Sea surface altimetry is critical for ocean dynamics research,including global marine gravity field inversion,sea level change monitoring,and seafloor topography detection,all of which are vital for defense applicatio...Sea surface altimetry is critical for ocean dynamics research,including global marine gravity field inversion,sea level change monitoring,and seafloor topography detection,all of which are vital for defense applications such as submersible navigation and underwater strategic operations.Global Navigation Satellite System Reflectometry(GNSS-R)enables monitoring sea surface height(SSH),but the current accuracy of spaceborne GNSS-R altimetry remains low.One of the key factors affecting its accuracy is the imprecise acquisition of waveform retracking points.To address this issue,this study proposes a Feature-enhanced Multiple base learners Ensemble Retracking Model(FMERM)that inno-vatively combines feature enhancement and ensemble learning.It accurately estimates the retracking points of reflected waveforms based on geometric information.The sea surface height retrieved using FMERM aligns well with the Technical University of Denmark(DTU21)model after tidal correction.The root mean square error(RMSE),mean absolute error(MAE),and Pearson correlation coefficient(PCC)reach 4.281 m,2.480 m,and 0.987,respectively,representing improvements of 59%,66%,and 76%over traditional retracking methods.Furthermore,FMERM maintains good accuracy under different inco-herent integration times(500 ms and 2000 ms),achieving average RMSE,MAE,and PCC of 4.927 m,2.572 m,and 0.984,respectively,demonstrating the FMERM's robustness.The proposed FMERM pro-vides an effective solution to waveform retracking inaccuracy and offers strong support for high-precision spaceborne GNSS-R sea surface altimetry.展开更多
全球导航卫星系统反射测量(global navigation satellite system reflectometry,GNSS-R)技术凭借其全天候、全天时及广域覆盖的优势,实现了高频采样与较高空间分辨率探测,显著提升了对全球地表环境的时空监测能力。详细分析了GNSS-R反...全球导航卫星系统反射测量(global navigation satellite system reflectometry,GNSS-R)技术凭借其全天候、全天时及广域覆盖的优势,实现了高频采样与较高空间分辨率探测,显著提升了对全球地表环境的时空监测能力。详细分析了GNSS-R反射测量技术的国内外发展现状,指出了中国现阶段存在的主要问题,包括空间规划标准不统一、遥感数据管理机制碎片化以及产业应用政策支持不足等。借鉴欧盟Copernicus数据共享机制和美国商业航天发展经验,提出了一套面向中国GNSS-R技术发展的“四位一体”对策建议。该方案涵盖建设国家GNSS-R数据中台、主导GNSS-R国际标准制定、培育星地协同应用生态、推动GNSS-R商业化,旨在为中国GNSS-R技术发展提供系统性解决路径。该对策建议不仅有助于推动中国从GNSS-R技术领先者向规则制定者转型,也为提升中国在全球空间治理体系及相关应用领域的话语权提供了重要参考。展开更多
This paper presents the TDS-1 GNSS reflectometry wind Geophysical Model Function(GMF)response to GPS block types.The observables were extracted from Delay Doppler Maps(DDMs)after taking the receiver antenna gains effe...This paper presents the TDS-1 GNSS reflectometry wind Geophysical Model Function(GMF)response to GPS block types.The observables were extracted from Delay Doppler Maps(DDMs)after taking the receiver antenna gains effects and GNSS-R geometry effects into account.Since the DDM is affected by GPS EffectiveIsotropic Radiated Power(EIRP),we first investigate the sensitivity of observables to the GPS block.Additionally,the observables at high SNRs are more sensitive to wind speed,but the spatial coverage at high signal to noise ratios(SNRs)is lower,while DDMs at low SNRs have the opposite characteristics.To balance the accuracy and spatial coverage,the DDM datasets are divided into two parts:high SNR(>0 dB)and low SNR(>−10 dB and≤0 dB)to develop wind GMF.Then,the influences of GPS block on wind speed retrieval both at high and low SNR is analyzed.Results show that the block types have impacts on wind GMF and the use of a prior GPS block can contribute to a better wind speed retrieval both at high and low SNR.Compared with ASCAT,the Root Mean Square Error(RMSE)value of wind speed retrieval at high and low SNR are 2.19 m/s and 3.13 m/s,respectively,when all TDS data are processed without distinguishing GPS block types.However,if the TDS data are separately processed and used to develop wind GMF through different blocks,both the accuracy and correlation coefficient can be improved to some extent.Finally,the influence of significant height of the swell(Hs)on SNR observables is analyzed,and it is demonstrated that there is no obvious linear or nonlinear relationship between them.展开更多
In this paper,we will conclude the results of Bufeng-1(BF-1)A/B data processing,calibration workflow,and validation of the calibrated sea surface winds,land surface soil moisture,and sea surface height measurements.Si...In this paper,we will conclude the results of Bufeng-1(BF-1)A/B data processing,calibration workflow,and validation of the calibrated sea surface winds,land surface soil moisture,and sea surface height measurements.Since 2019,the BF-1 mission has operated in-orbit for over 4 years.The Earth reflected delay Doppler maps(DDMs)are continuously collected to perform global sea surface and land observations.At the same time,the intermediate frequency(IF)raw data are also obtained for 12 seconds every pass in diagnostic mode.To begin with,a brief description of the spaceborne Global Navigation Satellite System Reflectometry(GNSS-R)technique will be provided in the introduction.Next,we will present the overview of Chinese BF-1 mission and the data specifications used in our research.In the next section,the BF-1 mission-related spaceborne power calibration and validation are presented to show the support to power DDM observable production for sea surface and land surface applications.Then,the status of Chinese Beidou System(BDS)Equivalent Isotropic Radiated Power(EIRP)acquisition programme is then introduced.Furthermore,the latest sea surface height(SSH)measurements results including two modes(group delay and carrier phase)and wind speed derivation based on machine learning(ML)method will be spatial-temporal aligned and validated with auxiliary datasets including Denmark Technology University(DTU)mean sea surface(MSS)products and European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts(ECMWF)ERA5 reanalysis.The previous published results of sea surface winds retrieval under Hurricane conditions and soil moisture retrieval are also reviewed for the BF-1 mission applications.Finally,the conclusion of BF-1 derived results will be discussed to draw out ongoing/future works.展开更多
全球导航卫星系统反射信号遥感技术(global navigation satellite system reflectometry,GNSS-R)地基功率测量应用中,信号接收天线对于背向同极化和各向交叉极化信号的抑制并不理想.为了分析天线方向性对于目标信号相关功率测量的影响,...全球导航卫星系统反射信号遥感技术(global navigation satellite system reflectometry,GNSS-R)地基功率测量应用中,信号接收天线对于背向同极化和各向交叉极化信号的抑制并不理想.为了分析天线方向性对于目标信号相关功率测量的影响,以右旋圆极化(right hand circular polarized,RHCP)直射信号接收天线和左旋圆极化(left hand circular polarized,LHCP)反射信号接收天线为例,建立了实际天线接收信号的相关功率模型,确定了实际信号相关功率的概率分布以及数字特征,在仿真信号相关功率的数字特征的基础上计算了相关功率的相对偏差和离散系数并进行了分析.结果表明:天线方向性的不理想会造成目标信号相关功率测量误差,RHCP天线方向性仅在低卫星高度角范围内对直射目标信号相关功率测量有较大影响,而LHCP天线方向性在整个卫星高度角变化范围内都对反射目标信号相关功率测量有显著影响.展开更多
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.42274119)the National Key Research and Development Program of China(Grant No.2022YFF1400500)+4 种基金the National High-level Talent Program(Grant No.X2023081)the Shandong Provincial Support Program for National High-level Talents(Grant No.IDFA10202024)the Harbin Institute of Technology(Weihai)Young Faculty Development Fund(Engineering and Technology)(Grant No.IDGA10002224)the Henan Province Surveying and Mapping Science and Technology"Double First-Class"Discipline Creation Project(Grant No.BZCG202303)the National Natural Science Foundation of China Regional Innovation and Development Joint Key Fund(Grant No.U25A20783).
摘要Sea surface altimetry is critical for ocean dynamics research,including global marine gravity field inversion,sea level change monitoring,and seafloor topography detection,all of which are vital for defense applications such as submersible navigation and underwater strategic operations.Global Navigation Satellite System Reflectometry(GNSS-R)enables monitoring sea surface height(SSH),but the current accuracy of spaceborne GNSS-R altimetry remains low.One of the key factors affecting its accuracy is the imprecise acquisition of waveform retracking points.To address this issue,this study proposes a Feature-enhanced Multiple base learners Ensemble Retracking Model(FMERM)that inno-vatively combines feature enhancement and ensemble learning.It accurately estimates the retracking points of reflected waveforms based on geometric information.The sea surface height retrieved using FMERM aligns well with the Technical University of Denmark(DTU21)model after tidal correction.The root mean square error(RMSE),mean absolute error(MAE),and Pearson correlation coefficient(PCC)reach 4.281 m,2.480 m,and 0.987,respectively,representing improvements of 59%,66%,and 76%over traditional retracking methods.Furthermore,FMERM maintains good accuracy under different inco-herent integration times(500 ms and 2000 ms),achieving average RMSE,MAE,and PCC of 4.927 m,2.572 m,and 0.984,respectively,demonstrating the FMERM's robustness.The proposed FMERM pro-vides an effective solution to waveform retracking inaccuracy and offers strong support for high-precision spaceborne GNSS-R sea surface altimetry.
摘要全球导航卫星系统反射测量(global navigation satellite system reflectometry,GNSS-R)技术凭借其全天候、全天时及广域覆盖的优势,实现了高频采样与较高空间分辨率探测,显著提升了对全球地表环境的时空监测能力。详细分析了GNSS-R反射测量技术的国内外发展现状,指出了中国现阶段存在的主要问题,包括空间规划标准不统一、遥感数据管理机制碎片化以及产业应用政策支持不足等。借鉴欧盟Copernicus数据共享机制和美国商业航天发展经验,提出了一套面向中国GNSS-R技术发展的“四位一体”对策建议。该方案涵盖建设国家GNSS-R数据中台、主导GNSS-R国际标准制定、培育星地协同应用生态、推动GNSS-R商业化,旨在为中国GNSS-R技术发展提供系统性解决路径。该对策建议不仅有助于推动中国从GNSS-R技术领先者向规则制定者转型,也为提升中国在全球空间治理体系及相关应用领域的话语权提供了重要参考。
基金supported by the Funds for Creative Research Groups of China[Grant no.41721003]the National Natural Science Foundation of China[Grant nos.41825009 and 41774034].
摘要This paper presents the TDS-1 GNSS reflectometry wind Geophysical Model Function(GMF)response to GPS block types.The observables were extracted from Delay Doppler Maps(DDMs)after taking the receiver antenna gains effects and GNSS-R geometry effects into account.Since the DDM is affected by GPS EffectiveIsotropic Radiated Power(EIRP),we first investigate the sensitivity of observables to the GPS block.Additionally,the observables at high SNRs are more sensitive to wind speed,but the spatial coverage at high signal to noise ratios(SNRs)is lower,while DDMs at low SNRs have the opposite characteristics.To balance the accuracy and spatial coverage,the DDM datasets are divided into two parts:high SNR(>0 dB)and low SNR(>−10 dB and≤0 dB)to develop wind GMF.Then,the influences of GPS block on wind speed retrieval both at high and low SNR is analyzed.Results show that the block types have impacts on wind GMF and the use of a prior GPS block can contribute to a better wind speed retrieval both at high and low SNR.Compared with ASCAT,the Root Mean Square Error(RMSE)value of wind speed retrieval at high and low SNR are 2.19 m/s and 3.13 m/s,respectively,when all TDS data are processed without distinguishing GPS block types.However,if the TDS data are separately processed and used to develop wind GMF through different blocks,both the accuracy and correlation coefficient can be improved to some extent.Finally,the influence of significant height of the swell(Hs)on SNR observables is analyzed,and it is demonstrated that there is no obvious linear or nonlinear relationship between them.
基金supported by the ESA&NRSCC Dragon 5 Cooperation[Grant No.58070]the National Natural Science Foundation of China[Grant No.42101409]+2 种基金China Spacesat[Grant No.SK2020014]funded by MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033 with contributions by“European Union Next Generation EU/PRTR”[Grant No.RYC2019-027000-I]is also supported by Spanish National Research Council[Grant No.20215AT007].
摘要In this paper,we will conclude the results of Bufeng-1(BF-1)A/B data processing,calibration workflow,and validation of the calibrated sea surface winds,land surface soil moisture,and sea surface height measurements.Since 2019,the BF-1 mission has operated in-orbit for over 4 years.The Earth reflected delay Doppler maps(DDMs)are continuously collected to perform global sea surface and land observations.At the same time,the intermediate frequency(IF)raw data are also obtained for 12 seconds every pass in diagnostic mode.To begin with,a brief description of the spaceborne Global Navigation Satellite System Reflectometry(GNSS-R)technique will be provided in the introduction.Next,we will present the overview of Chinese BF-1 mission and the data specifications used in our research.In the next section,the BF-1 mission-related spaceborne power calibration and validation are presented to show the support to power DDM observable production for sea surface and land surface applications.Then,the status of Chinese Beidou System(BDS)Equivalent Isotropic Radiated Power(EIRP)acquisition programme is then introduced.Furthermore,the latest sea surface height(SSH)measurements results including two modes(group delay and carrier phase)and wind speed derivation based on machine learning(ML)method will be spatial-temporal aligned and validated with auxiliary datasets including Denmark Technology University(DTU)mean sea surface(MSS)products and European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts(ECMWF)ERA5 reanalysis.The previous published results of sea surface winds retrieval under Hurricane conditions and soil moisture retrieval are also reviewed for the BF-1 mission applications.Finally,the conclusion of BF-1 derived results will be discussed to draw out ongoing/future works.
摘要全球导航卫星系统反射信号遥感技术(global navigation satellite system reflectometry,GNSS-R)地基功率测量应用中,信号接收天线对于背向同极化和各向交叉极化信号的抑制并不理想.为了分析天线方向性对于目标信号相关功率测量的影响,以右旋圆极化(right hand circular polarized,RHCP)直射信号接收天线和左旋圆极化(left hand circular polarized,LHCP)反射信号接收天线为例,建立了实际天线接收信号的相关功率模型,确定了实际信号相关功率的概率分布以及数字特征,在仿真信号相关功率的数字特征的基础上计算了相关功率的相对偏差和离散系数并进行了分析.结果表明:天线方向性的不理想会造成目标信号相关功率测量误差,RHCP天线方向性仅在低卫星高度角范围内对直射目标信号相关功率测量有较大影响,而LHCP天线方向性在整个卫星高度角变化范围内都对反射目标信号相关功率测量有显著影响.