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Constructing a risk probability model for resilience construction in mountainous communities in Southwest China based on field theory 认领 引用
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作者 ZHAO Yunfei WU Yuxin +2 位作者 ZHANG Ruoyi HU Yuxiang XING Huige 《Journal of Mountain Science》 SCIE CSCD 2026年第6期2775-2793,共19页
Resilience provides a new way for communities to become more disaster-resistant and better able to recover.This study proposes a resilience-building risk framework for mountainous communities in Southwest China based ... Resilience provides a new way for communities to become more disaster-resistant and better able to recover.This study proposes a resilience-building risk framework for mountainous communities in Southwest China based on field theory and the baseline resilience indicator for communities.It calculated the resilience-building risk probability using Bayesian network modeling based on ten communities in the mountainous regions of Southwest China.The study obtained data from multiple sources,calculated conditional probabilities among factors and finally explored the risk of community resilience construction and its influencing factors based on Bayesian networks in three aspects:forward propagation,backward diagnosis,and significance analysis.We found that 1)the overall risk level of community resilience building in mountainous areas of Southwest China is low,only 26.8%;2)among the sub resilience fields,the organizational field has the lowest probability of risk(14.2%),and the economic field has the highest probability of risk(42.8%);3)when the overall resilience level decreases,the economic field changes the most,with the most significant magnitude of change in the level of income;and 4)improving residents'information accessibility and enhanced training exercises can reduce the overall resilience risk probability to a greater extent.This study can help local communities evaluate the level of resilience construction correctly,clarify the focus of resilience construction efforts,and provide a reference for resilience-building assessment efforts in other regions. 展开更多
关键词 Mountain community Disaster resilience Risk analysis Field theory Bayesian network Economic resilience
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On the degrees of freedom of spatially covariant vector field theory 认领 引用
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作者 Shu-Yu Li Xian Gao 《Communications in Theoretical Physics》 SCIE CAS CSCD 2026年第5期157-170,共14页
We investigate a class of spatially covariant vector field theories on a flat background,where the Lagrangians are constructed as polynomials of first-order derivatives of the vector field.Because Lorentz and U(1)inva... We investigate a class of spatially covariant vector field theories on a flat background,where the Lagrangians are constructed as polynomials of first-order derivatives of the vector field.Because Lorentz and U(1)invariances are broken,such theories generally propagate three degrees of freedom(DOFs):two transverse modes and one longitudinal mode.We examine the conditions under which the additional longitudinal mode is eliminated so that only two DOFs remain.To this end,we perform a Hamiltonian constraint analysis and identify two necessary and sufficient degeneracy conditions that reduce the number of DOFs from three to two.We find three classes of solutions satisfying these degeneracy conditions,corresponding to distinct types of theories.Type-Ⅰtheories possess one first-class and two second-class constraints,type-Ⅱtheories have four second-class constraints,and type-Ⅲtheories contain two first-class constraints.The Maxwell theory is recovered as a special case of the type-Ⅲtheories,where Lorentz symmetry is restored. 展开更多
关键词 Lorentz violation vector field theory Hamiltonian analysis
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Interplay between the Pseudogap and Superconductivity in Doped Mott Insulators:a Cluster Dynamical Mean-Field Theory Study 认领 引用
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作者 Jinbin Liu Dao-Xin Yao Wei Wu 《Chinese Physics Letters》 SCIE EI CAS CSCD 2025年第8期264-269,共6页
We investigate the interplay between the pseudogap state and d-wave superconductivity in the two-dimensional doped Hubbard model by employing an eight-site cluster dynamical mean-field theory method.By tuning electron... We investigate the interplay between the pseudogap state and d-wave superconductivity in the two-dimensional doped Hubbard model by employing an eight-site cluster dynamical mean-field theory method.By tuning electron hopping parameters,the strong-coupling pseudogap in the two-dimensional Hubbard model can be either enhanced or suppressed in the doped Mott insulator regime.We find that in underdoped cases,the closing of pseudogap leads to a significant enhancement of superconductivity,indicating competition between the two in the underdoped regime.In contrast,at large dopings,suppressing the pseudogap is accompanied by a concurrent decrease in the superconducting transition temperature Tc,which can be attributed to a reduction in antiferromagnetic correlations behind both the pseudogap and superconductivity.We elucidate this evolving relationship between pseudogap and superconductivity across different doping regimes. 展开更多
关键词 doped mott insulator regimewe pseudogap tuning electron hopping parametersthe closing pseudogap doped mott insulators competition b cluster dynamical mean field theory electron hopping
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Complex Field Theory: A Unifying Framework for Dark Matter and Dark Energy with the Material Universe 认领 引用
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作者 Hossin Abdeldayem 《Journal of Modern Physics》 2025年第1期140-151,共12页
Complex Field Theory (CFT) proposes that dark matter (DM) and dark energy (DE) are pervasive, complex fields of charged complex masses of equally positive and negative complex charges, respectively. It proposes that e... Complex Field Theory (CFT) proposes that dark matter (DM) and dark energy (DE) are pervasive, complex fields of charged complex masses of equally positive and negative complex charges, respectively. It proposes that each material object, including living creatures, is concomitant with a fraction of the charged complex masses of DM and DE in proportion to its mass. This perception provides new insights into the physics of nature and its constituents from subatomic to cosmic scales. This complex nature of DM and DE explains our inability to see DM or harvest DE for the last several decades. The positive complex DM is responsible for preserving the integrity of galaxies and all material systems. The negative complex charged DE induces a positive repelling force with the positively charged DM and contributes to the universe’s expansion. Both fields are Lorentz invariants in all directions and entangle the whole universe. The paper uses CFT to investigate zero-point energy, particle-wave duality, relativistic mass increase, and entanglement phenomenon and unifies Coulomb’s and Newton’s laws. The paper also verifies the existence of tachyons and explains the spooky action of quantum mechanics at a distance. The paper encourages further research into how CFT might resolve several physical mysteries in physics. 展开更多
关键词 Dark Energy Dark Matter Complex Field Theory Entanglement Zero-Point Energy Particle-Wave Duality Gravity Unification of Coulomb’s and Newton’s Laws Tachyons Spooky Action Effect
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Analysis of Legal German Terminology Based on Semantic Field Theory 认领 引用
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作者 ZHOU Jingyi 《US-China Foreign Language》 2025年第4期141-146,共6页
Based on the semantic field theory,this paper systematically explores the structural characteristics of the semantic field of legal German terms and their functional realisation in judicial practice.On the basis of cl... Based on the semantic field theory,this paper systematically explores the structural characteristics of the semantic field of legal German terms and their functional realisation in judicial practice.On the basis of clarifying the core connotation of the semantic field theory,it is emphasised that the legal terminology is a lexical network of conceptual systems,and that the meaning of the terminology needs to depend on the overall structure of the legal system in order to be fully presented.The semantic field of legal German terminology not only constitutes a structured representation of legal terminology,but also maintains the objectivity of legal judgement by means of the constraints and complementary relationships between terms.This paper provides a new theoretical perspective for the study of legal German terminology,which is of reference value for legal language teaching and legal translation. 展开更多
关键词 semantic field theory legal German terminology
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Enhancing the resolution of sparse rock property measurements using machine learning and random field theory 认领 引用 被引量：3
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作者 Jiawei Xie Jinsong Huang +3 位作者 Fuxiang Zhang Jixiang He Kaifeng Kang Yunqiang Sun 《Journal of Rock Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering》 SCIE CSCD 2024年第10期3924-3936,共13页
The travel time of rock compressional waves is an essential parameter used for estimating important rock properties,such as porosity,permeability,and lithology.Current methods,like wireline logging tests,provide broad... The travel time of rock compressional waves is an essential parameter used for estimating important rock properties,such as porosity,permeability,and lithology.Current methods,like wireline logging tests,provide broad measurements but lack finer resolution.Laboratory-based rock core measurements offer higher resolution but are resource-intensive.Conventionally,wireline logging and rock core measurements have been used independently.This study introduces a novel approach that integrates both data sources.The method leverages the detailed features from limited core data to enhance the resolution of wireline logging data.By combining machine learning with random field theory,the method allows for probabilistic predictions in regions with sparse data sampling.In this framework,12 parameters from wireline tests are used to predict trends in rock core data.The residuals are modeled using random field theory.The outcomes are high-resolution predictions that combine both the predicted trend and the probabilistic realizations of the residual.By utilizing unconditional and conditional random field theories,this method enables unconditional and conditional simulations of the underlying high-resolution rock compressional wave travel time profile and provides uncertainty estimates.This integrated approach optimizes the use of existing core and logging data.Its applicability is confirmed in an oil project in West China. 展开更多
关键词 Wireline logs Core characterization Compressional wave travel time Machine learning Random field theory
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Fast impurity solver for dynamical mean field theory based on second order perturbation around the atomic limit 认领 引用 被引量：3
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作者 庄嘉宁 刘青梅 +1 位作者 方忠 戴希 《Chinese Physics B》 SCIE EI CAS 2010年第8期535-542,共8页
This paper proposes an impurity solver for the dynamical mean field theory （DMFT） study of the Mott insulators, which is based on the second order perturbation of the hybridization function. After careful benchmarki... This paper proposes an impurity solver for the dynamical mean field theory （DMFT） study of the Mott insulators, which is based on the second order perturbation of the hybridization function. After careful benchmarking with quantum Monte Carlo results on the anti-ferromagnetic phase of the Hubbard model, it concludes that this impurity solver can capture the main physical features in the strong coupling regime and can be a very useful tool for the LDA （local density approximation） ＋ DMFT studies of the Mort insulators with long range order. 展开更多
关键词 dynamical mean field theory impurity solver Mott insulator antiferromagnetic order
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Construction of improved rigid blocks failure mechanism for ultimate bearing capacity calculation based on slip-line field theory 认领 引用 被引量：6
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作者 赵炼恒 杨峰 《Journal of Central South University》 SCIE EI CAS 2013年第4期1047-1057,共11页
Based on the slip-line field theory, a two-dimensional slip failure mechanism with mesh-like rigid block system was constructed to analyze the ultimate bearing capacity problems of rough foundation within the framewor... Based on the slip-line field theory, a two-dimensional slip failure mechanism with mesh-like rigid block system was constructed to analyze the ultimate bearing capacity problems of rough foundation within the framework of the upper bound limit analysis theorem. In the velocity discontinuities in transition area, the velocity changes in radial and tangent directions are allowed. The objective functions of the stability problems of geotechnical structures are obtained by equating the work rate of external force to internal dissipation along the velocity discontinuities, and then the objective functions are transformed as an upper-bound mathematic optimization model. The upper bound solutions for the objective functions are obtained by use of the nonlinear sequential quadratic programming and interior point method. From the numerical results and comparative analysis, it can be seen that the method presented in this work gives better calculation results than existing upper bound methods and can be used to establish the more accurate plastic collapse load for the ultimate bearing capacity of rough foundation. 展开更多
关键词 ultimate bearing capacity rough foundation slip-line field theory upper bound limit analysis theorem slip failure mechanism nonlinear programming method
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Quantum Field Theory with a Minimal Length Induced from Noncommutative Space 认领 引用 被引量：3
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作者 林冰生 衡太骅 陈伟 《Communications in Theoretical Physics》 SCIE CAS CSCD 2014年第5期605-610,共6页
From the inspection of noncommutative quantum mechanics, we obtain an approximate equivalent relation for the energy dependence of the Planck constant in the noncommutative space, which means a minimal length of the s... From the inspection of noncommutative quantum mechanics, we obtain an approximate equivalent relation for the energy dependence of the Planck constant in the noncommutative space, which means a minimal length of the space. We find that this relation is reasonable and it can inherit the main properties of the noncommutative space.Based on this relation, we derive the modified Klein–Gordon equation and Dirac equation. We investigate the scalar field and φ4model and then quantum electrodynamics in our theory, and derive the corresponding Feynman rules. These results may be considered as reasonable approximations to those of noncommutative quantum field theory. Our theory also shows a connection between the space with a minimal length and the noncommutative space. 展开更多
关键词 noncommutative space minimal length quantum field theory
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Self-consistent field theory of adsorption of flexible polyelectrolytes onto an oppositely charged sphere 认领 引用 被引量：2
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作者 童朝阳 诸跃进 童朝晖 《Chinese Physics B》 SCIE EI CAS CSCD 2014年第3期577-582,共6页
The adsorption of flexible polyelectrolyte （PE） with the smeared charge distribution onto an oppositely charged sphere immersed in a PE solution is studied numerically with the continuum self-consistent field theory... The adsorption of flexible polyelectrolyte （PE） with the smeared charge distribution onto an oppositely charged sphere immersed in a PE solution is studied numerically with the continuum self-consistent field theory. The power law scaling relationships between the boundary layer thickness and the surface charge density and the charge fraction of PE chains revealed in the study are in good agreement with the existing analytical result. The curvature effect on the degree of charge compensation of the total amount of charges on the adsorbed PE chains over the surface charges is examined, and a clear understanding of it based on the dependences of the degree of charge compensation on the surface charge density and the charge fraction of PE chains is established. 展开更多
关键词 polyelectrolyte adsorption self-consistent field theory
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Improved routing strategy based on gravitational field theory 认领 引用 被引量：3
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作者 宋海权 郭进 《Chinese Physics B》 SCIE EI CAS CSCD 2015年第10期651-658,共8页
Routing and path selection are crucial for many communication and logistic applications. We study the interaction between nodes and packets and establish a simple model for describing the attraction of the node to the... Routing and path selection are crucial for many communication and logistic applications. We study the interaction between nodes and packets and establish a simple model for describing the attraction of the node to the packet in transmission process by using the gravitational field theory, considering the real and potential congestion of the nodes. On the basis of this model, we propose a gravitational field routing strategy that considers the attractions of all of the nodes on the travel path to the packet. In order to illustrate the efficiency of proposed routing algorithm, we introduce the order parameter to measure the throughput of the network by the critical value of phase transition from a free flow phase to a congested phase,and study the distribution of betweenness centrality and traffic jam. Simulations show that, compared with the shortest path routing strategy, the gravitational field routing strategy considerably enhances the throughput of the network and balances the traffic load, and nearly all of the nodes are used efficiently. 展开更多
关键词 complex network network transport routing strategy gravitational field theory congestion
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Application of self-consistent field theory to self-assembled bilayer membranes 认领 引用 被引量：3
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作者 张平文 史安昌 《Chinese Physics B》 SCIE EI CAS CSCD 2015年第12期45-52,共8页
Bilayer membranes self-assembled from amphiphilic molecules such as lipids, surfactants, and block copolymers are ubiquitous in biological and physiochemical systems. The shape and structure of bilayer membranes depen... Bilayer membranes self-assembled from amphiphilic molecules such as lipids, surfactants, and block copolymers are ubiquitous in biological and physiochemical systems. The shape and structure of bilayer membranes depend crucially on their mechanical properties such as surface tension, bending moduli, and line tension. Understanding how the molecular properties of the amphiphiles determine the structure and mechanics of the self-assembled bilayers requires a molecularly detailed theoretical framework. The self-consistent field theory provides such a theoretical framework, which is capable of accurately predicting the mechanical parameters of self-assembled bilayer membranes. In this mini review we summarize the formulation of the self-consistent field theory, as exemplified by a model system composed of flexible amphiphilic chains dissolved in hydrophilic polymeric solvents, and its application to the study of self-assembled bilayer membranes. 展开更多
关键词 amphiphilic molecules bilayer membranes elastic moduli self-consistent field theory
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Quantum Corrections on Relativistic Mean Field Theory for Nuclear Matter 认领 引用 被引量：3
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作者 张启仁 高春媛 《Communications in Theoretical Physics》 SCIE CAS CSCD 2011年第5期765-770,共6页
We propose a quantization procedure for the nucleon-scMar meson system, in which an arbitrary mean scalar meson field Ф is introduced. The equivalence of this procedure with the usual one is proven for any given valu... We propose a quantization procedure for the nucleon-scMar meson system, in which an arbitrary mean scalar meson field Ф is introduced. The equivalence of this procedure with the usual one is proven for any given value of qS. By use of this procedure, the scalar meson field in the Walecka＇s MFA and in Chin＇s RHA are quantized around the mean field, Its corrections on these theories are considered by perturbation up to the second order. The arbitrariness of Ф makes us free to fix it at any stage in the calculation. When we fix it in the way of Walecka＇s MFA, the quantum corrections are big, and the result does not converge. When we fix it in the way of Chin＇s RHA, the quantum correction is negligibly small, and the convergence is excellent. It shows that RHA covers the leading part of quantum field theory for nuclear systems and is an excellent zeroth order approximation for further quantum corrections, while the Walecka＇s MFA does not. We suggest to fix the parameter Ф at the end of the whole calculation by minimizing the total energy per-nucleon for the nuclear matter or the total energy for the finite nucleus, to make the quantized relativistic mean field theory （QRMFT） a variational method. 展开更多
关键词 relativistic mean field theory quantum corrections quantization around a classical value
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Octupole Deformations of Even-Even Rn, Th, and U Nuclei in Relativistic Mean Field Theory 认领 引用 被引量：1
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作者 王楠 孟杰 赵恩广 《Communications in Theoretical Physics》 SCIE CAS 2010年第6期1145-1148,共4页
The octupole deformations and other ground state properties of even-even Rn, Th and U isotopes are investigated systematically within the framework of the reflection asymmetric relativistic mean field （RAS-RMF） mode... The octupole deformations and other ground state properties of even-even Rn, Th and U isotopes are investigated systematically within the framework of the reflection asymmetric relativistic mean field （RAS-RMF） model. The calculation results reproduce the binding energies and the quadrupole deformations well. The calculation results indicate these nuclei at ground states evolve from neaxly-spherical （N = 130） shape to quadrupole deformation shape with the increase of the neutron number. It is also found that among the Rn isotopes, only^222,224 Rn axe oetupole deformed and the octupole deformations for them are small. However, more nuclei （N ≌ 134 148） in Th and U isotopes are octupole deformed and the octupole deformations for some of them are significant （｜β3｜- 0.1 or even larger）. 展开更多
关键词 binding energy nuclear deformation relativistic mean field theory
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ELECTRICALLY CHARGED SOLITONS IN GAUGE FIELD THEORY 认领 引用 被引量：3
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作者 杨亦松 《Acta Mathematica Scientia》 SCIE 2010年第6期1975-2005,共31页
Monopoles and vortices are well known magnetically charged soliton solutions of gauge field equations. Extending the idea of Dirac on monopoles, Schwinger pioneered the concept of solitons carrying both electric and m... Monopoles and vortices are well known magnetically charged soliton solutions of gauge field equations. Extending the idea of Dirac on monopoles, Schwinger pioneered the concept of solitons carrying both electric and magnetic charges, called dyons, which are useful in modeling elementary particles. Mathematically, the existence of dyons presents interesting variational partial differential equation problems, subject to topological constraints. This article is a survey on recent progress in the study of dyons. 展开更多
关键词 gauge field theory monopoles vortices dyons calculus of variations topological invariants
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On gl(2|2)(2)k Current Superalgebra and Twisted Conformal Field Theory 认领 引用
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作者 DING Xiang-Mao WANG Gui-Dong WANG Shi-Kun 《Communications in Theoretical Physics》 SCIE CAS 2007年第1期69-77,共9页
Motivated by the recently discovered hidden symmetry of the type IIB Green-Schwarz superstring on certain background, the non-semisimple Kac-Moody twisted superalgebra gl（2｜2）（2）k is investigated by means of the ... Motivated by the recently discovered hidden symmetry of the type IIB Green-Schwarz superstring on certain background, the non-semisimple Kac-Moody twisted superalgebra gl（2｜2）（2）k is investigated by means of the vector coherent state method and boson-fermion realization. The free field realization of the twisted current superalgebra at general level k is constructed. The corresponding Conformai Field Theory （CFT） has zero central charge. According to the classification theory, this CFT is a nonunitary field theory. After projecting out a U（1） factor and an outer automorphism operator, we get the free field representation of psl（2｜2）（2）k, which is the a/gebra of gl（2｜2）（2）k modulo the Z4-outer automorphism, the CFT has central charge -2. 展开更多
关键词 superalgebra differential operator realization free field realization conformal field theory
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Investigations on Nuclei near Z = 82 in Relativistic Mean Field Theory with FSUGold 认领 引用
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作者 圣宗强 任中洲 《Plasma Science and Technology》 SCIE EI CAS CSCD 2012年第6期534-538,共5页
In this work, the ground-state properties of Pt, Hg, Pb, and Po isotopes have been systematically investigated in the deformed relativistic mean field （RMF） theory with the new parameter set FSUGold. The calculated ... In this work, the ground-state properties of Pt, Hg, Pb, and Po isotopes have been systematically investigated in the deformed relativistic mean field （RMF） theory with the new parameter set FSUGold. The calculated results show that FSUGold is as successful as NL3 in reproducing the ground-state binding energies of the nuclei in this region. The calculated two- neutron separation energies, quadrupole deformations, and root-mean-square charge radii are in agreement with the experimental data. The parameter set FSUGold can successfully describe the shell effect of the neutron magic number N = 126 and give smaller neutron skin thicknesses than NL3 for all the nuclei considered. 展开更多
关键词 relativistic mean field theory parameter set FSUGold binding energy deformation
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Perturbative Power Counting,Lowest-Index Operators and Their Renormalization in Standard Model Effective Field Theory 认领 引用
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作者 Yi Liao Xiao-Dong Ma 《Communications in Theoretical Physics》 SCIE CAS CSCD 2018年第3期285-290,共6页
We study two aspects of higher dimensional operators in standard model effective field theory.We first introduce a perturbative power counting rule for the entries in the anomalous dimension matrix of operators with e... We study two aspects of higher dimensional operators in standard model effective field theory.We first introduce a perturbative power counting rule for the entries in the anomalous dimension matrix of operators with equal mass dimension.The power counting is determined by the number of loops and the difference of the indices of the two operators involved,which in turn is defined by assuming that all terms in the standard model Lagrangian have an equal perturbative power.Then we show that the operators with the lowest index are unique at each mass dimension d,i.e.,(H†H)d/2for even d≥4,and(LTεH)C(LTεH)T(H†H)(d-5/2)for odd d≥5.Here H,L are the Higgs and lepton doublet,andε,C the antisymmetric matrix of rank two and the charge conjugation matrix,respectively.The renormalization group running of these operators can be studied separately from other operators of equal mass dimension at the leading order in power counting.We compute their anomalous dimensions at one loop for general d and find that they are enhanced quadratically in d due to combinatorics.We also make connections with classification of operators in terms of their holomorphic and anti-holomorphic weights. 展开更多
关键词 standard model effective field theory renormalization group running power counting
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CONSTRUCTION OF QUANTUM FIELD THEORY OF DISLOCATIONS BASED ON THE NON-RIEMANNIANPLASTICITY 认领 引用
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作者 T.Hasebe Y.Imaida 《Acta Metallurgica Sinica(English Letters)》 EI CAS 1998年第6期405-411,共7页
A new microscopic approach was proposed, which bridges the order gap between the dislocation theory and the crystalline plasticity based on the quantum field theory of dislocations. The Ginzburg-Landau equation was de... A new microscopic approach was proposed, which bridges the order gap between the dislocation theory and the crystalline plasticity based on the quantum field theory of dislocations. The Ginzburg-Landau equation was derived rigorously from the quantized Hamiltonian for a crystal body containing a large number of dislocations, which gives the reaction-diffusion (RD) type differential equations. The RD equation describes periodic patterning shown in PSBs, etc.. relationship between the proposed theory and the concepts appeared in the non-Riemannian plasticity was extensively discussed by introducing the gauge field of dislocations. (Edited author abstract) 15 Refs. 展开更多
关键词 crystalline plasticity field theory Non-Riemannian plasticity,dislocation theory gauge field
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The Complex Field Theory and Mass Formation—An Alternative Model to Higgs Mechanism 认领 引用 被引量：1
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作者 Hossin Abdeldayem 《Journal of Modern Physics》 2023年第5期562-572,共11页
The electromagnetic force, strong nuclear force, weak nuclear force, and gravitational force are the four fundamental forces of nature. The Standard Model (SM) succeeded in combining the first three forces to describe... The electromagnetic force, strong nuclear force, weak nuclear force, and gravitational force are the four fundamental forces of nature. The Standard Model (SM) succeeded in combining the first three forces to describe the most basic building blocks of matter and govern the universe. Despite the model’s great success in resolving many issues in particle physics but still has several setbacks and limitations. The model failed to incorporate the fourth force of gravity. It infers that all fermions and bosons are massless contrary to experimental facts. In addition, the model addresses neither the 95% of the universe’s energy of Dark Matter (DM) and Dark Energy (DE) nor the universe’s expansion. The Complex Field Theory (CFT) identifies DM and DE as complex fields of complex masses and charges that encompasses the whole universe, and pervade all matter. This presumption resolves the issue of failing to detect DM and DE for the last five decades. The theory also presents a model for the universe’s expansion and presumes that every material object carries a fraction of this complex field proportional to its mass. These premises clearly explain the physical nature of the gravitational force and its complex field and pave the way for gravity into the SM. On the other hand, to solve the issue of massless bosons and fermions in the SM, Higgs mechanism introduces a pure and abstractive theoretical model of unimaginable four potentials to generate fictitious bosons as mass donors to fermions and W± and Z bosons. The CFT in this paper introduces, for the first time, a physical explanation to the mystery of the mass formation of particles rather than Higgs’ pure mathematical derivations. The analyses lead to uncovering the mystery of electron-positron production near heavy nuclei and never in a vacuum. In addition, it puts a constraint on Einstein’s mass-energy equation that energy can never be converted to mass without the presence of dense dark matter and cannot be true in a vacuum. Furthermore, CFT provides different perspectives and resolves real-world physics concepts such as the nuclear force, Casimir force, Lamb’s shift, and the anomalous magnetic moment to be published elsewhere. 展开更多
关键词 Quantum Field Theory Complex Field Theory Standard Model Higgs Mechanism Bosons Fermions
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