Singapore is accelerating its energy transition by pursuing large-scale cross-border renewable power import and regional grid interconnection.Targeting up to 6 GW of low-carbon power import by 2035—equivalent to near...Singapore is accelerating its energy transition by pursuing large-scale cross-border renewable power import and regional grid interconnection.Targeting up to 6 GW of low-carbon power import by 2035—equivalent to nearly half of its projected electricity demand—Singapore is poised to transform from a gas-dominated urban power system into a multi-region and remote renewable energy-fed urban power grid.This transition represents a practical realization of the‘Energy Internet’paradigm in the Asia-Pacific region.This letter provides a systematic introduction and discussion of the technical impacts and emerging challenges associated with Singapore's future interconnected power grid,spanning stability analysis,operational security,risk-based dispatch and cross-border market design.Several prospective research directions and potential research roadmaps are envisioned to support the secure,resilient and economically efficient evolution of Singapore-centric regional power interconnection.展开更多
Driven by the wave of informatization and intelligence,the smart city has become a new trend of global urban development.The intelligent transformation of energy systems is of great importance to a smart city.The Inte...Driven by the wave of informatization and intelligence,the smart city has become a new trend of global urban development.The intelligent transformation of energy systems is of great importance to a smart city.The Internet helps the sustainable development of smart cities by optimizing resource allocation,improving utilization efficiency,and promoting market competition.This study analyzes the current situation and problems of energy Internet supporting smart cities and finds that policy environment,technology maturity,market demand,and industrial chain integration have a significant positive impact on its development.Based on this,relevant strategies are proposed to provide theoretical and practical guidance for the integrated development of smart cities and the energy Internet.展开更多
A future smart grid must fulfill the vision of the Energy Internet in which millions of people produce their own energy from renewables in their homes, offices, and factories and share it with each other. Electric veh...A future smart grid must fulfill the vision of the Energy Internet in which millions of people produce their own energy from renewables in their homes, offices, and factories and share it with each other. Electric vehicles and local energy storage will be widely deployed. Internet technology will be utilized to transform the power grid into an energysharing inter-grid. To prepare for the future, a smart grid with intelligent periphery, or smart GRIP, is proposed. The building blocks of GRIP architecture are called clusters and include an energy-management system (EMS)-controlled transmission grid in the core and distribution grids, micro-grids, and smart buildings and homes on the periphery; all of which are hierarchically structured. The layered architecture of GRIP allows a seamless transition from the present to the future and plug-and-play interoperability. The basic functions of a cluster consist of (1) dispatch, (2) smoothing, and (3) mitigation. A risk-limiting dispatch methodology is presented; a new device, called the electric spring, is developed for smoothing out fluctuations in periphery clusters; and means to mitigate failures are discussed.展开更多
The European power grid is one of the largest regional interconnected power grids in the world.It realizes a multinational grid operation,which is rare.The total installed capacity of the European power grid is the la...The European power grid is one of the largest regional interconnected power grids in the world.It realizes a multinational grid operation,which is rare.The total installed capacity of the European power grid is the largest throughout the world.In addition,the integration and utilization of renewable energy in this grid is a great benchmark for other countries and can help promote energy transformation and achieve a high proportion of renewable energy consumption.Based on the analysis of the existing status of the European interconnected power grid and the development history of this power grid,this paper summarizes four key development stages of the European power grid.In addition,the characteristics of each stage and the development prospect of the European power grid are analyzed.On this basis,this paper gives suggestions for the development and construction of China’s energy internet;this can provide valuable reference for further studies on China’s energy internet.展开更多
With the release of the electricity sales side,large-scale small-capacity distributed power generation units are connected to the distribution side,forming multi-type market entities such as microgrids,integrated ener...With the release of the electricity sales side,large-scale small-capacity distributed power generation units are connected to the distribution side,forming multi-type market entities such as microgrids,integrated energy systems,and virtual power plants.With the large-scale integration of distributed energy,the energy market under the energy internet is different from a traditional transmission grid.It is currently developing in the direction of diversified entities and commodities,a flat structure,and a flexible and competitive multi-agent market mechanism.In this context,this study analyzes the value of combining blockchain and the electricity market presents the design of a blockchain trading framework for multi-agent cooperation and sharing of the energy internet.The nodes in market transactions are modeled through power system modeling in the physical layer and the transaction consensus strategy in the cyber layer;moreover,the nodes are verified in a modified IEEE 13 testing feeder of a distribution network.A transaction example is demonstrated using the multi-agent cooperation and sharing transaction platform based on the Ethereum private blockchain.展开更多
The energy Internet operation platform provides market entities such as energy users,energy enterprises,suppliers,and governments with the ability to interact,transact,and manage various operations.Owing to the large ...The energy Internet operation platform provides market entities such as energy users,energy enterprises,suppliers,and governments with the ability to interact,transact,and manage various operations.Owing to the large number of platform users,complex businesses,and large amounts of data-mining tasks,it is necessary to solve the problems afflicting platform task scheduling and the provision of simultaneous access to a large number of users.This study examines the two core technologies of platform task scheduling and multiuser concurrent processing,proposing a distributed task-scheduling method and a technical implementation scheme based on the particle swarm optimization algorithm,and presents a systematic solution in concurrent processing for massive user numbers.Based on the results of this study,the energy internet operation platform can effectively deal with the concurrent access of tens of millions of users and complex task-scheduling problems.展开更多
As a completely new residential distribution infrastructure,energy internet facilitates transactions of equipment,energy and services. However,there is security risk under all the facilities.This paper proposes an ele...As a completely new residential distribution infrastructure,energy internet facilitates transactions of equipment,energy and services. However,there is security risk under all the facilities.This paper proposes an electricity pricing model based on insurance from the perspective of maximizing the benefits of Energy Internet service providers by using the principal-agent theory. The consumer prepays the provider insurance premiums and signs a contract. The provider sets electricity price according to the premiums and therefore provides differentiated electric services for the consumer. Loss suffered by the consumer due to the power failure is compensated by the provider according to the contract. The equivalent model is presented and a necessary condition of the optimal strategy is obtained on the basis of Pontryagin's maximum principle. At last,a numerical example is presented,which illustrates the effectiveness of the proposed model.展开更多
Malicious attacks against data are unavoidable in the interconnected,open and shared Energy Internet(EI),Intrusion tolerant techniques are critical to the data security of EI.Existing intrusion tolerant techniques suf...Malicious attacks against data are unavoidable in the interconnected,open and shared Energy Internet(EI),Intrusion tolerant techniques are critical to the data security of EI.Existing intrusion tolerant techniques suffered from problems such as low adaptability,policy lag,and difficulty in determining the degree of tolerance.To address these issues,we propose a novel adaptive intrusion tolerance model based on game theory that enjoys two-fold ideas:(1)it constructs an improved replica of the intrusion tolerance model of the dynamic equation evolution game to induce incentive weights;and (2)it combines a tournament competition model with incentive weights to obtain optimal strategies for each stage of the game process.Extensive experiments are conducted in the IEEE 39-bus system,whose results demonstrate the feasibility of the incentive weights,confirm the proposed strategy strengthens the system’s ability to tolerate aggression,and improves the dynamic adaptability and response efficiency of the aggression-tolerant system in the case of limited resources.展开更多
With the explosive growth of variable renewable energy,the balance between the supply and demand of the power grid is faced with new challenges.Based on the development experience from typical countries and the state ...With the explosive growth of variable renewable energy,the balance between the supply and demand of the power grid is faced with new challenges.Based on the development experience from typical countries and the state quo in China,this paper further analyzes the system architecture and development trend of demand response under the background of Energy Internet.Five dimensions are considered:Energy Internet platform,demand response application scenarios,system architecture,information technology system construction,and demand response development trend.The results show that the application of the Energy Internet platform can effectively solve the problems of data acquisition and processing,“terminal-edge-network-cloud”cooperation of demand response,etc.The system architecture of the demand response platform that supports user resource management,user information access,control instruction receiving,control strategy issuing,and response process monitoring is proposed in this paper.It is also helpful to provide a feasible technical choice for expanding the application services of Energy Internet towards government and society.展开更多
The Energy Internet has generated huge amounts of information on the production devices,transmission devices,and energy consumption devices.The leakage of data in the collection,transmission,and storage process will c...The Energy Internet has generated huge amounts of information on the production devices,transmission devices,and energy consumption devices.The leakage of data in the collection,transmission,and storage process will cause serious security problems.The existing Energy Internet security methods rely on traditional access control mechanisms and specific network boundary defense mechanisms,which has the limitations of static strategies and coarse design.We combine the advantages of role-based access control(RBAC)and attribute-based access control(ABAC),and propose a trusted Energy Internet fine-grained access control model based on devices'attribute and users'roles.We have not only achieved fine-grained Energy Internet resource allocation,but also ensured that the access control process is related to the security status of the environment in real time.Experimental results show that the access control model can safely and accurately execute access decisions in the Energy Internet scenario,and the processing performance is more stable.展开更多
As a product of the combination of information and energy technology,the energy internet is enormous and complex,and the absence of security safeguards at any aspect of it can cause incalculable damage.Aiming at the p...As a product of the combination of information and energy technology,the energy internet is enormous and complex,and the absence of security safeguards at any aspect of it can cause incalculable damage.Aiming at the problems that Energy Internet terminals are difficult to be trusted and the integrity of massive terminals cannot be guaranteed,this paper designs and implements a set of comprehensive credibility measures and security protection schemes,isolates various malicious operations,and ensures that the system is always in a credible state.Specifically,we develop a secure TF card control program in the Android terminal application layer to realize the overall security scheme.Experimental results prove that this security protection scheme can effectively detect illegal application packages in energy Internet terminal devices,resist malicious programs,and protect key data from theft at the same time,achieving security protection in the“thing-to-thing”interconnection scenario of the Energy Internet.展开更多
Not only being abundant in resources, natural gas also helps power grids consume wind energy, solar energy and etc. The promotion of natu ral gas is an essential zoay to facilitate the development of nezo energy and c...Not only being abundant in resources, natural gas also helps power grids consume wind energy, solar energy and etc. The promotion of natu ral gas is an essential zoay to facilitate the development of nezo energy and complete the transition to an energy system where the renewable energy is dominant. The operation of energy Internet with a concept of equal, open, cooperative and sharing, and the optimization of a combined energy of gas, electricity, heating and cooling, could significantly improve the energy efficiency. Meanwhile, the development of energy lnternet technology will subvert the existing division of energy industry, and generate new commercial formats with features of highly openness. It will also subvert some existing market rules, change the governance methods, generate renovations in organizations, business models and government management methods, thus requires further revolution in energy industry. In order to promote the rapid and healthy development of "lnternet plus" natural gas industry, a series of policies and precautions are needed to be inhvduced and improved.展开更多
This paper conducts an in-depth study on the Agricultural Energy Internet(AEI),covering multiple key areas including business models,market mechanisms,trading markets,bidding models,and trading platform systems.Regard...This paper conducts an in-depth study on the Agricultural Energy Internet(AEI),covering multiple key areas including business models,market mechanisms,trading markets,bidding models,and trading platform systems.Regarding business models,it analyzes the architecture centered on the deep integration of energy and information,exploring various model types and their operational characteristics.Quantitative results show that AEI business models can improve energy utilization efficiency in agricultural scenarios by 20%–30%.Research on market mechanisms involves the roles of different participants,multi-timescale trading mechanisms,and bidding strategies.The study of renewable energy certificates and carbon markets reveals their critical role in accelerating the decarbonization of agriculture,with multi-modal trading schemes supporting policy compliance and profit generation.A reinforcement learning-based bidding model for electric agricultural machinery is constructed,which reduces electricity procurement costs by an average of 15%,based on simulation training using over 1,000 sets of historical transaction data.The trading platform system,built on the Internet of Energy and blockchain technologies,provides a secure and efficient environment for energy and carbon trading.Overall,the research demonstrates the significant potential of AEI in promoting sustainable agricultural development and supporting the global transition to a low-carbon economy.At the same time,it identifies key challenges and opportunities in areas such as technology application,interdisciplinary integration,policy improvement,and international collaboration.展开更多
With the increasing emphasis on sustainable energy and the advancements in modern agriculture,flexible agricultural power loads present challenges to the reliable operation of the agricultural energy internet.However,...With the increasing emphasis on sustainable energy and the advancements in modern agriculture,flexible agricultural power loads present challenges to the reliable operation of the agricultural energy internet.However,research on the coupling of energy system security with agricultural security is insufficient and fails to consider the impacts of meteorological elements on agricultural power loads.To address these gaps,this paper establishes load models for irrigation and light supplementation based on the actual cultivation demands of winter dragon fruit in Guangxi province.A static security index system is developed to analyze the security,considering the unique features of agricultural power demands.The condition of the distribution network is assessed by comparing the indexes with predefined limits,using a China 41-bus distribution network.Finally,the optimal scheme for nocturnal supplemental lighting treatment and irrigation is determined based on the method for maintaining secure operation of the distribution network.This study serves as a guide for simulating current farming power loads and demonstrates how security analysis of the agricultural energy internet contributes to the large-scale and sophisticated development of modern agriculture.展开更多
Considering the rapid advancements in AI technologies such as reinforcement learning,ChatGPT,and deep learning,this paper conducts a comprehensive survey of the tech-nological landscape of AI in the energy and agricul...Considering the rapid advancements in AI technologies such as reinforcement learning,ChatGPT,and deep learning,this paper conducts a comprehensive survey of the tech-nological landscape of AI in the energy and agriculture sectors.It delineates the evolu-tionary path of AI technologies in smart grids and precision agriculture,highlighting significant advancements in energy prediction,optimisation of production and con-sumption,and intelligent management.Furthermore,the paper identifies key AI tech-nologies crucial for the Agricultural Energy Internet(AEI),offering specialised exploration into AI applications for crop cultivation and fisheries,including disease detection,yield prediction,and resource management.The research provides essential theoretical foundations for AI integration in each of these agricultural domains.In addition,the paper envisions the future integration of ChatGPT in coupled modelling of agriculture and energy systems,enhancing synergistic intelligent control,and AI-driven carbon tracking technologies within the AEI.This study facilitates a greater grasp of the transformative potential of AI in reshaping the nexus of agriculture and energy.展开更多
The increasing penetration of plug-in electric ve- hicles (PEVs) has highlighted the importance of coordinating ubiquitous distributed energy resources (DERs) via the internet of things (IoT).With the help of vehicle-...The increasing penetration of plug-in electric ve- hicles (PEVs) has highlighted the importance of coordinating ubiquitous distributed energy resources (DERs) via the internet of things (IoT).With the help of vehicle-to-grid (V2G) technology, PEVs can be aggregated to behave as a storage system, yielding both economic and environmental benefits. In this paper, we propose an optimal bidding framework for a V2G-enabled re- gional energy internet (REI) to participate in day-ahead markets considering carbon trading. The REI operator aims to maximize the net profits from day-ahead markets while anticipating real- time adjustments. A detailed battery model is developed to depict the charging and discharging capability of V2G-enabled PEVs. A two-stage stochastic optimization model is formulated to schedule the operation of PEV fleets against various sources of uncertainties, e.g., the arrival and departure time of PEVs, solar power and real-time prices. Case studies undertaken based on realistic datasets demonstrate that the coordination of the V2G- enabled PEVs and other DERs can facilitate the accommodation of renewable energy, thus improving the REI’s revenues in energy and carbon markets.展开更多
To utilize heat and electricity in a clean and integrated manner,a zero-carbon-emission micro Energy Internet(ZCE-MEI) architecture is proposed by incorporating non-supplementary fired compressed air energy storage(NS...To utilize heat and electricity in a clean and integrated manner,a zero-carbon-emission micro Energy Internet(ZCE-MEI) architecture is proposed by incorporating non-supplementary fired compressed air energy storage(NSF-CAES) hub.A typical ZCE-MEI combining power distribution network(PDN) and district heating network(DHN) with NSF-CAES is considered in this paper.NSF-CAES hub is formulated to take the thermal dynamic and pressure behavior into account to enhance dispatch flexibility.A modified Dist Flow model is utilized to allow several discrete and continuous reactive power compensators to maintain voltage quality of PDN.Optimal operation of the ZCE-MEI is firstly modeled as a mixed integer nonlinear programming(MINLP).Several transformations and simplifications are taken to convert the problem as a mixed integer linear programming(MILP)which can be effectively solved by CPLEX.A typical test system composed of a NSF-CAES hub,a 33-bus PDN,and an 8-node DHN is adopted to verify the effectiveness of the proposed ZCE-MEI in terms of reducing operation cost and wind curtailment.展开更多
Energy consumption in the agricultural sector is significant,reaching 20%of the total energy consumption in China.Agricultural Energy Internet,an important extension of Energy Internet in the agricultural field,signif...Energy consumption in the agricultural sector is significant,reaching 20%of the total energy consumption in China.Agricultural Energy Internet,an important extension of Energy Internet in the agricultural field,significantly contributes to agricultural modernization.Key technologies of Agricultural Energy Internet are vital factors supporting its development.This article systematically reviews the key technologies of Agricultural Energy Internet for two areas:agriculture and fishery.The working mechanisms and power consumption characteristics of some state-of-the-art new-energy agricultural intelligent equipment are described.In addition,the principles and profit methods underlying the agro-industrial complementary operation model are introduced.Moreover,against the Agricultural Energy Internet background,the development trends of some state-of-theart new energy agricultural intelligent equipment,agro-industrial complementary,and carbon–neutral technology are proposed in this paper,providing novel perspectives on the promotion of the development of Agricultural Energy Internet and related technological innovation research.An unmanned farm is the main form of the future agricultural system,which is powered by the Agricultural Energy Internet based on smart agriculture and a smart grid.It will become the inevitable trend of modern agriculture to replace oil agriculture with electric farms.The electricity in farming is mainly generated by renewable energy.Renewable energy power generation has low carbon emissions and is the future direction for the development of agricultural energy systems.In addition,the Internet of Things will be further strengthened to realize automation and intelligence of agricultural energy systems。展开更多
To improve the overall efficiency of the energy system,the basic structure for the energy internet of coordination and optimization of“generation-grid-load-storage”of Huangpu District,Guangzhou,China is designed,whi...To improve the overall efficiency of the energy system,the basic structure for the energy internet of coordination and optimization of“generation-grid-load-storage”of Huangpu District,Guangzhou,China is designed,while the arrangement for the output of centralized and distributed energy module and energy storage are proposed.Taking economic benefit maximization,environmental benefit maximization and energy efficiency maximization as sub-objectives,the mathematical model of multi-objective optimal allocation and operation strategy of the energy internet is established considering supply-demand balance constraints,equipment characteristic constraints,operation mode constraints,and energy conditions constraints.The calculation results show that without considering the outsourced electricity,the balanced strategy,the economic development strategy,the environmental protection strategy,and the energy efficiency strategy are obtained by calculation,which are all superior to the traditional energy supply strategy.Moreover,considering the outsourced electricity,the proportion of outsourced electricity to total electricity is 19.8%,which is the system optimization of the energy internet under certain power demand.Compared with other strategies without outsourced electricity,the outsourced electricity strategy can have a certain emission reduction effect,but at the same time reduce the economic benefit.Furthermore,the huge difference in demand for thermal and cooling load between industrial and commercial areas results in the installed capacity of gas distributed energy stations in industrial areas being nearly twice as large as that in commercial areas.The distributed photovoltaic power generation is allocated according to the proportion of the installed roof areas of photovoltaic power generation system in residential,industrial,and commercial areas.展开更多
What needs to be developed from the concept of"Smart Grid"is that:when renewable energy sources are absolutely prevailing in power generation,distributed power generation and distributed energy storage syste...What needs to be developed from the concept of"Smart Grid"is that:when renewable energy sources are absolutely prevailing in power generation,distributed power generation and distributed energy storage systems are widespread across the grid,and electric vehicle charging loads are prevailing in power load demands,how can the power grid support electric power as a core secondary energy source,undertake the role of a bridge between primary energy and end-use energy,and achieve the coordination and the optimization in macro energy perspective;how to guarantee the security of both macro energy and environment as well as the reliability of electricity.If a new term is needed,it should be Comprehensive Energy Network,not Energy Internet.展开更多
基金funded by Singapore National Research Foundation(NRF)Investigatorship(Class of 2026).
摘要Singapore is accelerating its energy transition by pursuing large-scale cross-border renewable power import and regional grid interconnection.Targeting up to 6 GW of low-carbon power import by 2035—equivalent to nearly half of its projected electricity demand—Singapore is poised to transform from a gas-dominated urban power system into a multi-region and remote renewable energy-fed urban power grid.This transition represents a practical realization of the‘Energy Internet’paradigm in the Asia-Pacific region.This letter provides a systematic introduction and discussion of the technical impacts and emerging challenges associated with Singapore's future interconnected power grid,spanning stability analysis,operational security,risk-based dispatch and cross-border market design.Several prospective research directions and potential research roadmaps are envisioned to support the secure,resilient and economically efficient evolution of Singapore-centric regional power interconnection.
基金Research and Innovation Team Building Project of Qingdao City University(QCU23TDKJO1)。
摘要Driven by the wave of informatization and intelligence,the smart city has become a new trend of global urban development.The intelligent transformation of energy systems is of great importance to a smart city.The Internet helps the sustainable development of smart cities by optimizing resource allocation,improving utilization efficiency,and promoting market competition.This study analyzes the current situation and problems of energy Internet supporting smart cities and finds that policy environment,technology maturity,market demand,and industrial chain integration have a significant positive impact on its development.Based on this,relevant strategies are proposed to provide theoretical and practical guidance for the integrated development of smart cities and the energy Internet.
基金sponsored by National Key Basic Research Program of China (973 Program) (2012CB215102) for WuUS National Science Foundation Award (1135872) for VaraiyaHong Kong RGC Theme-based Research Project (T23-701/14-N) for Hui
摘要A future smart grid must fulfill the vision of the Energy Internet in which millions of people produce their own energy from renewables in their homes, offices, and factories and share it with each other. Electric vehicles and local energy storage will be widely deployed. Internet technology will be utilized to transform the power grid into an energysharing inter-grid. To prepare for the future, a smart grid with intelligent periphery, or smart GRIP, is proposed. The building blocks of GRIP architecture are called clusters and include an energy-management system (EMS)-controlled transmission grid in the core and distribution grids, micro-grids, and smart buildings and homes on the periphery; all of which are hierarchically structured. The layered architecture of GRIP allows a seamless transition from the present to the future and plug-and-play interoperability. The basic functions of a cluster consist of (1) dispatch, (2) smoothing, and (3) mitigation. A risk-limiting dispatch methodology is presented; a new device, called the electric spring, is developed for smoothing out fluctuations in periphery clusters; and means to mitigate failures are discussed.
基金funded by the State Grid Science and Technology Research Program:“Research on coordination development mode and reliability evaluation of source,network,load and storage considering the safety requirements(No.B3440818K005)”
摘要The European power grid is one of the largest regional interconnected power grids in the world.It realizes a multinational grid operation,which is rare.The total installed capacity of the European power grid is the largest throughout the world.In addition,the integration and utilization of renewable energy in this grid is a great benchmark for other countries and can help promote energy transformation and achieve a high proportion of renewable energy consumption.Based on the analysis of the existing status of the European interconnected power grid and the development history of this power grid,this paper summarizes four key development stages of the European power grid.In addition,the characteristics of each stage and the development prospect of the European power grid are analyzed.On this basis,this paper gives suggestions for the development and construction of China’s energy internet;this can provide valuable reference for further studies on China’s energy internet.
基金the Smart Grid Joint Fund of the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.U2066209)the Science and Technology Project of the China Electric Power Research Institute(No.AI83-20-002).
摘要With the release of the electricity sales side,large-scale small-capacity distributed power generation units are connected to the distribution side,forming multi-type market entities such as microgrids,integrated energy systems,and virtual power plants.With the large-scale integration of distributed energy,the energy market under the energy internet is different from a traditional transmission grid.It is currently developing in the direction of diversified entities and commodities,a flat structure,and a flexible and competitive multi-agent market mechanism.In this context,this study analyzes the value of combining blockchain and the electricity market presents the design of a blockchain trading framework for multi-agent cooperation and sharing of the energy internet.The nodes in market transactions are modeled through power system modeling in the physical layer and the transaction consensus strategy in the cyber layer;moreover,the nodes are verified in a modified IEEE 13 testing feeder of a distribution network.A transaction example is demonstrated using the multi-agent cooperation and sharing transaction platform based on the Ethereum private blockchain.
基金supported by the Science and Technology Project of State Grid Corporation“Research and Application of Internet Operation Platform for Ubiquitous Power Internet of Things”(5700-201955462A-0-0-00).
摘要The energy Internet operation platform provides market entities such as energy users,energy enterprises,suppliers,and governments with the ability to interact,transact,and manage various operations.Owing to the large number of platform users,complex businesses,and large amounts of data-mining tasks,it is necessary to solve the problems afflicting platform task scheduling and the provision of simultaneous access to a large number of users.This study examines the two core technologies of platform task scheduling and multiuser concurrent processing,proposing a distributed task-scheduling method and a technical implementation scheme based on the particle swarm optimization algorithm,and presents a systematic solution in concurrent processing for massive user numbers.Based on the results of this study,the energy internet operation platform can effectively deal with the concurrent access of tens of millions of users and complex task-scheduling problems.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.61672494,61402437)the National High Technology Research and Development Program of China(No.2015AA016005)
摘要As a completely new residential distribution infrastructure,energy internet facilitates transactions of equipment,energy and services. However,there is security risk under all the facilities.This paper proposes an electricity pricing model based on insurance from the perspective of maximizing the benefits of Energy Internet service providers by using the principal-agent theory. The consumer prepays the provider insurance premiums and signs a contract. The provider sets electricity price according to the premiums and therefore provides differentiated electric services for the consumer. Loss suffered by the consumer due to the power failure is compensated by the provider according to the contract. The equivalent model is presented and a necessary condition of the optimal strategy is obtained on the basis of Pontryagin's maximum principle. At last,a numerical example is presented,which illustrates the effectiveness of the proposed model.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.51977113,62293500,62293501 and 62293505).
摘要Malicious attacks against data are unavoidable in the interconnected,open and shared Energy Internet(EI),Intrusion tolerant techniques are critical to the data security of EI.Existing intrusion tolerant techniques suffered from problems such as low adaptability,policy lag,and difficulty in determining the degree of tolerance.To address these issues,we propose a novel adaptive intrusion tolerance model based on game theory that enjoys two-fold ideas:(1)it constructs an improved replica of the intrusion tolerance model of the dynamic equation evolution game to induce incentive weights;and (2)it combines a tournament competition model with incentive weights to obtain optimal strategies for each stage of the game process.Extensive experiments are conducted in the IEEE 39-bus system,whose results demonstrate the feasibility of the incentive weights,confirm the proposed strategy strengthens the system’s ability to tolerate aggression,and improves the dynamic adaptability and response efficiency of the aggression-tolerant system in the case of limited resources.
基金supported by the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(2019QN066).
摘要With the explosive growth of variable renewable energy,the balance between the supply and demand of the power grid is faced with new challenges.Based on the development experience from typical countries and the state quo in China,this paper further analyzes the system architecture and development trend of demand response under the background of Energy Internet.Five dimensions are considered:Energy Internet platform,demand response application scenarios,system architecture,information technology system construction,and demand response development trend.The results show that the application of the Energy Internet platform can effectively solve the problems of data acquisition and processing,“terminal-edge-network-cloud”cooperation of demand response,etc.The system architecture of the demand response platform that supports user resource management,user information access,control instruction receiving,control strategy issuing,and response process monitoring is proposed in this paper.It is also helpful to provide a feasible technical choice for expanding the application services of Energy Internet towards government and society.
基金the State Grid Corporation of China Science and Technology Project Funding。
摘要The Energy Internet has generated huge amounts of information on the production devices,transmission devices,and energy consumption devices.The leakage of data in the collection,transmission,and storage process will cause serious security problems.The existing Energy Internet security methods rely on traditional access control mechanisms and specific network boundary defense mechanisms,which has the limitations of static strategies and coarse design.We combine the advantages of role-based access control(RBAC)and attribute-based access control(ABAC),and propose a trusted Energy Internet fine-grained access control model based on devices'attribute and users'roles.We have not only achieved fine-grained Energy Internet resource allocation,but also ensured that the access control process is related to the security status of the environment in real time.Experimental results show that the access control model can safely and accurately execute access decisions in the Energy Internet scenario,and the processing performance is more stable.
基金Supported by the State Grid Corporation of China Science and Technology Project Funding
摘要As a product of the combination of information and energy technology,the energy internet is enormous and complex,and the absence of security safeguards at any aspect of it can cause incalculable damage.Aiming at the problems that Energy Internet terminals are difficult to be trusted and the integrity of massive terminals cannot be guaranteed,this paper designs and implements a set of comprehensive credibility measures and security protection schemes,isolates various malicious operations,and ensures that the system is always in a credible state.Specifically,we develop a secure TF card control program in the Android terminal application layer to realize the overall security scheme.Experimental results prove that this security protection scheme can effectively detect illegal application packages in energy Internet terminal devices,resist malicious programs,and protect key data from theft at the same time,achieving security protection in the“thing-to-thing”interconnection scenario of the Energy Internet.
摘要Not only being abundant in resources, natural gas also helps power grids consume wind energy, solar energy and etc. The promotion of natu ral gas is an essential zoay to facilitate the development of nezo energy and complete the transition to an energy system where the renewable energy is dominant. The operation of energy Internet with a concept of equal, open, cooperative and sharing, and the optimization of a combined energy of gas, electricity, heating and cooling, could significantly improve the energy efficiency. Meanwhile, the development of energy lnternet technology will subvert the existing division of energy industry, and generate new commercial formats with features of highly openness. It will also subvert some existing market rules, change the governance methods, generate renovations in organizations, business models and government management methods, thus requires further revolution in energy industry. In order to promote the rapid and healthy development of "lnternet plus" natural gas industry, a series of policies and precautions are needed to be inhvduced and improved.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(Grant No.2022YFE0129400)Science and technology projects of Guangxi Grid Company Limited(Grant No.WT0400550000000987).
摘要This paper conducts an in-depth study on the Agricultural Energy Internet(AEI),covering multiple key areas including business models,market mechanisms,trading markets,bidding models,and trading platform systems.Regarding business models,it analyzes the architecture centered on the deep integration of energy and information,exploring various model types and their operational characteristics.Quantitative results show that AEI business models can improve energy utilization efficiency in agricultural scenarios by 20%–30%.Research on market mechanisms involves the roles of different participants,multi-timescale trading mechanisms,and bidding strategies.The study of renewable energy certificates and carbon markets reveals their critical role in accelerating the decarbonization of agriculture,with multi-modal trading schemes supporting policy compliance and profit generation.A reinforcement learning-based bidding model for electric agricultural machinery is constructed,which reduces electricity procurement costs by an average of 15%,based on simulation training using over 1,000 sets of historical transaction data.The trading platform system,built on the Internet of Energy and blockchain technologies,provides a secure and efficient environment for energy and carbon trading.Overall,the research demonstrates the significant potential of AEI in promoting sustainable agricultural development and supporting the global transition to a low-carbon economy.At the same time,it identifies key challenges and opportunities in areas such as technology application,interdisciplinary integration,policy improvement,and international collaboration.
基金supported by Shanxi Energy Internet Research Institute(SXEI2023B003).
摘要With the increasing emphasis on sustainable energy and the advancements in modern agriculture,flexible agricultural power loads present challenges to the reliable operation of the agricultural energy internet.However,research on the coupling of energy system security with agricultural security is insufficient and fails to consider the impacts of meteorological elements on agricultural power loads.To address these gaps,this paper establishes load models for irrigation and light supplementation based on the actual cultivation demands of winter dragon fruit in Guangxi province.A static security index system is developed to analyze the security,considering the unique features of agricultural power demands.The condition of the distribution network is assessed by comparing the indexes with predefined limits,using a China 41-bus distribution network.Finally,the optimal scheme for nocturnal supplemental lighting treatment and irrigation is determined based on the method for maintaining secure operation of the distribution network.This study serves as a guide for simulating current farming power loads and demonstrates how security analysis of the agricultural energy internet contributes to the large-scale and sophisticated development of modern agriculture.
摘要Considering the rapid advancements in AI technologies such as reinforcement learning,ChatGPT,and deep learning,this paper conducts a comprehensive survey of the tech-nological landscape of AI in the energy and agriculture sectors.It delineates the evolu-tionary path of AI technologies in smart grids and precision agriculture,highlighting significant advancements in energy prediction,optimisation of production and con-sumption,and intelligent management.Furthermore,the paper identifies key AI tech-nologies crucial for the Agricultural Energy Internet(AEI),offering specialised exploration into AI applications for crop cultivation and fisheries,including disease detection,yield prediction,and resource management.The research provides essential theoretical foundations for AI integration in each of these agricultural domains.In addition,the paper envisions the future integration of ChatGPT in coupled modelling of agriculture and energy systems,enhancing synergistic intelligent control,and AI-driven carbon tracking technologies within the AEI.This study facilitates a greater grasp of the transformative potential of AI in reshaping the nexus of agriculture and energy.
基金This work was supported in part by the Smart Grid Joint Foundation Program of the National Natural Science Foundation of China and the State Grid Corporation of China(U1866204)in part by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(51907064)and in part by the State Grid Corporation of China(Application Research and Trading Mechanism of Green Electricity Market toward Sustainable Energy Accommodation,52020119000G).
摘要The increasing penetration of plug-in electric ve- hicles (PEVs) has highlighted the importance of coordinating ubiquitous distributed energy resources (DERs) via the internet of things (IoT).With the help of vehicle-to-grid (V2G) technology, PEVs can be aggregated to behave as a storage system, yielding both economic and environmental benefits. In this paper, we propose an optimal bidding framework for a V2G-enabled re- gional energy internet (REI) to participate in day-ahead markets considering carbon trading. The REI operator aims to maximize the net profits from day-ahead markets while anticipating real- time adjustments. A detailed battery model is developed to depict the charging and discharging capability of V2G-enabled PEVs. A two-stage stochastic optimization model is formulated to schedule the operation of PEV fleets against various sources of uncertainties, e.g., the arrival and departure time of PEVs, solar power and real-time prices. Case studies undertaken based on realistic datasets demonstrate that the coordination of the V2G- enabled PEVs and other DERs can facilitate the accommodation of renewable energy, thus improving the REI’s revenues in energy and carbon markets.
基金supported in part by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.51321005,No.51377092,No.51577163)Opening Foundation of the Qinghai Province Key Laboratory of Photovoltaic Power Generation and Grid-connected Technology
摘要To utilize heat and electricity in a clean and integrated manner,a zero-carbon-emission micro Energy Internet(ZCE-MEI) architecture is proposed by incorporating non-supplementary fired compressed air energy storage(NSF-CAES) hub.A typical ZCE-MEI combining power distribution network(PDN) and district heating network(DHN) with NSF-CAES is considered in this paper.NSF-CAES hub is formulated to take the thermal dynamic and pressure behavior into account to enhance dispatch flexibility.A modified Dist Flow model is utilized to allow several discrete and continuous reactive power compensators to maintain voltage quality of PDN.Optimal operation of the ZCE-MEI is firstly modeled as a mixed integer nonlinear programming(MINLP).Several transformations and simplifications are taken to convert the problem as a mixed integer linear programming(MILP)which can be effectively solved by CPLEX.A typical test system composed of a NSF-CAES hub,a 33-bus PDN,and an 8-node DHN is adopted to verify the effectiveness of the proposed ZCE-MEI in terms of reducing operation cost and wind curtailment.
基金the National Natural Science Foun-dation of China under Grant 52007193 and The 2115 Talent Development Program of China Agricultural University.
摘要Energy consumption in the agricultural sector is significant,reaching 20%of the total energy consumption in China.Agricultural Energy Internet,an important extension of Energy Internet in the agricultural field,significantly contributes to agricultural modernization.Key technologies of Agricultural Energy Internet are vital factors supporting its development.This article systematically reviews the key technologies of Agricultural Energy Internet for two areas:agriculture and fishery.The working mechanisms and power consumption characteristics of some state-of-the-art new-energy agricultural intelligent equipment are described.In addition,the principles and profit methods underlying the agro-industrial complementary operation model are introduced.Moreover,against the Agricultural Energy Internet background,the development trends of some state-of-theart new energy agricultural intelligent equipment,agro-industrial complementary,and carbon–neutral technology are proposed in this paper,providing novel perspectives on the promotion of the development of Agricultural Energy Internet and related technological innovation research.An unmanned farm is the main form of the future agricultural system,which is powered by the Agricultural Energy Internet based on smart agriculture and a smart grid.It will become the inevitable trend of modern agriculture to replace oil agriculture with electric farms.The electricity in farming is mainly generated by renewable energy.Renewable energy power generation has low carbon emissions and is the future direction for the development of agricultural energy systems.In addition,the Internet of Things will be further strengthened to realize automation and intelligence of agricultural energy systems。
基金supported by Soft Science Research Project of Guangdong Province(Grant No.2016A080803002)Science and Technology Project of Guangdong Province(Grant No.2018A050501011)。
摘要To improve the overall efficiency of the energy system,the basic structure for the energy internet of coordination and optimization of“generation-grid-load-storage”of Huangpu District,Guangzhou,China is designed,while the arrangement for the output of centralized and distributed energy module and energy storage are proposed.Taking economic benefit maximization,environmental benefit maximization and energy efficiency maximization as sub-objectives,the mathematical model of multi-objective optimal allocation and operation strategy of the energy internet is established considering supply-demand balance constraints,equipment characteristic constraints,operation mode constraints,and energy conditions constraints.The calculation results show that without considering the outsourced electricity,the balanced strategy,the economic development strategy,the environmental protection strategy,and the energy efficiency strategy are obtained by calculation,which are all superior to the traditional energy supply strategy.Moreover,considering the outsourced electricity,the proportion of outsourced electricity to total electricity is 19.8%,which is the system optimization of the energy internet under certain power demand.Compared with other strategies without outsourced electricity,the outsourced electricity strategy can have a certain emission reduction effect,but at the same time reduce the economic benefit.Furthermore,the huge difference in demand for thermal and cooling load between industrial and commercial areas results in the installed capacity of gas distributed energy stations in industrial areas being nearly twice as large as that in commercial areas.The distributed photovoltaic power generation is allocated according to the proportion of the installed roof areas of photovoltaic power generation system in residential,industrial,and commercial areas.
基金This work is supported by National High Technology Research and Development Program of China(863 Program)(No.2011AA05A105)and SGCC Projects.
摘要What needs to be developed from the concept of"Smart Grid"is that:when renewable energy sources are absolutely prevailing in power generation,distributed power generation and distributed energy storage systems are widespread across the grid,and electric vehicle charging loads are prevailing in power load demands,how can the power grid support electric power as a core secondary energy source,undertake the role of a bridge between primary energy and end-use energy,and achieve the coordination and the optimization in macro energy perspective;how to guarantee the security of both macro energy and environment as well as the reliability of electricity.If a new term is needed,it should be Comprehensive Energy Network,not Energy Internet.