With its growth in spacecraft control applications,the microcontroller(MCU)becomes increasingly sensitive to radiation and the risks of system failure.In a radiation environment,the MCU is vulnerable to impacts from h...With its growth in spacecraft control applications,the microcontroller(MCU)becomes increasingly sensitive to radiation and the risks of system failure.In a radiation environment,the MCU is vulnerable to impacts from high-energy particles,which can lead to single-event effect(SEE)that disrupt normal system operations.The pipeline of MCU,being the core structure of the system,is particularly susceptible to single-event upset(SEU)and potentially causes execution failures.However,existing radiation-hardening techniques offer limited effectiveness for pipelines.To enhance SEU resistance,this study focused on a 32-bit MCU core with eight pipeline stages,proposing a pipeline hardening approach that utilizes lockstep technology to improve fault tolerance.Signals from two processors were compared including register write data,register contents and pre-fetched instructions.Any discrepancies triggered error flags to indicate faults.When an error flag was raised,recovery was initiated through an interrupt.The interrupt handler then retrieved state information from the advanced peripheral bus(APB)slave module to restore the CPU's operational state and resume execution.By combining hardware-based state preservation with software-driven error recovery,the proposed solution demonstrated significant improvements in fault tolerance rates and performance compared to traditional checkpoint-based techniques.After completing the pipeline hardening design,a fault injection platform was utilized in this paper to simulate real-world error conditions on internal processor modules.The platform was developed based on the circuit's register-transfer-level(RTL)design and statistical results.The fault injection platform was performed by automatically finding all registers within the target design.The register values were forced to upset at the tens of nanoseconds scale in the RTL description of the circuit's design.After running the circuit's functional simulation,the statistics of the faults in registers were displayed on the platform,which evaluated the influence of SEU.The vulnerability of SEU in the circuit could be observed from the results of the soft error statistics.The post-hardening soft error rates were then measured and compared to pre-hardening data,providing a quantitative evaluation of the improvements.Using this method,the soft error rates of the modules in the MCU core such as PFU,DPU,and Cache AXIM are 40.07%,26.36%,and 27.29%respectively before hardening.The soft error rates of modules mentioned above are reduced to 0%,0.69%,and 1.11%after hardening.The hardened and non-hardened designs of the entire core were implemented in FPGA.The total resource utilization of the triple mode redundancy(TMR)is 111984,as indicated by the number of look-up tables(LUTs)and registers consumed in the FPGA.The total resource utilization of this work is 78034,and the ratio of resource utilization between this work and TMR is approximately 69.68%.The error recovery time for the hardened MCU processor was analyzed using the completion cycles of a bubble sort algorithm as a benchmark.In this paper,the average recovery cycle using the software checkpoint roll-back method is 36479.06,and the average recovery cycle using this work is 26922.5.The ratio of recovery cycles between this work and checkpoint roll-back is about 73.8%.Assessments through random fault injection and FPGA implementation indicate that this approach effectively reduces processor faults caused by soft errors while optimizing resource utilization and efficiency over triplemodular redundancy.展开更多
A traditional air blast sprayer typically relies on an additional operator to manage the positioning of the spray delivery pipe.To eliminate the need for a second operator,a microcontroller-based embedded system was d...A traditional air blast sprayer typically relies on an additional operator to manage the positioning of the spray delivery pipe.To eliminate the need for a second operator,a microcontroller-based embedded system was developed and tested under laboratory conditions using a specialized setup.This system consisted of several components:a spray delivery pipe controller to regulate and rotate the spray delivery pipe based on signals received from the microcontroller,a signal generator to create signals by adjusting the lever via potentiometer R1 to specify the desired position of the spray delivery pipe,a mechanical position indicator to display the required or set location of the pipe and a microcontroller-based embedded system to process the signals generated by the signal generator and compare them with the current location signal.The embedded system then outputs a signal,which,when received by the motor,determines the angle and direction of rotation for the spray delivery pipe.This rotation is facilitated by the motor's command to rotate the ring gear through the rotation of the pinion gear,ultimately controlling the movement of the spray delivery pipe.The evaluation findings indicated that the developed system requires 36.48 s to execute a full rotation of the spray delivery pipe,with an angle error ranging from 0 to 2 degrees.Overall,the developed embedded system holds the potential to eliminate the need for a second operator,offering convenient management and control of the spray delivery pipe.展开更多
By describing the technique of port connection and flow chart ofR/W operation between 24LC01, serial E2PROM, and EM78P447A, features of EM78P447 and its connection with I2C serial bus are introduced. In the end, the p...By describing the technique of port connection and flow chart ofR/W operation between 24LC01, serial E2PROM, and EM78P447A, features of EM78P447 and its connection with I2C serial bus are introduced. In the end, the programe of writing operation is given.展开更多
To promote the modeling standardization process of the integrated circuits, an improved electrical simulation model for a direct power injection (DPI) setup which was used to measure the conducted immunity of a 16-b...To promote the modeling standardization process of the integrated circuits, an improved electrical simulation model for a direct power injection (DPI) setup which was used to measure the conducted immunity of a 16-bit microcontroller to radio frequency aggression was investigated. Based on the existing model of the same microcontroller, the PDN module was modified by adding the core, PLL and MD network models, which could reflect the actual electric distribution situation within the microcontroller more accurately. By comparing the simulation results with the measurement results, the effectiveness of the modified model can be improved to 500 MHz, and its uncertainty is within +1.8 dB (+2 dB is acceptable). Then, to improve the simulation accuracy of the complete model in the high frequency range, the I/O model which contained the dynamic and nonlinear characteristics reflecting the variation of the internal impedance of the microcontroller with increasing the frequency of the external noise was introduced. By comparing the simulation results with the measurement results, the effectiveness of the second modified model can be improved up to 1.4 GHz with the uncertainty of ~1.8 dB. Thus, a conclusion can be reached that the proposed model can be applied to a much wider frequency range with a smaller uncertainty than the latest model of the similar type. Furthermore, associated with the electromagnetic emission testing platform model, the PDN module can also be used to predict the electromagnetic conducted and radiated emission characteristics. This modeling method can also be applied to other integrated circuits, which is very helpful to the standardization of the IC electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) modeling process.展开更多
Redundancy control can effectively enhance the stability and robustness of a system.Based on the conventional redundancy control switchover and majority arbitration strategy,this paper introduces the concept of hetero...Redundancy control can effectively enhance the stability and robustness of a system.Based on the conventional redundancy control switchover and majority arbitration strategy,this paper introduces the concept of heterogeneity and dynamics,constructs a dynamic heterogeneous redundancy-based microcontroller architecture DHR-MCU,and designs a fixed-leader distributed consensus algorithm that satisfies the program running state control of this architecture.The theoretical analysis and actual measurement of the prototype system prove that this architecture has good anti-attack and self-recovery capabilities under normal functions and performances and meets the general robust features in terms of safety and security.展开更多
This paper presents the experimental results of a combined irradiation environment of neutron and gamma rays on 80C196KC20, which is a 16-bit high performance member of the MCS96 microcontroller family. The electrical...This paper presents the experimental results of a combined irradiation environment of neutron and gamma rays on 80C196KC20, which is a 16-bit high performance member of the MCS96 microcontroller family. The electrical and functional tests were made in three irradiation environments: neutron, gamma rays, combined irradiation of neutron and gamma rays. The experimental results show that the neutron irradiation can affect the total ionizing dose behaviour. Compared with the single radiation environment, the microcontroller exhibits considerably more severe degradation in neutron and gamma ray synergistic irradiation. This phenomenon may cause a significant hardness assurance problem.展开更多
摘要With its growth in spacecraft control applications,the microcontroller(MCU)becomes increasingly sensitive to radiation and the risks of system failure.In a radiation environment,the MCU is vulnerable to impacts from high-energy particles,which can lead to single-event effect(SEE)that disrupt normal system operations.The pipeline of MCU,being the core structure of the system,is particularly susceptible to single-event upset(SEU)and potentially causes execution failures.However,existing radiation-hardening techniques offer limited effectiveness for pipelines.To enhance SEU resistance,this study focused on a 32-bit MCU core with eight pipeline stages,proposing a pipeline hardening approach that utilizes lockstep technology to improve fault tolerance.Signals from two processors were compared including register write data,register contents and pre-fetched instructions.Any discrepancies triggered error flags to indicate faults.When an error flag was raised,recovery was initiated through an interrupt.The interrupt handler then retrieved state information from the advanced peripheral bus(APB)slave module to restore the CPU's operational state and resume execution.By combining hardware-based state preservation with software-driven error recovery,the proposed solution demonstrated significant improvements in fault tolerance rates and performance compared to traditional checkpoint-based techniques.After completing the pipeline hardening design,a fault injection platform was utilized in this paper to simulate real-world error conditions on internal processor modules.The platform was developed based on the circuit's register-transfer-level(RTL)design and statistical results.The fault injection platform was performed by automatically finding all registers within the target design.The register values were forced to upset at the tens of nanoseconds scale in the RTL description of the circuit's design.After running the circuit's functional simulation,the statistics of the faults in registers were displayed on the platform,which evaluated the influence of SEU.The vulnerability of SEU in the circuit could be observed from the results of the soft error statistics.The post-hardening soft error rates were then measured and compared to pre-hardening data,providing a quantitative evaluation of the improvements.Using this method,the soft error rates of the modules in the MCU core such as PFU,DPU,and Cache AXIM are 40.07%,26.36%,and 27.29%respectively before hardening.The soft error rates of modules mentioned above are reduced to 0%,0.69%,and 1.11%after hardening.The hardened and non-hardened designs of the entire core were implemented in FPGA.The total resource utilization of the triple mode redundancy(TMR)is 111984,as indicated by the number of look-up tables(LUTs)and registers consumed in the FPGA.The total resource utilization of this work is 78034,and the ratio of resource utilization between this work and TMR is approximately 69.68%.The error recovery time for the hardened MCU processor was analyzed using the completion cycles of a bubble sort algorithm as a benchmark.In this paper,the average recovery cycle using the software checkpoint roll-back method is 36479.06,and the average recovery cycle using this work is 26922.5.The ratio of recovery cycles between this work and checkpoint roll-back is about 73.8%.Assessments through random fault injection and FPGA implementation indicate that this approach effectively reduces processor faults caused by soft errors while optimizing resource utilization and efficiency over triplemodular redundancy.
摘要A traditional air blast sprayer typically relies on an additional operator to manage the positioning of the spray delivery pipe.To eliminate the need for a second operator,a microcontroller-based embedded system was developed and tested under laboratory conditions using a specialized setup.This system consisted of several components:a spray delivery pipe controller to regulate and rotate the spray delivery pipe based on signals received from the microcontroller,a signal generator to create signals by adjusting the lever via potentiometer R1 to specify the desired position of the spray delivery pipe,a mechanical position indicator to display the required or set location of the pipe and a microcontroller-based embedded system to process the signals generated by the signal generator and compare them with the current location signal.The embedded system then outputs a signal,which,when received by the motor,determines the angle and direction of rotation for the spray delivery pipe.This rotation is facilitated by the motor's command to rotate the ring gear through the rotation of the pinion gear,ultimately controlling the movement of the spray delivery pipe.The evaluation findings indicated that the developed system requires 36.48 s to execute a full rotation of the spray delivery pipe,with an angle error ranging from 0 to 2 degrees.Overall,the developed embedded system holds the potential to eliminate the need for a second operator,offering convenient management and control of the spray delivery pipe.
基金Research on Electromagnetic Scatter Character of very Complicate Object(69571021)
摘要By describing the technique of port connection and flow chart ofR/W operation between 24LC01, serial E2PROM, and EM78P447A, features of EM78P447 and its connection with I2C serial bus are introduced. In the end, the programe of writing operation is given.
基金Project(2007dfa71250) supported by the International Science and Technology Cooperative Program of ChinaProject(20062250) supported by the Doctor Fund of North China Electric Power University, China
摘要To promote the modeling standardization process of the integrated circuits, an improved electrical simulation model for a direct power injection (DPI) setup which was used to measure the conducted immunity of a 16-bit microcontroller to radio frequency aggression was investigated. Based on the existing model of the same microcontroller, the PDN module was modified by adding the core, PLL and MD network models, which could reflect the actual electric distribution situation within the microcontroller more accurately. By comparing the simulation results with the measurement results, the effectiveness of the modified model can be improved to 500 MHz, and its uncertainty is within +1.8 dB (+2 dB is acceptable). Then, to improve the simulation accuracy of the complete model in the high frequency range, the I/O model which contained the dynamic and nonlinear characteristics reflecting the variation of the internal impedance of the microcontroller with increasing the frequency of the external noise was introduced. By comparing the simulation results with the measurement results, the effectiveness of the second modified model can be improved up to 1.4 GHz with the uncertainty of ~1.8 dB. Thus, a conclusion can be reached that the proposed model can be applied to a much wider frequency range with a smaller uncertainty than the latest model of the similar type. Furthermore, associated with the electromagnetic emission testing platform model, the PDN module can also be used to predict the electromagnetic conducted and radiated emission characteristics. This modeling method can also be applied to other integrated circuits, which is very helpful to the standardization of the IC electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) modeling process.
摘要Redundancy control can effectively enhance the stability and robustness of a system.Based on the conventional redundancy control switchover and majority arbitration strategy,this paper introduces the concept of heterogeneity and dynamics,constructs a dynamic heterogeneous redundancy-based microcontroller architecture DHR-MCU,and designs a fixed-leader distributed consensus algorithm that satisfies the program running state control of this architecture.The theoretical analysis and actual measurement of the prototype system prove that this architecture has good anti-attack and self-recovery capabilities under normal functions and performances and meets the general robust features in terms of safety and security.
摘要This paper presents the experimental results of a combined irradiation environment of neutron and gamma rays on 80C196KC20, which is a 16-bit high performance member of the MCS96 microcontroller family. The electrical and functional tests were made in three irradiation environments: neutron, gamma rays, combined irradiation of neutron and gamma rays. The experimental results show that the neutron irradiation can affect the total ionizing dose behaviour. Compared with the single radiation environment, the microcontroller exhibits considerably more severe degradation in neutron and gamma ray synergistic irradiation. This phenomenon may cause a significant hardness assurance problem.