It is known that correlation does not imply causality.Some relationships identified in the analysis of data are coincidental or unknown,and some are produced by real-world causality of the situation,which is problemat...It is known that correlation does not imply causality.Some relationships identified in the analysis of data are coincidental or unknown,and some are produced by real-world causality of the situation,which is problematic,since there is a need to differentiate between these two scenarios.Until recently,the proper−semantic−causality of the relationship could have been determined only by human experts from the area of expertise of the studied data.This has changed with the advance of large language models,which are often utilized as surrogates for such human experts,making the process automated and readily available to all data analysts.This motivates the main objective of this work,which is to introduce the design and implementation of a large language model-based semantic causality evaluator based on correlation analysis,together with its visual analysis model called Causal heatmap.After the implementation itself,the model is evaluated from the point of view of the quality of the visual model,from the point of view of the quality of causal evaluation based on large language models,and from the point of view of comparative analysis,while the results reached in the study highlight the usability of large language models in the task and the potential of the proposed approach in the analysis of unknown datasets.The results of the experimental evaluation demonstrate the usefulness of the Causal heatmap method,supported by the evident highlighting of interesting relationships,while suppressing irrelevant ones.展开更多
Functional canonical correlation analysis is a key method in multivariate statistics for identifying optimal linear correlations between two functional datasets.However,some functions within these datasets may exhibit...Functional canonical correlation analysis is a key method in multivariate statistics for identifying optimal linear correlations between two functional datasets.However,some functions within these datasets may exhibit anomalies such as sudden changes or fluctuations that deviate from the overall trend,resulting to inaccurate results.To address this,we propose an improved method:Sparse functional canonical correlation analysis based on the L2,1-norm.This approach reduces outliers by optimizing the selection of orthogonal basis functions,thereby enhancing the accuracy and reliability of the analysis.Numerical experiments show that the L2,1-norm-based method significantly outperforms traditional methods.展开更多
Ensuring software quality in open⁃source environments requires adaptive mechanisms to enhance scalability,optimize service provisioning,and improve reliability.This study presents the dynamic correlation analysis tech...Ensuring software quality in open⁃source environments requires adaptive mechanisms to enhance scalability,optimize service provisioning,and improve reliability.This study presents the dynamic correlation analysis technique to enhance software quality management in open⁃source environments by addressing dynamic scalability,adaptive service provisioning,and software reliability.The proposed methodology integrates a scalability metric,an optimized service provisioning model,and a weighted entropy⁃based reliability assessment to systematically improve key performance parameters.Experimental evaluation conducted on multiple open⁃source software(OSS)versions demonstrates significant improvements:scalability increased by 27.5%,service provisioning time reduced by 18.3%,and software reliability improved by 22.1%compared to baseline methods.A comparative analysis with prior works further highlights the effectiveness of this approach in ensuring adaptability,efficiency,and resilience in dynamic software ecosystems.Future work will focus on real⁃time monitoring and AI⁃driven adaptive provisioning to further enhance software quality management.展开更多
In standard canonical correlation analysis(CCA),the data from definite datasets are used to estimate their canonical correlation.In real applications,for example in bilingual text retrieval,it may have a great portion...In standard canonical correlation analysis(CCA),the data from definite datasets are used to estimate their canonical correlation.In real applications,for example in bilingual text retrieval,it may have a great portion of data that we do not know which set it belongs to.This part of data is called unlabeled data,while the rest from definite datasets is called labeled data.We propose a novel method called regularized canonical correlation analysis(RCCA),which makes use of both labeled and unlabeled samples.Specifically,we learn to approximate canonical correlation as if all data were labeled.Then,we describe a generalization of RCCA for the multi-set situation.Experiments on four real world datasets,Yeast,Cloud,Iris,and Haberman,demonstrate that,by incorporating the unlabeled data points,the accuracy of correlation coefficients can be improved by over 30%.展开更多
In order to improve the effectiveness of Fuzzy Synthetic Evaluation (FSE) models, a Parameter Correlation Analysis (PCA) was introduced into the FSE and a case study was carried out in the Naoli River in the Sanjiang ...In order to improve the effectiveness of Fuzzy Synthetic Evaluation (FSE) models, a Parameter Correlation Analysis (PCA) was introduced into the FSE and a case study was carried out in the Naoli River in the Sanjiang Plain, Northeast China. The basic principle of the PCA is that the pairs of parameters which are highly correlated and linear with each other would contribute the same information to an assessment and one of them should be eliminated. The method of the PCA is that a correlation relationship among candidate parameters is examined before the FSE. If there is an apparent nonlinear or curvilinear relationship between two parameters, then both will be retained; if the correlation is significant (p<0.01), and the scatter plot suggests a linear relationship, then one of them will be deleted. However, which one will be deleted? For solving this problem, a sensitivity test was conducted and the higher sensitivity parameters remained. The results indicate that the original data should be preprocessed through the PCA for redundancy and variability. The study shows that introducing the PCA into the FSE can simplify the FSE calculation process greatly, while the results have not been changed much.展开更多
Cortical interneurons can be categorized into distinct populations based on multiple modalities,including molecular signatures and morpho-electrical(M/E)properties.Recently,many transcriptomic signatures based on sing...Cortical interneurons can be categorized into distinct populations based on multiple modalities,including molecular signatures and morpho-electrical(M/E)properties.Recently,many transcriptomic signatures based on single-cell RNA-seq have been identified in cortical interneurons.However,whether different interneuron populations defined by transcriptomic signature expressions correspond to distinct M/E subtypes is still unknown.Here,we applied the Patch-PCR approach to simultaneously obtain the M/E properties and messenger RNA(mRNA)expression of>600 interneurons in layer V of the mouse somatosensory cortex(S1).Subsequently,we identified 11 M/E subtypes,9 neurochemical cell populations(NCs),and 20 transcriptomic cell populations(TCs)in this cortical lamina.Further analysis revealed that cells in many NCs and TCs comprised several M/E types and were difficult to clearly distinguish morpho-electrically.A similar analysis of layer V interneurons of mouse primary visual cortex(V1)and motor cortex(M1)gave results largely comparable to S1.Comparison between S1,V1,and M1 suggested that,compared to V1,S1 interneurons were morpho-electrically more similar to M1.Our study reveals the presence of substantial M/E variations in cortical interneuron populations defined by molecular expression.展开更多
Based on monthly mean Simple Ocean Data Assimilation (SODA) products from 1958 to 2007, this study analyzes the seasonal and interannual variability of the North Equatorial Current (NEC) bifurcation latitude and t...Based on monthly mean Simple Ocean Data Assimilation (SODA) products from 1958 to 2007, this study analyzes the seasonal and interannual variability of the North Equatorial Current (NEC) bifurcation latitude and the Indonesian Throughflow (ITF) volume transport. Further, Empirical Mode Decomposition (EMD) method and lag-correlation analysis are employed to reveal the relationships between the NEC bifurcation location, NEC and ITF volume transport and ENSO events. The analysis results of the seasonal variability show that the annual mean location of NEC bifurcation in upper layer occurs at 14.33°N and ITF volume transport has a maximum value in summer, a minimum value in winter and an annual mean transport of 7.75×10^6 m^3/s. The interannual variability analysis indicates that the variability of NEC bifurcation location can be treated as a precursor of El Nino. The correlation coefficient between the two reaches the maximum of 0.53 with a time lag of 2 months. The ITF volume transport is positively related with E1 Nifio events with a maximum coefficient of 0.60 by 3 months. The NEC bifurcation location is positively correlated with the ITF volume transport with a correlation coefficient of 0.43.展开更多
The impacts of rainfall direction on the degree of hydrological response to rainfall properties were investigated using comparative rainfall-runoff experiments on a small-scale slope(4 m×1 m),as well as canonical...The impacts of rainfall direction on the degree of hydrological response to rainfall properties were investigated using comparative rainfall-runoff experiments on a small-scale slope(4 m×1 m),as well as canonical correlation analysis(CCA).The results of the CCA,based on the observed data showed that,under conditions of both upstream and downstream rainfall movements,the hydrological process can be divided into instantaneous and cumulative responses,for which the driving forces are rainfall intensity and total rainfall,and coupling with splash erosion and wash erosion,respectively.The response of peak runoff(Pr)to intensity-dominated rainfall action appeared to be the most significant,and also runoff(R)to rainfall-dominated action,both for upstream-and downstream-moving conditions.Furthermore,the responses of sediment erosion in downstream-moving condition were more significant than those in upstream-moving condition.This study indicated that a CCA between rainfall and hydrological characteristics is effective for further exploring the rainfall-runoff-erosion mechanism under conditions of moving rainfall,especially for the downstream movement condition.展开更多
[Objective] The aim was to compare differences of SPAD value, chloro- phyll content, agronomic characters, economic characters and yield traits to analyze correlation of SPAD value with other indices and establish reg...[Objective] The aim was to compare differences of SPAD value, chloro- phyll content, agronomic characters, economic characters and yield traits to analyze correlation of SPAD value with other indices and establish regression functions. [Method] Based on 34 Brassica napus L. varieties, SPAD value, chlorophyll content, agronomic characters, economic characters and yield traits were measured and re- gression functions were established according to correlations. [Result] SPAD value, chlorophyll content, agronomic and economic characters and yield traits all achieved significant level in differences among 34 varieties. Specifically, SPAD value was of extremely significant correlation with chlorophyll a and b, total chlorophyll and carotenoid, and the correlation from high to low was chl-b〉chl-z〉chl-a〉chl-x. SPAD value was of significantly positive correlation with total pod number per plant, plant height, seed number per pod, yield per plant and harvest yield, and of insignificant correlation with branch point height, effective branch number, pod density of main stem, and pod length. [Conclusion] It is simple and rapid to predict chlorophyll con- tent, economic characters and yields of Brassica napus L. with SPAD value and re- gression functions.展开更多
[Objective] This study was conducted to evaluate the associations of many characters of male sterile lines in Brassica napus L.[Method]10 recessive genetic male sterile(RGMS)lines were used as parents to cross in a ...[Objective] This study was conducted to evaluate the associations of many characters of male sterile lines in Brassica napus L.[Method]10 recessive genetic male sterile(RGMS)lines were used as parents to cross in a half diallel cross method to produce 45 single cross hybrids.These 45 crosses and their 10 parents were evaluated at Guiyang during 2007-2008.[Result]The positive correlations of seed yield with plant height,pods per plant,days to flowering and days to maturity were significant.Their respective correlation coefficients(r)were 0.644,0.583,0.281 and 0.341.Highly significant and negative correlation was observed between seeds per pod and seed size(-0.533).Direct path coefficients were observed for pods per plant(0.556 2),seeds per pod(0.407 4),1 000-seed weight(0.481 3),and plant height(0.401 7)to seed yield.[Conclusion]Pods per plant,seeds per pod,1 000-seed weight and plant height were positive correlated with seed yield and showed high direct contributions to yield.Other characters including branches per plant,days to flowering,days to maturity and oil content had low contributions to seed yield.展开更多
Distributed denial of service(DDoS)attacks launch more and more frequently and are more destructive.Feature representation as an important part of DDoS defense technology directly affects the efficiency of defense.Mos...Distributed denial of service(DDoS)attacks launch more and more frequently and are more destructive.Feature representation as an important part of DDoS defense technology directly affects the efficiency of defense.Most DDoS feature extraction methods cannot fully utilize the information of the original data,resulting in the extracted features losing useful features.In this paper,a DDoS feature representation method based on deep belief network(DBN)is proposed.We quantify the original data by the size of the network flows,the distribution of IP addresses and ports,and the diversity of packet sizes of different protocols and train the DBN in an unsupervised manner by these quantified values.Two feedforward neural networks(FFNN)are initialized by the trained deep belief network,and one of the feedforward neural networks continues to be trained in a supervised manner.The canonical correlation analysis(CCA)method is used to fuse the features extracted by two feedforward neural networks per layer.Experiments show that compared with other methods,the proposed method can extract better features.展开更多
Earthquake investigations have shown that near-fault pulse-like(NF-P)ground motions have unique characteristics compared to near-fault non-pulse-like(NF-NP)and far-field(FF)ground motions.It is necessary to study the ...Earthquake investigations have shown that near-fault pulse-like(NF-P)ground motions have unique characteristics compared to near-fault non-pulse-like(NF-NP)and far-field(FF)ground motions.It is necessary to study the seismic response of pile-supported wharf(PSW)structures under NF-P ground motions.In this study,a three-dimensional finite element numerical model is created to simulate a PSW.By imparting three types of ground motion,the engineering demand parameters(EDPs)of PSW under NF-P ground motions were analyzed and compared,in which EDPs are the maximum displacement and bending moment of the piles.Twenty intensity measures(IMs)were selected to characterize the properties of ground motions.The correlation between IMs and EDPs was explored.The results show that the piles present larger displacement and bending moment under NF-P ground motions compared to NF-NP and FF ground motions.None of the IMs have a high correlation with EDPs under NF-P ground motions,and these IMs are more applicable to FF ground motions.The correlation coefficients between EDPs and IMs under three types of ground motion were obtained,which will provide a valuable reference for the seismic design of PSWs.展开更多
In order to identify the principal factors influencing soil water characteristics (SWC) and evaluate SWC effectively, the multivariate-statistical canonical correlation analysis (CCA) method was used to study and ...In order to identify the principal factors influencing soil water characteristics (SWC) and evaluate SWC effectively, the multivariate-statistical canonical correlation analysis (CCA) method was used to study and analyze the correlation between SWC and soil physical and chemical properties. Twenty-two soil samples were taken from 11 main tobacco-growing areas in Guizhou Province in China and the soil water characteristic curves (SWCC) and basic physical and chemical properties of the soil samples were determined. The results show that: (1) The soil bulk density, soil total porosity and soil capillary porosity have significant effects on SWC of tobacco fiels. Bulk density and total porosity are positively correlated with soil water retention characteristics (SWRC), and soil capillary porosity is positively correlated with soil water supply characteristics (SWSC). (2) Soil samples from different soil layers at the same soil sampling point show similarity or consistency in SWC. Inadequate soil water supply capability and imbalance between SWRC and SWSC are problems of tobacco soil. (3) The SWC of loamy clay are generally superior to those of silty clay loam.展开更多
BACKGROUND Shoulder is the most injured part in table tennis players,and it takes multiple roles in transmitting power and striking the center of the ball during the stroke.Proprioception is strongly correlated with h...BACKGROUND Shoulder is the most injured part in table tennis players,and it takes multiple roles in transmitting power and striking the center of the ball during the stroke.Proprioception is strongly correlated with high level of athletic performance.It is customary to assume that there is a correlation between proprioception and muscle strength and therefore proprioceptive assessment and rehabilitation is often neglected.AIM To investigate the correlation between isokinetic muscle strength and proprioception in the internal and external rotation muscle groups of elite Chinese male table tennis players,to provide reference for physical training and rehabilitation of elite table tennis players.METHODS A total of 19 national elite table tennis players from the Chinese National Table Tennis Team were recruited in this research.All of them had more than 10 years training experience and had participated major competitions such as the National Games and World Youth Championships.IsoMed 2000 was used to test the peak torque of internal and external rotation isokinetic concentric contraction of the athletes'bilateral shoulder joints at low speed(60°/s)and high speed(180°/s)respectively;IsoMed 2000 was used to conduct the Joint Position Reproduction test to evaluate the athletes'proprioceptive ability capacity at low speed(60°/s)and high speed(180°/s)respectively.If the data satisfied the normal distribution,the correlation between the differences in peak torque s and angles in different directions was analyzed using a Pearson simple linear model;otherwise,Spearman correlation analysis was used.The comparison of proprioceptive ability between the table tennis racket-holding hand and non-racket-holding hands was performed using independent samples t-test if the data satisfied a normal distribution;otherwise,the Mann-Whitney U test was used.RESULTS There was no direct linear correlation between the strength and proprioceptive correlation analysis at slow speed(60°/s)and fast speed(180°/s)in the racket-holding hand;At the slow speed(60°/s)and fast speed(180°/s),there was no correlation between muscle strength and proprioception in the non-racket-holding hand except for the internal rotation variable error(VE)and external rotation relative peak torque,which showed a moderate positive correlation(r=0.477,P<0.05),(r=0.554,P<0.05).The internal rotation’s constant error(CE)and VE were 1.06±3.99 and 2.94±2.16,respectively,for the racket-holding hand,and-3.36±2.39 and 1.22±0.93,respectively,for the non-racket-holding hand;the internal rotation’s CE,VE of the racket-holding hand was lower than that of the non-racket-holding hand,and there was a highly significant difference(P<0.01).CONCLUSION There was no correlation between muscle strength and proprioceptive function in the internal and external rotation of the racket-holding hand’s shoulder in elite Chinese male table tennis players.These results may be useful for interventions for shoulder injuries and for the inclusion of proprioceptive training in rehabilitation programs.展开更多
The adsorption behavior of butyl xanthate on the surface of lead oxide was investigated using continuous online in situ attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared(ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy technique and tw...The adsorption behavior of butyl xanthate on the surface of lead oxide was investigated using continuous online in situ attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared(ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy technique and two dimensional(2D) correlation analysis.The adsorbed layer studied was prepared by coating α-PbO particles onto the surfaces of the ZnSe crystal.The appearance of spectral peaks at 1203 cm^-1,1033 cm^-1 and their red shift indicated the formation and aggregation of xanthate at the surface of α-PbO.According to 1R intensity changes after rinsing with deionized water and a NaOH solution,the adsorption was proved to be a chemisorption type.The competition between xanthate and OH^- for the surfaces leads to desorption of xanthate at higher pH.The technique of 2D correlation ATR-FTIR spectroscopy was used to evaluate the changing order of spectral intensities in the adsorption process,and the results indicated that xanthate micelles were formed at the surfaces.The adsorption kinetics of butyl xanthate was found to be a pseudo-second-order reaction model and the adsorption capacity of butyl xanthate at α-PbO was as high as 281 mg g^-1 after 150 min.展开更多
The drought resistance of Pennisetum sp. was analyzed under different drought stress conditions simulated by various concentrations of PEG-6000. Changesofa series of indexes such as chlorophyll content, water content,...The drought resistance of Pennisetum sp. was analyzed under different drought stress conditions simulated by various concentrations of PEG-6000. Changesofa series of indexes such as chlorophyll content, water content, relative electrical conductivity of osmotic solution, MDA content, proline content, soluble polysaccharide content and soluble protein content in the leaves were measured.The correlation of these indexes with the drought resistance of Pennisetum sp. was an- alyzed by the method of grey correlation analysis. The results showed that the chlorophyll, water content, relative electrical conductivity and soluble protein con- tentexhibited obvious negative correlation with the stress concentration, which de- creasedfollowing the increase of PEG-6000 concentration. The soluble polysaccha- ride contentshowed an increasing trend,the MDA content showed a rise at first fol- lowed by a declinetrend, while the prolinecontent was just opposite to MDA. The changes of the 3 indexes showed obvious positive correlation with thestress con- centration. The correlation of these indexes with the drought resistance of Pennise- tum sp. were ranked as follows: leaf water content (0.980 8), chlorophyll content (0.967 9), MDA content (0.876 0), soluble polysaccharide content (0.839 5), soluble protein content(0.827 5), relative electrical conductivity of osmotic solution(0.670 8), and proline content(0.571 3).展开更多
With the rapid development of unmanned aerial vehicle technology,unmanned aerial vehicles(UAVs)have been widely used in the field of agricultural plant protection.Compared with fuel-driven UAVs,electrically driven rot...With the rapid development of unmanned aerial vehicle technology,unmanned aerial vehicles(UAVs)have been widely used in the field of agricultural plant protection.Compared with fuel-driven UAVs,electrically driven rotorcrafts have many advantages such as lower cost,simpler operation,good maneuverability and cleaner power,which them popular in the plant protection.However,electrical rotorcrafts still face battery problems in actual operation,which limits its working time and application.Aiming at this issue,this paper studied the influence of rotorcraft flight parameters on energy consumption through series of carefully designed flight experiments.First of all,the linear motion experiments have been designed that the rotorcraft was made to perform speed tests and acceleration test with the speed varied from 2∼9 m/s.Secondly,the turning maneuver experiments are carried out under the different circular routes,a rotorcraft was made to conduct successive steering maneuvers at a certain speed of 2 m/s.With the collected tests data,the relation of the energy consumption and the flight dynamic parameter are analyzed through correlation analysis,and the test results of different pairs of experiments have been compared.The research results of this paper would encourage the agricultural rotorcraft to make less maneuvers during operation,which can also provide practical experience and data support for subsequent optimization of flight parameters and reduction of energy consumption.展开更多
It is important to segment image correctly to extract guidance information for automatic agriculture vehicle. If we can make the computer know where the crops are, we can extract the guidance line easily. Images were ...It is important to segment image correctly to extract guidance information for automatic agriculture vehicle. If we can make the computer know where the crops are, we can extract the guidance line easily. Images were divided into some rec-tangle small windows, then a pair of 1-D arrays was constructed in each small windows. The correlation coefficients of every small window constructed the features to segment images. The results showed that correlation analysis is a potential approach for processing complex farmland for guidance system, and more correlation analysis methods must be researched.展开更多
Canonical correlation analysis ( CCA ) based methods for low-resolution ( LR ) face recognition involve face images with different resolutions ( or multi-resolutions ), i.e.LR and high-resolution ( HR ) .For single-re...Canonical correlation analysis ( CCA ) based methods for low-resolution ( LR ) face recognition involve face images with different resolutions ( or multi-resolutions ), i.e.LR and high-resolution ( HR ) .For single-resolution face recognition , researchers have shown that utilizing spatial information is beneficial to improving the recognition accuracy , mainly because the pixels of each face are not independent but spatially correlated.However , for a multi-resolution scenario , there are no related works.Therefore , a method named spatial regularization of canonical correlation analysis ( SRCCA ) is developed for LR face recognition to improve the performance of CCA by the regularization utilizing spatial information of different resolution faces.Furthermore , the impact of LR and HR spatial regularization terms on LR face recognition is analyzed through experiments.展开更多
[Objective] The study aimed at exploring the relationship among the agronomic characters of B. juncea in western China, in order to provide scientific basis for the breeding of B. juncea in western China. [Method] 39 ...[Objective] The study aimed at exploring the relationship among the agronomic characters of B. juncea in western China, in order to provide scientific basis for the breeding of B. juncea in western China. [Method] 39 B. juncea materials from western China were used for the canonical correlation analysis, and canonical correlations between each pair of the four ecological character (containing 18 variables) were verified, including yield characters (5 variables), caulis characters (6 variables), branch characters (3 variables) and pod characters (3 variables). [Result] Yield per plant of B. juncea in western China suffered a tremendous influence from effective pod number per plant while was not significantly affected by the total pod number per plant, seed number per pod and 1 000-seed weight; the most important character related with the yield character of B. juncea in western China was caulis character, followed by the branch character and pod character; yield characters, caulis characters, branch characters and pod characters of B. juncea in western China were closely correlated. [Conclusion] In order to improve the yield characters of B. juncea in western China, caulis characters should be focused on, followed by branch characters and pod characters; rapeseed varieties with high performance in total pod number per plant and effective pod number per plant should be chosen through the perspectives of effective branch number, plant height, pod number of main inflorescence, fruit stalk number of main inflorescence and other traits, while rapeseed varieties with high performance in seed number per pod and 1 000-seed weight should be chosen through the perspectives of beak length and other traits.展开更多
基金supported by University Grant Agency of Matej Bel University in Banská Bystrica project number UGA-14-PDS-2025.
摘要It is known that correlation does not imply causality.Some relationships identified in the analysis of data are coincidental or unknown,and some are produced by real-world causality of the situation,which is problematic,since there is a need to differentiate between these two scenarios.Until recently,the proper−semantic−causality of the relationship could have been determined only by human experts from the area of expertise of the studied data.This has changed with the advance of large language models,which are often utilized as surrogates for such human experts,making the process automated and readily available to all data analysts.This motivates the main objective of this work,which is to introduce the design and implementation of a large language model-based semantic causality evaluator based on correlation analysis,together with its visual analysis model called Causal heatmap.After the implementation itself,the model is evaluated from the point of view of the quality of the visual model,from the point of view of the quality of causal evaluation based on large language models,and from the point of view of comparative analysis,while the results reached in the study highlight the usability of large language models in the task and the potential of the proposed approach in the analysis of unknown datasets.The results of the experimental evaluation demonstrate the usefulness of the Causal heatmap method,supported by the evident highlighting of interesting relationships,while suppressing irrelevant ones.
基金The National Natural Science Foundation of China “Optimization models and algorithms for interpretable learning machines on complex data”(12461058)Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Applied Mathematics (XJDX1401)。
摘要Functional canonical correlation analysis is a key method in multivariate statistics for identifying optimal linear correlations between two functional datasets.However,some functions within these datasets may exhibit anomalies such as sudden changes or fluctuations that deviate from the overall trend,resulting to inaccurate results.To address this,we propose an improved method:Sparse functional canonical correlation analysis based on the L2,1-norm.This approach reduces outliers by optimizing the selection of orthogonal basis functions,thereby enhancing the accuracy and reliability of the analysis.Numerical experiments show that the L2,1-norm-based method significantly outperforms traditional methods.
摘要Ensuring software quality in open⁃source environments requires adaptive mechanisms to enhance scalability,optimize service provisioning,and improve reliability.This study presents the dynamic correlation analysis technique to enhance software quality management in open⁃source environments by addressing dynamic scalability,adaptive service provisioning,and software reliability.The proposed methodology integrates a scalability metric,an optimized service provisioning model,and a weighted entropy⁃based reliability assessment to systematically improve key performance parameters.Experimental evaluation conducted on multiple open⁃source software(OSS)versions demonstrates significant improvements:scalability increased by 27.5%,service provisioning time reduced by 18.3%,and software reliability improved by 22.1%compared to baseline methods.A comparative analysis with prior works further highlights the effectiveness of this approach in ensuring adaptability,efficiency,and resilience in dynamic software ecosystems.Future work will focus on real⁃time monitoring and AI⁃driven adaptive provisioning to further enhance software quality management.
基金Project(No.5959438)supported by Microsoft(China)Co.,Ltd
摘要In standard canonical correlation analysis(CCA),the data from definite datasets are used to estimate their canonical correlation.In real applications,for example in bilingual text retrieval,it may have a great portion of data that we do not know which set it belongs to.This part of data is called unlabeled data,while the rest from definite datasets is called labeled data.We propose a novel method called regularized canonical correlation analysis(RCCA),which makes use of both labeled and unlabeled samples.Specifically,we learn to approximate canonical correlation as if all data were labeled.Then,we describe a generalization of RCCA for the multi-set situation.Experiments on four real world datasets,Yeast,Cloud,Iris,and Haberman,demonstrate that,by incorporating the unlabeled data points,the accuracy of correlation coefficients can be improved by over 30%.
基金Under the auspices of National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 40830535)Knowledge Innovation Pro-gram of Chinese Academy of Sciences (No.KSCX2-YW-N-46-06)
摘要In order to improve the effectiveness of Fuzzy Synthetic Evaluation (FSE) models, a Parameter Correlation Analysis (PCA) was introduced into the FSE and a case study was carried out in the Naoli River in the Sanjiang Plain, Northeast China. The basic principle of the PCA is that the pairs of parameters which are highly correlated and linear with each other would contribute the same information to an assessment and one of them should be eliminated. The method of the PCA is that a correlation relationship among candidate parameters is examined before the FSE. If there is an apparent nonlinear or curvilinear relationship between two parameters, then both will be retained; if the correlation is significant (p<0.01), and the scatter plot suggests a linear relationship, then one of them will be deleted. However, which one will be deleted? For solving this problem, a sensitivity test was conducted and the higher sensitivity parameters remained. The results indicate that the original data should be preprocessed through the PCA for redundancy and variability. The study shows that introducing the PCA into the FSE can simplify the FSE calculation process greatly, while the results have not been changed much.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2021ZD0202500)supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31930044 and 31725012)+3 种基金the Foundation of Shanghai Municipal Education Commission(2019-01-07-00-07-E00062)the Collaborative Innovation Program of Shanghai Municipal Health Commission(2020CXJQ01)the Shanghai Municipal Science and Technology Major Project(No.2018SHZDZX01)ZJLab.
摘要Cortical interneurons can be categorized into distinct populations based on multiple modalities,including molecular signatures and morpho-electrical(M/E)properties.Recently,many transcriptomic signatures based on single-cell RNA-seq have been identified in cortical interneurons.However,whether different interneuron populations defined by transcriptomic signature expressions correspond to distinct M/E subtypes is still unknown.Here,we applied the Patch-PCR approach to simultaneously obtain the M/E properties and messenger RNA(mRNA)expression of>600 interneurons in layer V of the mouse somatosensory cortex(S1).Subsequently,we identified 11 M/E subtypes,9 neurochemical cell populations(NCs),and 20 transcriptomic cell populations(TCs)in this cortical lamina.Further analysis revealed that cells in many NCs and TCs comprised several M/E types and were difficult to clearly distinguish morpho-electrically.A similar analysis of layer V interneurons of mouse primary visual cortex(V1)and motor cortex(M1)gave results largely comparable to S1.Comparison between S1,V1,and M1 suggested that,compared to V1,S1 interneurons were morpho-electrically more similar to M1.Our study reveals the presence of substantial M/E variations in cortical interneuron populations defined by molecular expression.
基金The National Natural Science Foundation of China under contract No.41476025the National Natural Science Foundation of China-Shandong Joint Fund for Marine Science Research Centers under contract No.U1406404+3 种基金the National High Technology Research and Development Program(863 Program) of China under contract No.2013AA09A506the National Program on Global Change and Air-Sea Interaction under contract No.GASI-03-01-01-04the International Cooperation Program of State Oceanic Administration of China under contract No.QY0213022the "Strategic Priority Research Program" of the Chinese Academy of Sciences under contract No.XDA11010301
摘要Based on monthly mean Simple Ocean Data Assimilation (SODA) products from 1958 to 2007, this study analyzes the seasonal and interannual variability of the North Equatorial Current (NEC) bifurcation latitude and the Indonesian Throughflow (ITF) volume transport. Further, Empirical Mode Decomposition (EMD) method and lag-correlation analysis are employed to reveal the relationships between the NEC bifurcation location, NEC and ITF volume transport and ENSO events. The analysis results of the seasonal variability show that the annual mean location of NEC bifurcation in upper layer occurs at 14.33°N and ITF volume transport has a maximum value in summer, a minimum value in winter and an annual mean transport of 7.75×10^6 m^3/s. The interannual variability analysis indicates that the variability of NEC bifurcation location can be treated as a precursor of El Nino. The correlation coefficient between the two reaches the maximum of 0.53 with a time lag of 2 months. The ITF volume transport is positively related with E1 Nifio events with a maximum coefficient of 0.60 by 3 months. The NEC bifurcation location is positively correlated with the ITF volume transport with a correlation coefficient of 0.43.
基金Project supported by the National Basic Research Program (973) of China (No. 2011CB409901-01)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 4081011)
摘要The impacts of rainfall direction on the degree of hydrological response to rainfall properties were investigated using comparative rainfall-runoff experiments on a small-scale slope(4 m×1 m),as well as canonical correlation analysis(CCA).The results of the CCA,based on the observed data showed that,under conditions of both upstream and downstream rainfall movements,the hydrological process can be divided into instantaneous and cumulative responses,for which the driving forces are rainfall intensity and total rainfall,and coupling with splash erosion and wash erosion,respectively.The response of peak runoff(Pr)to intensity-dominated rainfall action appeared to be the most significant,and also runoff(R)to rainfall-dominated action,both for upstream-and downstream-moving conditions.Furthermore,the responses of sediment erosion in downstream-moving condition were more significant than those in upstream-moving condition.This study indicated that a CCA between rainfall and hydrological characteristics is effective for further exploring the rainfall-runoff-erosion mechanism under conditions of moving rainfall,especially for the downstream movement condition.
基金Supported by Jiangsu Support-Plan(BE2012327)Jiangsu Agricultural"Three New Engineering"Project(SXG2013006)~~
摘要[Objective] The aim was to compare differences of SPAD value, chloro- phyll content, agronomic characters, economic characters and yield traits to analyze correlation of SPAD value with other indices and establish regression functions. [Method] Based on 34 Brassica napus L. varieties, SPAD value, chlorophyll content, agronomic characters, economic characters and yield traits were measured and re- gression functions were established according to correlations. [Result] SPAD value, chlorophyll content, agronomic and economic characters and yield traits all achieved significant level in differences among 34 varieties. Specifically, SPAD value was of extremely significant correlation with chlorophyll a and b, total chlorophyll and carotenoid, and the correlation from high to low was chl-b〉chl-z〉chl-a〉chl-x. SPAD value was of significantly positive correlation with total pod number per plant, plant height, seed number per pod, yield per plant and harvest yield, and of insignificant correlation with branch point height, effective branch number, pod density of main stem, and pod length. [Conclusion] It is simple and rapid to predict chlorophyll con- tent, economic characters and yields of Brassica napus L. with SPAD value and re- gression functions.
基金Supportd by the 11th Five Year Plan of Rapeseed Program in Guizhou Province,Scientific Contract of Guizhou N2(20053006-02-03)~~
摘要[Objective] This study was conducted to evaluate the associations of many characters of male sterile lines in Brassica napus L.[Method]10 recessive genetic male sterile(RGMS)lines were used as parents to cross in a half diallel cross method to produce 45 single cross hybrids.These 45 crosses and their 10 parents were evaluated at Guiyang during 2007-2008.[Result]The positive correlations of seed yield with plant height,pods per plant,days to flowering and days to maturity were significant.Their respective correlation coefficients(r)were 0.644,0.583,0.281 and 0.341.Highly significant and negative correlation was observed between seeds per pod and seed size(-0.533).Direct path coefficients were observed for pods per plant(0.556 2),seeds per pod(0.407 4),1 000-seed weight(0.481 3),and plant height(0.401 7)to seed yield.[Conclusion]Pods per plant,seeds per pod,1 000-seed weight and plant height were positive correlated with seed yield and showed high direct contributions to yield.Other characters including branches per plant,days to flowering,days to maturity and oil content had low contributions to seed yield.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of Hainan(2018CXTD333,617048)National Natural Science Foundation of China(61762033,61702539)+4 种基金The National Natural Science Foundation of Hunan(2018JJ3611)Social Development Project of Public Welfare Technology Application of Zhejiang Province(LGF18F020019)Hainan University Doctor Start Fund Project(kyqd1328)Hainan University Youth Fund Project(qnjj1444)State Key Laboratory of Marine Resource Utilization in South China Sea Funding.
摘要Distributed denial of service(DDoS)attacks launch more and more frequently and are more destructive.Feature representation as an important part of DDoS defense technology directly affects the efficiency of defense.Most DDoS feature extraction methods cannot fully utilize the information of the original data,resulting in the extracted features losing useful features.In this paper,a DDoS feature representation method based on deep belief network(DBN)is proposed.We quantify the original data by the size of the network flows,the distribution of IP addresses and ports,and the diversity of packet sizes of different protocols and train the DBN in an unsupervised manner by these quantified values.Two feedforward neural networks(FFNN)are initialized by the trained deep belief network,and one of the feedforward neural networks continues to be trained in a supervised manner.The canonical correlation analysis(CCA)method is used to fuse the features extracted by two feedforward neural networks per layer.Experiments show that compared with other methods,the proposed method can extract better features.
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant Nos.42072310 and 51808307。
摘要Earthquake investigations have shown that near-fault pulse-like(NF-P)ground motions have unique characteristics compared to near-fault non-pulse-like(NF-NP)and far-field(FF)ground motions.It is necessary to study the seismic response of pile-supported wharf(PSW)structures under NF-P ground motions.In this study,a three-dimensional finite element numerical model is created to simulate a PSW.By imparting three types of ground motion,the engineering demand parameters(EDPs)of PSW under NF-P ground motions were analyzed and compared,in which EDPs are the maximum displacement and bending moment of the piles.Twenty intensity measures(IMs)were selected to characterize the properties of ground motions.The correlation between IMs and EDPs was explored.The results show that the piles present larger displacement and bending moment under NF-P ground motions compared to NF-NP and FF ground motions.None of the IMs have a high correlation with EDPs under NF-P ground motions,and these IMs are more applicable to FF ground motions.The correlation coefficients between EDPs and IMs under three types of ground motion were obtained,which will provide a valuable reference for the seismic design of PSWs.
基金supported by the National Key High-Tech Program (863) of China (Grant No. 2006AA10Z271)the Key Project of the Guizhou Tobacco Monopoly Administration (2007-7)
摘要In order to identify the principal factors influencing soil water characteristics (SWC) and evaluate SWC effectively, the multivariate-statistical canonical correlation analysis (CCA) method was used to study and analyze the correlation between SWC and soil physical and chemical properties. Twenty-two soil samples were taken from 11 main tobacco-growing areas in Guizhou Province in China and the soil water characteristic curves (SWCC) and basic physical and chemical properties of the soil samples were determined. The results show that: (1) The soil bulk density, soil total porosity and soil capillary porosity have significant effects on SWC of tobacco fiels. Bulk density and total porosity are positively correlated with soil water retention characteristics (SWRC), and soil capillary porosity is positively correlated with soil water supply characteristics (SWSC). (2) Soil samples from different soil layers at the same soil sampling point show similarity or consistency in SWC. Inadequate soil water supply capability and imbalance between SWRC and SWSC are problems of tobacco soil. (3) The SWC of loamy clay are generally superior to those of silty clay loam.
摘要BACKGROUND Shoulder is the most injured part in table tennis players,and it takes multiple roles in transmitting power and striking the center of the ball during the stroke.Proprioception is strongly correlated with high level of athletic performance.It is customary to assume that there is a correlation between proprioception and muscle strength and therefore proprioceptive assessment and rehabilitation is often neglected.AIM To investigate the correlation between isokinetic muscle strength and proprioception in the internal and external rotation muscle groups of elite Chinese male table tennis players,to provide reference for physical training and rehabilitation of elite table tennis players.METHODS A total of 19 national elite table tennis players from the Chinese National Table Tennis Team were recruited in this research.All of them had more than 10 years training experience and had participated major competitions such as the National Games and World Youth Championships.IsoMed 2000 was used to test the peak torque of internal and external rotation isokinetic concentric contraction of the athletes'bilateral shoulder joints at low speed(60°/s)and high speed(180°/s)respectively;IsoMed 2000 was used to conduct the Joint Position Reproduction test to evaluate the athletes'proprioceptive ability capacity at low speed(60°/s)and high speed(180°/s)respectively.If the data satisfied the normal distribution,the correlation between the differences in peak torque s and angles in different directions was analyzed using a Pearson simple linear model;otherwise,Spearman correlation analysis was used.The comparison of proprioceptive ability between the table tennis racket-holding hand and non-racket-holding hands was performed using independent samples t-test if the data satisfied a normal distribution;otherwise,the Mann-Whitney U test was used.RESULTS There was no direct linear correlation between the strength and proprioceptive correlation analysis at slow speed(60°/s)and fast speed(180°/s)in the racket-holding hand;At the slow speed(60°/s)and fast speed(180°/s),there was no correlation between muscle strength and proprioception in the non-racket-holding hand except for the internal rotation variable error(VE)and external rotation relative peak torque,which showed a moderate positive correlation(r=0.477,P<0.05),(r=0.554,P<0.05).The internal rotation’s constant error(CE)and VE were 1.06±3.99 and 2.94±2.16,respectively,for the racket-holding hand,and-3.36±2.39 and 1.22±0.93,respectively,for the non-racket-holding hand;the internal rotation’s CE,VE of the racket-holding hand was lower than that of the non-racket-holding hand,and there was a highly significant difference(P<0.01).CONCLUSION There was no correlation between muscle strength and proprioceptive function in the internal and external rotation of the racket-holding hand’s shoulder in elite Chinese male table tennis players.These results may be useful for interventions for shoulder injuries and for the inclusion of proprioceptive training in rehabilitation programs.
基金supported by the National Nature Science Foundation of China(Nos.51274104,50874052)National Key Basic Research Program of China(973,No.2011CB933700)
摘要The adsorption behavior of butyl xanthate on the surface of lead oxide was investigated using continuous online in situ attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared(ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy technique and two dimensional(2D) correlation analysis.The adsorbed layer studied was prepared by coating α-PbO particles onto the surfaces of the ZnSe crystal.The appearance of spectral peaks at 1203 cm^-1,1033 cm^-1 and their red shift indicated the formation and aggregation of xanthate at the surface of α-PbO.According to 1R intensity changes after rinsing with deionized water and a NaOH solution,the adsorption was proved to be a chemisorption type.The competition between xanthate and OH^- for the surfaces leads to desorption of xanthate at higher pH.The technique of 2D correlation ATR-FTIR spectroscopy was used to evaluate the changing order of spectral intensities in the adsorption process,and the results indicated that xanthate micelles were formed at the surfaces.The adsorption kinetics of butyl xanthate was found to be a pseudo-second-order reaction model and the adsorption capacity of butyl xanthate at α-PbO was as high as 281 mg g^-1 after 150 min.
基金Supported by Fujian Juncao Ecological Industry Collaborative Innovation Tackling Key Subject(JCXTGG22)Technical Demonstration Project of Ministry of Water Resources(SF-201603)+1 种基金Scientific and Technological Development Project of Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University(KF2015112)Natural Science Foundation of Fujian Province(2015J01153)~~
摘要The drought resistance of Pennisetum sp. was analyzed under different drought stress conditions simulated by various concentrations of PEG-6000. Changesofa series of indexes such as chlorophyll content, water content, relative electrical conductivity of osmotic solution, MDA content, proline content, soluble polysaccharide content and soluble protein content in the leaves were measured.The correlation of these indexes with the drought resistance of Pennisetum sp. was an- alyzed by the method of grey correlation analysis. The results showed that the chlorophyll, water content, relative electrical conductivity and soluble protein con- tentexhibited obvious negative correlation with the stress concentration, which de- creasedfollowing the increase of PEG-6000 concentration. The soluble polysaccha- ride contentshowed an increasing trend,the MDA content showed a rise at first fol- lowed by a declinetrend, while the prolinecontent was just opposite to MDA. The changes of the 3 indexes showed obvious positive correlation with thestress con- centration. The correlation of these indexes with the drought resistance of Pennise- tum sp. were ranked as follows: leaf water content (0.980 8), chlorophyll content (0.967 9), MDA content (0.876 0), soluble polysaccharide content (0.839 5), soluble protein content(0.827 5), relative electrical conductivity of osmotic solution(0.670 8), and proline content(0.571 3).
基金This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.61803203)。
摘要With the rapid development of unmanned aerial vehicle technology,unmanned aerial vehicles(UAVs)have been widely used in the field of agricultural plant protection.Compared with fuel-driven UAVs,electrically driven rotorcrafts have many advantages such as lower cost,simpler operation,good maneuverability and cleaner power,which them popular in the plant protection.However,electrical rotorcrafts still face battery problems in actual operation,which limits its working time and application.Aiming at this issue,this paper studied the influence of rotorcraft flight parameters on energy consumption through series of carefully designed flight experiments.First of all,the linear motion experiments have been designed that the rotorcraft was made to perform speed tests and acceleration test with the speed varied from 2∼9 m/s.Secondly,the turning maneuver experiments are carried out under the different circular routes,a rotorcraft was made to conduct successive steering maneuvers at a certain speed of 2 m/s.With the collected tests data,the relation of the energy consumption and the flight dynamic parameter are analyzed through correlation analysis,and the test results of different pairs of experiments have been compared.The research results of this paper would encourage the agricultural rotorcraft to make less maneuvers during operation,which can also provide practical experience and data support for subsequent optimization of flight parameters and reduction of energy consumption.
摘要It is important to segment image correctly to extract guidance information for automatic agriculture vehicle. If we can make the computer know where the crops are, we can extract the guidance line easily. Images were divided into some rec-tangle small windows, then a pair of 1-D arrays was constructed in each small windows. The correlation coefficients of every small window constructed the features to segment images. The results showed that correlation analysis is a potential approach for processing complex farmland for guidance system, and more correlation analysis methods must be researched.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(6117015161070133+2 种基金60903130)the Natural Science Research Project of Higher Education of Jiangsu Province(12KJB520018)the Research Foundation of Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics(NP2011030)
摘要Canonical correlation analysis ( CCA ) based methods for low-resolution ( LR ) face recognition involve face images with different resolutions ( or multi-resolutions ), i.e.LR and high-resolution ( HR ) .For single-resolution face recognition , researchers have shown that utilizing spatial information is beneficial to improving the recognition accuracy , mainly because the pixels of each face are not independent but spatially correlated.However , for a multi-resolution scenario , there are no related works.Therefore , a method named spatial regularization of canonical correlation analysis ( SRCCA ) is developed for LR face recognition to improve the performance of CCA by the regularization utilizing spatial information of different resolution faces.Furthermore , the impact of LR and HR spatial regularization terms on LR face recognition is analyzed through experiments.
基金Supported by National Natural Science Foundation(30760122)National High-Tech Research and Development Program(863Program)(2009AA101105)+1 种基金Faculty Construction of 211 Project(SZTD-211-02)Project of Introducing Advanced Agricultural Science and Technology of Ministry of Agriculture(948Program)(2010-Z54)~~
摘要[Objective] The study aimed at exploring the relationship among the agronomic characters of B. juncea in western China, in order to provide scientific basis for the breeding of B. juncea in western China. [Method] 39 B. juncea materials from western China were used for the canonical correlation analysis, and canonical correlations between each pair of the four ecological character (containing 18 variables) were verified, including yield characters (5 variables), caulis characters (6 variables), branch characters (3 variables) and pod characters (3 variables). [Result] Yield per plant of B. juncea in western China suffered a tremendous influence from effective pod number per plant while was not significantly affected by the total pod number per plant, seed number per pod and 1 000-seed weight; the most important character related with the yield character of B. juncea in western China was caulis character, followed by the branch character and pod character; yield characters, caulis characters, branch characters and pod characters of B. juncea in western China were closely correlated. [Conclusion] In order to improve the yield characters of B. juncea in western China, caulis characters should be focused on, followed by branch characters and pod characters; rapeseed varieties with high performance in total pod number per plant and effective pod number per plant should be chosen through the perspectives of effective branch number, plant height, pod number of main inflorescence, fruit stalk number of main inflorescence and other traits, while rapeseed varieties with high performance in seed number per pod and 1 000-seed weight should be chosen through the perspectives of beak length and other traits.