目的:评价尼妥珠单抗联合吉西他滨(nimotuzumab plus gemcitabine,NG)一线治疗局部晚期或转移性K-Ras野生型胰腺癌患者的经济性,为相关卫生决策提供参考。方法:基于一项多中心、随机、开放标签的Ⅲ期临床试验(NCT02395016)数据构建分区...目的:评价尼妥珠单抗联合吉西他滨(nimotuzumab plus gemcitabine,NG)一线治疗局部晚期或转移性K-Ras野生型胰腺癌患者的经济性,为相关卫生决策提供参考。方法:基于一项多中心、随机、开放标签的Ⅲ期临床试验(NCT02395016)数据构建分区生存模型,模拟时限为5年,循环周期为28 d。比较NG方案和吉西他滨(gemcitabine,G)方案一线治疗局部晚期或转移性K-Ras野生型胰腺癌的经济性。以质量调整生命年(quality-adjusted life year,QALY)作为产出指标并计算增量成本-效果比(incremental cost-effectiveness ratio,ICER),采用单因素敏感性分析及概率敏感性分析评价模型参数变化对结果稳健性的影响。结果:基础分析结果显示,相较于G方案,NG方案人均成本增加304806.15元,人均效用增加0.16 QALYs,ICER为1865405.26元/QALY,高于本研究设定的268074.00元/QALY的意愿支付(willingness-to-pay,WTP)阈值。单因素敏感性分析结果表明,尼妥珠单抗的成本、肿瘤稳定状态效用和肿瘤进展状态效用对ICER的影响较大。概率敏感性分析结果显示,在WTP阈值为268074.00元/QALY时,NG方案具有经济性的概率为0。结论:与G方案相比,NG方案作为一线药物治疗局部晚期或转移性K-Ras野生型胰腺癌不具有经济性。展开更多
AIM:To identify and assess mutations in the K-ras and BRAF genes in a cohort of Chinese patients with colorectal cancer (CRC) for their association with various clinicopathological parameters and prognosis.METHODS:Gen...AIM:To identify and assess mutations in the K-ras and BRAF genes in a cohort of Chinese patients with colorectal cancer (CRC) for their association with various clinicopathological parameters and prognosis.METHODS:Genomic DNA was isolated from frozen tissues.Pyrosequencing analysis was conducted to detect mutations in the K-ras (codons 12,13,and 61) and BRAF genes (codon 600).Statistical analysis was carried out using SPSS-15.0 software.RESULTS:Among the 118 colorectal cancer patients,we detected 41 (34.7%) mutations in the K-ras gene.Mutation frequencies at codon 12 and codon 13 were 23.7% (28/118) and 10.2% (12/118),respectively.Only one patient harbored a point mutation at codon 61 (0.8%,1/118).Gender was the only factor that showed an obvious relationship with K-ras gene mutation (female 44.7% vs male 28.2%,P=0.037).Other clinicopathological features,such as age,location of the tumor,tumor differentiation,Tumor,Node and Metastases classification,and the Union for International Cancer Control staging,showed no positive relationship with K-ras gene mutations.No significant correlation was observed between the presence of K-ras mutations (codons 12,13,and 61) and the survival of the patients.BRAF mutations were rare,and only two patients (1.7%) harbored a detectable mutation at codon 600.CONCLUSION:K-ras gene mutation is a common event in our 118 Chinese CRC patients,with an obvious relationship with gender.However,it seems not to be an independent prognostic factor in CRC patients.The BRAF gene is rarely mutated in Chinese CRC patients.展开更多
AIM: We shall construct the small interfering RNA (siRNA) expression cassette (SEC) targeting activated K-ras gene sequence, identify more effective siRNA sequence against K-ras gene in human pancreatic cancer cell li...AIM: We shall construct the small interfering RNA (siRNA) expression cassette (SEC) targeting activated K-ras gene sequence, identify more effective siRNA sequence against K-ras gene in human pancreatic cancer cell line MiaPaCa-2 by SEC and reveal the anti-cancer effects of RNA interference (RNAi) and its therapeutic possibilities. METHODS: Three different sites of SECs were constructed by PCR. K1/siRNA,K2/siRNA and K3/siRNA are located at sites 194,491 and 327, respectively. They were transfected into MiaPaCa-2 cells by liposome to inhibit the expression of activated K-ras. In the interfering groups of sites 194 and 491, we detected the apoptosis in cells by FACS after they were incubated for 48 h, then we tested the alternation of K-ras gene in MiaPaCa-2 cells by RT-PCR immunofluorescence, respectively. RESULTS: Introduction of the Kl/siRNA and K2/siRNA against K-ras into MiaPaCa-2 cells leads to increased apoptosis, and the number of apoptotic cells is increased compared with control cells. The tests of RT-PCR immunofluorescence show the effects of inhibiting expression of activated K-ras gene by RNA interference in the Kl/siRNA and K2/siRNA groups. We also find that the introduction of K3/siRNA has no effect on MiaPaCa-2 cells. CONCLUSION: Kl/siRNA and K2/siRNA can inhibit the expression of activated K-ras but K3/siRNA has no effect, demonstrating that Kl/siRNA and K2/siRNA are effective sequences against K-ras gene and K3/siRNA are not. We conclude that specific siRNA against K-ras expression may be a powerful tool to be used therapeutically against human pancreatic cancer.展开更多
AIM: To disclose geographic differences in genetic changes involved in gallbladder carcinogenesis between two distinct high-incidence areas of Japan and Hungary. METHODS: We examined 42 cases of gallbladder carcinom...AIM: To disclose geographic differences in genetic changes involved in gallbladder carcinogenesis between two distinct high-incidence areas of Japan and Hungary. METHODS: We examined 42 cases of gallbladder carcinoma: 22 Japanese and 20 Hungarian cases, p53 mutations at exons 5 to 8 and K-ras mutations at codon 12 were tested by direct sequencing. Microsatellite instability was determined from fluorescent dye-labeled PCR amplifications of flve-microsatellite markers (BAT-25, BAT-26, D2S123, DSS346, and D17S250). RESULTS: Mutations of p53 were detected in 11 of 22 Japanese cases and 6 of 18 Hungarian cases (11/22 vs 6/18, P = 0.348). Transition at CpG sites was found in none of 11 Japanese cases and 2 of 6 Hungarian cases; the difference was marginally significant (0/11 vs 2/6,P = 0.110). K-ras mutations were detected in only one of the Hungarian cases. Eight of 19 (42.1%) ]apanese cases were MSI-high (presence of novel peaks in more than one of the five loci analyzed), whereas only 1 of 15 (6.7%) Hungarian cases was MSI-high (P = 0.047). CONCLUSION: It appears that the p53 mutations and MSI differ in patients with gallbladder carcinoma between two distinct high-incidence areas. Geographic variation might exist in the process of gallbladder carcinogenesis.展开更多
AIM: To study the value of monitoring K-ras point mutation at codon 12 and telomerase activity in exfoliated cells obtained from pancreatic duct brushings during endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) i...AIM: To study the value of monitoring K-ras point mutation at codon 12 and telomerase activity in exfoliated cells obtained from pancreatic duct brushings during endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) in the diagnosis of pancreatic cancer.METHODS: Exfoliated cells obtained from pancreatic duct brushings during ERCP were examined in 27 patients: 23 with pancreatic cancers, 4 with chronic pancreatitis. K-ras point mutation was detected with the polymerase chain reaction and restriction fragment-length polymorphism(PCR-RFLP). Telomerase activity was detected by PCR and telomeric repeat amplification protocol assay (PCR-TRAP-ELISA).RESULTS: The telomerase activities in 27 patients were measured in 21 exfoliated cell samples obtained from pancreatic duct brushings. D450 value of telomerase activities in pancreatic cancer and chronic pancreatitis were 0.446+0.27 and 0.041+0.0111, respectively. Seventy-seven point eight percent (14/18) of patients with pancreatic cancer and none of the patients with chronic pancreatitis showed telomerase activity in cells collected from pancreatic duct brushings when cutoff value of telomerase activity was set at 2.0. The K-ras gene mutation rate (72.2%) in pancreatic cancer was higher than that in chronic pancreatitis (33.3%) (P<0.05). In considering of both telomerase activities and K-ras point mutation, the total positive rate was 83.3% (15/18), and the specificity was 100%.CONCLUSION: Changes of telomerase activities and K-ras point mutation at codon 12 may be an early event of malignant progression in pancreatic cancer. Detection of telomerase activity and K-ras point mutation at codon 12 may be complementary to each other, and is useful in diagnosis of pancreatic cancer.展开更多
AIM: To examine surgical specimens of pancreas with either chronic pancreatitis or pancreatic cancer in order to study whether ductal hyperplasia and dysplasia in pancreas represent precursor lesions for pancreatic c...AIM: To examine surgical specimens of pancreas with either chronic pancreatitis or pancreatic cancer in order to study whether ductal hyperplasia and dysplasia in pancreas represent precursor lesions for pancreatic cancer. METHODS: We examined expression of Ki-67, CEA, p53, and K-ras, in the surgical specimens of pancreas with adenocarcinomas (n = 11) and chronic pancreatitis (n = 12). Cellular proliferation was assessed by Ki-67 proliferation index using the proliferation marker Ki-67. In specimens with pancreas cancer, we divided pancreas epithelium into normal (n = 7), ductal hyperplasia (n = 3), dysplasia (n = 4), and cancerous lesion (n = 11) after hematoxylin and eosin staining, Ki-67, and CEA immunohistochemical staining. In cases with chronic pancreatitis, the specimen was pathologically examined as in cases with pancreas cancer, and they were also determined as normal (n = 10), ductal hyperplasia (n = 4), or dysplasia (n = 5). p53 and K-ras expression were also studied by immunohistochemical staining. RESULTS: In pancreatic cancer, the Ki-67 index was 3.73±3.58 in normal site, 6.62±4.39 in ductal hyperplasia, 13.47:1:4.02 in dysplasia and 37.03±10.05 in cancer tissue, respectively. Overall, p53 was positive in normal ducts, ductal hyperplasia, dysplasia, and carcinoma cells in 0 of 14 (0%), 0 of 7 (0%), 7 of 9 (78%), and 10 of 11 (91%), respectively, and K-ras was positive in 0 of 8 (0%), 1 of 3 (33%), 4 of 6 (67%), 4 of 5 (80%), respectively. CONCLUSION: Our results favorably support the hypothesis that ductal hyperplasia and dysplasia of the pancreas might be precursor lesions for pancreas cancer. Further evaluation of oncogenes by the molecular study is needed.展开更多
AIM: To investigate the utility of K-ras mutation analysis ofultrasound guided fine-needle aspirate biopsy of pancreaticmasses.METHODS: Sixty-six ultrasound guided fine-needle biopsieswere evaluated by cytology, histo...AIM: To investigate the utility of K-ras mutation analysis ofultrasound guided fine-needle aspirate biopsy of pancreaticmasses.METHODS: Sixty-six ultrasound guided fine-needle biopsieswere evaluated by cytology, histology and k-ras mutation.The mutation at codon 12 of the k-ras oncogene wasdetected by artificial restriction fragment lengthpolymorphisms using Bst NI approach.RESULTS: The presence of malignant cells was reported in40 of 54 pancreatic carcinomas and K-ras mutations weredetected in 45 of the 54 FNABs of pancreatic carcinomas. Thesensitivity of cytology and k-ras mutation were 74 % and 83%, respectively. The speciality of cytology and k-ras mutationwere both 100 %. The sensitivity and speciality of k-ras mutationcombined with cytology were 83 % and 100 %, respectively.CONCLUSION: High diagnostic accuracy with acceptablediscomfort of FNAB make it useful in diagnosis of pancreaticcarcinoma. Ultrasound guided fine-needle biopsy is a safeand feasible method for diagnosing pancreatic cancer.Pancreatic carcinoma has the highest K-ras mutation rateamong all solid tumors. The mutation rate of k-ras is about80-100 %. The usage of mutation of codon 12 of k-rasoncogene combined with cytology is a good alternative forevaluation of pancreatic masses.展开更多
摘要目的:评价尼妥珠单抗联合吉西他滨(nimotuzumab plus gemcitabine,NG)一线治疗局部晚期或转移性K-Ras野生型胰腺癌患者的经济性,为相关卫生决策提供参考。方法:基于一项多中心、随机、开放标签的Ⅲ期临床试验(NCT02395016)数据构建分区生存模型,模拟时限为5年,循环周期为28 d。比较NG方案和吉西他滨(gemcitabine,G)方案一线治疗局部晚期或转移性K-Ras野生型胰腺癌的经济性。以质量调整生命年(quality-adjusted life year,QALY)作为产出指标并计算增量成本-效果比(incremental cost-effectiveness ratio,ICER),采用单因素敏感性分析及概率敏感性分析评价模型参数变化对结果稳健性的影响。结果:基础分析结果显示,相较于G方案,NG方案人均成本增加304806.15元,人均效用增加0.16 QALYs,ICER为1865405.26元/QALY,高于本研究设定的268074.00元/QALY的意愿支付(willingness-to-pay,WTP)阈值。单因素敏感性分析结果表明,尼妥珠单抗的成本、肿瘤稳定状态效用和肿瘤进展状态效用对ICER的影响较大。概率敏感性分析结果显示,在WTP阈值为268074.00元/QALY时,NG方案具有经济性的概率为0。结论:与G方案相比,NG方案作为一线药物治疗局部晚期或转移性K-Ras野生型胰腺癌不具有经济性。
基金Supported by The Department of Education of Zhejiang Province of China,grant No.Y200804314the Zhejiang Provincial Natural Science Foundation,grant No.R2090353+1 种基金the Department of Science and Technology of Zhejiang Province,grant No.2008C33039the Chinese Ministry of Health,grant No.N20100148
摘要AIM:To identify and assess mutations in the K-ras and BRAF genes in a cohort of Chinese patients with colorectal cancer (CRC) for their association with various clinicopathological parameters and prognosis.METHODS:Genomic DNA was isolated from frozen tissues.Pyrosequencing analysis was conducted to detect mutations in the K-ras (codons 12,13,and 61) and BRAF genes (codon 600).Statistical analysis was carried out using SPSS-15.0 software.RESULTS:Among the 118 colorectal cancer patients,we detected 41 (34.7%) mutations in the K-ras gene.Mutation frequencies at codon 12 and codon 13 were 23.7% (28/118) and 10.2% (12/118),respectively.Only one patient harbored a point mutation at codon 61 (0.8%,1/118).Gender was the only factor that showed an obvious relationship with K-ras gene mutation (female 44.7% vs male 28.2%,P=0.037).Other clinicopathological features,such as age,location of the tumor,tumor differentiation,Tumor,Node and Metastases classification,and the Union for International Cancer Control staging,showed no positive relationship with K-ras gene mutations.No significant correlation was observed between the presence of K-ras mutations (codons 12,13,and 61) and the survival of the patients.BRAF mutations were rare,and only two patients (1.7%) harbored a detectable mutation at codon 600.CONCLUSION:K-ras gene mutation is a common event in our 118 Chinese CRC patients,with an obvious relationship with gender.However,it seems not to be an independent prognostic factor in CRC patients.The BRAF gene is rarely mutated in Chinese CRC patients.
摘要AIM: We shall construct the small interfering RNA (siRNA) expression cassette (SEC) targeting activated K-ras gene sequence, identify more effective siRNA sequence against K-ras gene in human pancreatic cancer cell line MiaPaCa-2 by SEC and reveal the anti-cancer effects of RNA interference (RNAi) and its therapeutic possibilities. METHODS: Three different sites of SECs were constructed by PCR. K1/siRNA,K2/siRNA and K3/siRNA are located at sites 194,491 and 327, respectively. They were transfected into MiaPaCa-2 cells by liposome to inhibit the expression of activated K-ras. In the interfering groups of sites 194 and 491, we detected the apoptosis in cells by FACS after they were incubated for 48 h, then we tested the alternation of K-ras gene in MiaPaCa-2 cells by RT-PCR immunofluorescence, respectively. RESULTS: Introduction of the Kl/siRNA and K2/siRNA against K-ras into MiaPaCa-2 cells leads to increased apoptosis, and the number of apoptotic cells is increased compared with control cells. The tests of RT-PCR immunofluorescence show the effects of inhibiting expression of activated K-ras gene by RNA interference in the Kl/siRNA and K2/siRNA groups. We also find that the introduction of K3/siRNA has no effect on MiaPaCa-2 cells. CONCLUSION: Kl/siRNA and K2/siRNA can inhibit the expression of activated K-ras but K3/siRNA has no effect, demonstrating that Kl/siRNA and K2/siRNA are effective sequences against K-ras gene and K3/siRNA are not. We conclude that specific siRNA against K-ras expression may be a powerful tool to be used therapeutically against human pancreatic cancer.
摘要AIM: To disclose geographic differences in genetic changes involved in gallbladder carcinogenesis between two distinct high-incidence areas of Japan and Hungary. METHODS: We examined 42 cases of gallbladder carcinoma: 22 Japanese and 20 Hungarian cases, p53 mutations at exons 5 to 8 and K-ras mutations at codon 12 were tested by direct sequencing. Microsatellite instability was determined from fluorescent dye-labeled PCR amplifications of flve-microsatellite markers (BAT-25, BAT-26, D2S123, DSS346, and D17S250). RESULTS: Mutations of p53 were detected in 11 of 22 Japanese cases and 6 of 18 Hungarian cases (11/22 vs 6/18, P = 0.348). Transition at CpG sites was found in none of 11 Japanese cases and 2 of 6 Hungarian cases; the difference was marginally significant (0/11 vs 2/6,P = 0.110). K-ras mutations were detected in only one of the Hungarian cases. Eight of 19 (42.1%) ]apanese cases were MSI-high (presence of novel peaks in more than one of the five loci analyzed), whereas only 1 of 15 (6.7%) Hungarian cases was MSI-high (P = 0.047). CONCLUSION: It appears that the p53 mutations and MSI differ in patients with gallbladder carcinoma between two distinct high-incidence areas. Geographic variation might exist in the process of gallbladder carcinogenesis.
摘要AIM: To study the value of monitoring K-ras point mutation at codon 12 and telomerase activity in exfoliated cells obtained from pancreatic duct brushings during endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) in the diagnosis of pancreatic cancer.METHODS: Exfoliated cells obtained from pancreatic duct brushings during ERCP were examined in 27 patients: 23 with pancreatic cancers, 4 with chronic pancreatitis. K-ras point mutation was detected with the polymerase chain reaction and restriction fragment-length polymorphism(PCR-RFLP). Telomerase activity was detected by PCR and telomeric repeat amplification protocol assay (PCR-TRAP-ELISA).RESULTS: The telomerase activities in 27 patients were measured in 21 exfoliated cell samples obtained from pancreatic duct brushings. D450 value of telomerase activities in pancreatic cancer and chronic pancreatitis were 0.446+0.27 and 0.041+0.0111, respectively. Seventy-seven point eight percent (14/18) of patients with pancreatic cancer and none of the patients with chronic pancreatitis showed telomerase activity in cells collected from pancreatic duct brushings when cutoff value of telomerase activity was set at 2.0. The K-ras gene mutation rate (72.2%) in pancreatic cancer was higher than that in chronic pancreatitis (33.3%) (P<0.05). In considering of both telomerase activities and K-ras point mutation, the total positive rate was 83.3% (15/18), and the specificity was 100%.CONCLUSION: Changes of telomerase activities and K-ras point mutation at codon 12 may be an early event of malignant progression in pancreatic cancer. Detection of telomerase activity and K-ras point mutation at codon 12 may be complementary to each other, and is useful in diagnosis of pancreatic cancer.
基金Supported by the Inha University Research Grant 2005
摘要AIM: To examine surgical specimens of pancreas with either chronic pancreatitis or pancreatic cancer in order to study whether ductal hyperplasia and dysplasia in pancreas represent precursor lesions for pancreatic cancer. METHODS: We examined expression of Ki-67, CEA, p53, and K-ras, in the surgical specimens of pancreas with adenocarcinomas (n = 11) and chronic pancreatitis (n = 12). Cellular proliferation was assessed by Ki-67 proliferation index using the proliferation marker Ki-67. In specimens with pancreas cancer, we divided pancreas epithelium into normal (n = 7), ductal hyperplasia (n = 3), dysplasia (n = 4), and cancerous lesion (n = 11) after hematoxylin and eosin staining, Ki-67, and CEA immunohistochemical staining. In cases with chronic pancreatitis, the specimen was pathologically examined as in cases with pancreas cancer, and they were also determined as normal (n = 10), ductal hyperplasia (n = 4), or dysplasia (n = 5). p53 and K-ras expression were also studied by immunohistochemical staining. RESULTS: In pancreatic cancer, the Ki-67 index was 3.73±3.58 in normal site, 6.62±4.39 in ductal hyperplasia, 13.47:1:4.02 in dysplasia and 37.03±10.05 in cancer tissue, respectively. Overall, p53 was positive in normal ducts, ductal hyperplasia, dysplasia, and carcinoma cells in 0 of 14 (0%), 0 of 7 (0%), 7 of 9 (78%), and 10 of 11 (91%), respectively, and K-ras was positive in 0 of 8 (0%), 1 of 3 (33%), 4 of 6 (67%), 4 of 5 (80%), respectively. CONCLUSION: Our results favorably support the hypothesis that ductal hyperplasia and dysplasia of the pancreas might be precursor lesions for pancreas cancer. Further evaluation of oncogenes by the molecular study is needed.
基金Natural Scientific Foundation of Heilongjiang Province, No.97024
摘要AIM: To investigate the utility of K-ras mutation analysis ofultrasound guided fine-needle aspirate biopsy of pancreaticmasses.METHODS: Sixty-six ultrasound guided fine-needle biopsieswere evaluated by cytology, histology and k-ras mutation.The mutation at codon 12 of the k-ras oncogene wasdetected by artificial restriction fragment lengthpolymorphisms using Bst NI approach.RESULTS: The presence of malignant cells was reported in40 of 54 pancreatic carcinomas and K-ras mutations weredetected in 45 of the 54 FNABs of pancreatic carcinomas. Thesensitivity of cytology and k-ras mutation were 74 % and 83%, respectively. The speciality of cytology and k-ras mutationwere both 100 %. The sensitivity and speciality of k-ras mutationcombined with cytology were 83 % and 100 %, respectively.CONCLUSION: High diagnostic accuracy with acceptablediscomfort of FNAB make it useful in diagnosis of pancreaticcarcinoma. Ultrasound guided fine-needle biopsy is a safeand feasible method for diagnosing pancreatic cancer.Pancreatic carcinoma has the highest K-ras mutation rateamong all solid tumors. The mutation rate of k-ras is about80-100 %. The usage of mutation of codon 12 of k-rasoncogene combined with cytology is a good alternative forevaluation of pancreatic masses.