金China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(No.2023M733028)the Key Research and Development Program of Zhejiang Province(Nos.2021C03165 and 2022C03084)the Ecological and Environmental Scientific Research and Achievement Promotion Project of Zhejiang Province(No.2020HT0048).
摘要Assessing the impact of anthropogenic volatile organic compounds(VOCs)on ozone(O3)formation is vital for themanagement of emission reduction and pollution control.Continuousmeasurement of O3and the major precursorswas conducted in a typical light industrial city in the YRD region from 1 May to 25 July in 2021.Alkanes were the most abundant VOC group,contributing to 55.0%of TVOCs concentration(56.43±21.10 ppb).OVOCs,aromatics,halides,alkenes,and alkynes contributed 18.7%,9.6%,9.3%,5.2%and 1.9%,respectively.The observational site shifted from a typical VOC control regime to a mixed regime from May to July,which can be explained by the significant increase of ROxproduction,resulting in the transition of environment from NOx saturation to radical saturation with respect to O3production.The optimal O3control strategy should be dynamically changed depending on the transition of control regime.Under NOx saturation condition,minimizing the proportion of NOx in reduction could lead to better achievement of O3alleviation.Under mixed control regime,the cut percentage gets the top priority for the effectiveness of O3control.Five VOCs sources were identified:temperature dependent source(28.1%),vehicular exhausts(19.9%),petrochemical industries(7.2%),solvent&gasoline usage(32.3%)and manufacturing industries(12.6%).The increase of temperature and radiation would enhance the evaporation related VOC emissions,resulting in the increase of VOC concentration and the change of ROxcirculation.Our results highlight determination of the optimal control strategies for O3pollution in a typical YRD industrial city.
摘要As an indispensable part of modern buildings,centralized central air conditioning systems play an important role in maintaining the comfort and air quality of the indoor environment.However,with the increasing energy consumption,how to improve the energy efficiency ratio of air conditioning systems and reduce energy consumption has become an important issue in research and practice.The purpose of this paper is to discuss the impact of humidity control strategies on energy saving in centralized central air conditioning systems,with a view to providing a theoretical basis and practical guidance for realizing building energy efficiency.
基金supported by State Grid Science and Technology Project“Study on Key Technologies of Large Scale Offshore Wind Power Integrating with Onshore Grid”(4000-202055045A-0-0-00)
摘要Due to low investment cost and high reliability,a new scheme called DR-HVDC(Diode Rectifier based HVDC)transmission was recently proposed for grid integration of large offshore wind farms.However,in this scheme,the application of conventional control strategies for stability operation face several challenges due to the uncontrollability of the DR.In this paper,a coordinated control strategy of offshore wind farms using the DR-HVDC transmission technology to connect with the onshore grid,is investigated.A novel coordinated control strategy for DR-HVDC is proposed based on the analysis of the DC current control ability of the full-bridge-based modular multilevel converter(FB-MMC)at the onshore station and the input and output characteristics of the diode rectifier at the offshore.Considering the characteristics of operation stability and decoupling between reactive power and active power,a simplified design based on double-loop droop control for offshore AC voltage is proposed after power flow and voltage–current(I–V)characteristics of the offshore wind farm being analyzed.Furthermore,the impact of onshore AC fault to offshore wind farm is analyzed,and a fast fault detection and protection strategy without relying on communication is proposed.Case studies carried out by PSCAD/EMTDC verify the effectiveness of the proposed control strategy for the start up,power fluctuation,and onshore and offshore fault conditions.
基金supported by National Hi-tech Research and Development Program of China(863 Program,Grant No.2006AA11A127)
摘要Despite the series-parallel hybrid electric vehicle inherits the performance advantages from both series and parallel hybrid electric vehicle,few researches about the series-parallel hybrid electric vehicle have been revealed because of its complex co nstruction and control strategy.In this paper,a series-parallel hybrid electric bus as well as its control strategy is revealed,and a control parameter optimization approach using the real-valued genetic algorithm is proposed.The optimization objective is to minimize the fuel consumption while sustain the battery state of charge,a tangent penalty function of state of charge(SOC)is embodied in the objective function to recast this multi-objective nonlinear optimization problem as a single linear optimization problem.For this strategy,the vehicle operating mode is switched based on the vehicle speed,and an"optimal line"typed strategy is designed for the parallel control.The optimization parameters include the speed threshold for mode switching,the highest state of charge allowed,the lowest state of charge allowed and the scale factor of the engine optimal torque to the engine maximum torque at a rotational speed.They are optimized through numerical experiments based on real-value genes,arithmetic crossover and mutation operators.The hybrid bus has been evaluated at the Chinese Transit Bus City Driving Cycle via road test,in which a control area network-based monitor system was used to trace the driving schedule.The test result shows that this approach is feasible for the control parameter optimization.This approach can be applied to not only the novel construction presented in this paper,but also other types of hybrid electric vehicles.
基金Item Sponsored by National Basic Research Program of China(2011CB612204)Doctoral Scientific Research Fund of Taiyuan University of Science and Technology of China(20112007)
摘要In order to lucubrate the rolling characteristic of the two stands reversible cold rolling mill and establish the tension and thickness control strategy,the steady-state characteristic simulating program was established using the steady-state continuous rolling theory.The influences of each factor on exit thickness under different tension control methods were analyzed.The results show that,the influence of the entry stand gap on exit thickness is significant and it changes little with different tension control methods.As a result,the entry stand gap can be used as the main control method of exit thickness,whereas rolling speed of any stand and roll gap of the exit stand can be used to adjust the inter-stand tension.The results are beneficial for thickness and tension control of the two stands reversible cold rolling mill.
基金This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(71462018,71761018)the Science and Technology Program of Education Department of Jiangxi Province in China(GJJ171503).
摘要An optimal control strategy of winner-take-all(WTA)model is proposed for target tracking and cooperative competition of multi-UAVs(unmanned aerial vehicles).In this model,firstly,based on the artificial potential field method,the artificial potential field function is improved and the fuzzy control decision is designed to realize the trajectory tracking of dynamic targets.Secondly,according to the finite-time convergence high-order differentiator,a double closed-loop UAV speed tracking the controller is designed to realize the speed control and tracking of the target tracking trajectory.Numerical simulation results show that the designed speed tracking controller has the advantages of fast tracking,high precision,strong stability and avoiding chattering.Finally,a cooperative competition scheme of multiple UAVs based on WTA is designed to find the minimum control energy from multiple UAVs and realize the optimal control strategy.Theoretical analysis and numerical simulation results show that the model has the fast convergence,high control accuracy,strong stability and good robustness.
基金Project(2013BAF07B02)supported by National Science and Technology Support Program of China
摘要After analyzing the working condition of the conventional diesel forklift,an energy recovery system in hybrid forklift is considered and its simulation model is built.Then,the control strategy for the proposed energy recovery system is discussed,which is validated and evaluated by simulation.The simulation results show that the proposed control strategy can achieve balance of the power and keep the state of charge(SOC) of ultra capacitor in a reasonable range,and the fuel consumption can be reduced by about 20.8% compared with the conventional diesel forklift.Finally,the feasibility of the simulation results is experimentally verified based on the lifting energy recovery system.
基金Project(G-0805-10156) supported by US Energy Foundation
摘要The optimum control strategy and the saving potential of all variable chiller plant under the conditions of changing building cooling load and cooling water supply temperature were investigated. Based on a simulation model of water source chiller plant established in dynamic transient simulation program (TRNSYS),the four-variable quadratic orthogonal regression experiments were carried out by taking cooling load,cooling water supply temperature,cooling water flow rate and chilled water flow rate as variables,and the fitting formulas expressing the relationships between the total energy consumption of chiller plant with the four selected parameters was obtained. With the SAS statistical software and MATHEMATICA mathematical software,the optimal chilled water flow rate and cooling water flow rate which result in the minimum total energy consumption were determined under continuously varying cooling load and cooling water supply temperature. With regard to a chiller plant serving an office building in Shanghai,the total energy consumptions under different control strategies were computed in terms of the forecasting function of cooling load and water source temperature. The results show that applying the optimal control strategy to the chiller plant can bring a saving of 23.27% in power compared with the corresponding conventional variable speed plant,indicating that the optimal control strategy can improve the energy efficiency of chiller plant.
基金Supported by Doctoral Fund of Ministry of Education of China(20101101110012)the National Natural Science Foundationof China(51175040)
摘要Based on analyzing the structure and working principle on electric vehicles (EVs) with dual motors coupled by planetarY gears, the control strategy of mode switching was proposed. The power interruption problem on EVs with automatic mechanical transmission (AMT) shifting was resolved. Based on the speed-torque characteristics of the planetary gears and the principle of the auxiliary motor' s zero speed braking, control features of mode switching were introduced. The mode shifting between the main motor mode and dual motors coupled driving were studied. Matlab/Simulink was adopted as a platform to develop the simulation model of EVs with dual motors drive system and 3 gears AMT. Simulation results demonstrated that the power interruption of dual motors drive system was solved during mode switching. The power requirements of EVs were satisfied, too.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China ( 50975027 )the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities( N110303007)
摘要To solve the problem of power distribution for hybrid tracked vehicles (HTV), a supervi- sory control strategy is proposed. Firstly, power system integration is analyzed and modeled. Then the control algorithm is given. Two fuzzy logics are used to realize the coordination control over each power unit. One controls power distribution based on the load power and battery state of charge (SOC). The other manage the power during regenerating braking. To validate the presented control strategy, a "driver and controller" in the loop simulation platform is built based on dSPACE system and real-time simulation is made. The simulation results show that the strategy presented can solve the power distribution problem of hybrid tracked vehicles correctly and effectively.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(NSFC)(Grant No.U1860111).
摘要The propagation form of internal cracks induced by continuous casting soft reduction and the control strategy for enhancing the internal quality of 45 steel through industrial trials and a three-dimensional flow-heat transfer-solidification coupling model were investigated.The results showed that the internal cracks induced by soft reduction exhibited a characteristic of being"coarse in the middle and fine at both ends",and displayed an elliptical arc distribution on the loose side of the strand cross section.The cracks originated within the brittle temperature range and propagated inward to the liquid impenetrable temperature and outward to the zero ductility temperature or below.The control strategy for enhancing the internal quality of the 45 steel strand through soft reduction is to adjust the casting speed or the reduction zone appropriately,ensuring that the central solid fraction of the reduction zone falls within the range of 0.33-0.99.At this point,a reasonable reduction amount is allocated to eliminate the center shrinkage cavities and center segregation,even if it results in minor reduction-induced cracks.
基金supported by Chongqing Municipal Sci & Tech Research Project of China (Grant No. 2010AC6049)Tianjin Municipal Fundamental and Application of Frontier Technology Research Program of China (Grant No. 09JCYBJC04800)
摘要During shift,power flow is not interrupted in powertrains equipped with continuously variable transmission(CVT).When hard acceleration is commanded,engine speed will flare and corresponding torque will be consumed,which leads to a drop in vehicle drive torque and also the vehicle acceleration.This is the reason why CVT vehicles have poor drivability during hard acceleration maneuver.Conventional method such as torque compensation doesn't always work due to the limited backup torque of engine.According to this,means to evaluate the drivability of CVT vehicles are studied,affect factors of drivability are analyzed in detail.Hard acceleration process of CVT vehicle is studied by theoretical analysis,based on which engine torque and ratio change rate of CVT are identified as two key control parameters that decide the drivability of CVT vehicles during hard acceleration maneuver.Therefore,a control strategy based on restricting the change rate of CVT ratio together with torque compensation is proposed,and two different algorithms to establish the limitation of ratio change rate are proposed.These two algorithms are simulated and compared with each other,results indicate that drop of vehicle acceleration is eliminated evidently by limit the change rate of CVT ratio,but small ratio change rate also results in a longer time to finish the accelerate process,an algorithm to decide a proper ratio change rate is needed in order to tune these different characteristics.In order to get better control effects,a new fuzzy logic based algorithm is proposed to decide a proper ratio change rate during kick down conditions,simulation and experiment results indicate that,the amount of vehicle acceleration decrease is reduced from about 1 m/s2 to almost 0,in the mean time the accelerate process only delayed for about 0.3 s.The proposed control strategy and algorithm can effectively tune the characteristics of CVT equipped vehicle during kick down conditions.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.52077100)the Aviation Science Foundation(No.201958052001)
摘要In order to improve the frequency response and anti-interference characteristics of the smart electromechanical actuator(EMA)system,and aiming at the force fighting problem when multiple actuators work synchronously,a multi input multi output(MIMO)position difference cross coupling control coordinated strategy based on double‑closed-loop load feedforward control is proposed and designed.In this strategy,the singular value method of return difference matrix is used to design the parameter range that meets the requirements of system stability margin,and the sensitivity function and the H∞norm theory are used to design and determine the optimal solution in the obtained parameter stability region,so that the multi actuator system has excellent synchronization,stability and anti-interference.At the same time,the mathematical model of the integrated smart EMA system is established.According to the requirements of point-to-point control,the controller of double-loop control and load feedforward compensation is determined and designed to improve the frequency response and anti-interference ability of single actuator.Finally,the 270 V high-voltage smart EMA system experimental platform is built,and the frequency response,load feedforward compensation and coordinated control experiments are carried out to verify the correctness of the position difference cross coupling control strategy and the rationality of the parameter design,so that the system can reach the servo control indexes of bandwidth 6 Hz,the maximum output force 20000 N and the synchronization error≤0.1 mm,which effectively solves the problem of force fighting.
基金Sponsored by the Ministerial Level Advanced Research Foundation(2630103)
摘要Steering control strategy for high-speed tracked vehicle with hydrostatic drive is designed based on analyzing the fundamental steering theories of the hydrostatic drive tracked vehicle. The strategy is completed by the cooperation between integrated steering control unit and pump & motor displacement controller. The steering simulation is conducted by using Simulink of Matlab. It is indicated that this steering control strategy can reduce the average vehicle speed automatically to achieve the driver's expected steering radius exactly in the case of en- suring not exceeding the system pressure threshold and no sideslip.
基金Project(61175128) supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of ChinaProject(2008AA040203) supported by the National High Technology Research and Development Program of China
摘要Walking is the most basic and essential part of the activities of daily living. To enable the elderly and non-ambulatory gait-impaired patients, the repetitive practice of this task, a novel gait training robot(GTR) was designed followed the end-effector principle, and an active partial body weight support(PBWS) system was introduced to facilitate successful gait training. For successful establishment of a walking gait on the GTR with PBWS, the motion laws of the GTR were planned to enable the phase distribution relationships of the cycle step, and the center of gravity(COG) trajectory of the human body during gait training on the GTR was measured. A coordinated control strategy was proposed based on the impedance control principle. A robotic prototype was developed as a platform for evaluating the design concepts and control strategies. Preliminary gait training with a healthy subject was implemented by the robotic-assisted gait training system and the experimental results are encouraging.