Hard tissue repair materials that balance high strength with low modulus are highly promising,representing a transformative focus in applied biomaterials research.In this study,Ti-Nb alloys with high performance are p...Hard tissue repair materials that balance high strength with low modulus are highly promising,representing a transformative focus in applied biomaterials research.In this study,Ti-Nb alloys with high performance are prepared by a low-cost process for orthopedic applications.Phase composition,modulus,compressive strength and recovery properties are effectively manipulated by tailoring trace amounts of interstitial oxygen.With increasing oxygen concentration in sintered Ti-Nb alloys,theβ(body centered cubic)phase was stabilized due to the lattice distortion.The elastic modulus declined from 91 to 24 GPa.The compressive strength slightly decreased from 1595 to 1404 MPa and yield strength increased from 760 to 904 MPa.Additionally,the recovery properties were enhanced by the interstitial oxygen as a shape memory alloy.The utilization of trace oxygen serves to modulate the thermoelastic martensitic transformation in Ti-Nb alloys,thereby obtaining appropriate mechanical properties.A notable reduction in modulus is achieved while maintaining high strength,which facilitates the development of orthopedic implants capable of withstanding more complex forces.展开更多
The elastic modulus of rock mass is a fundamental parameter for the surrounding rock stability analysis and the support scheme design.The traditional testing methods are mainly conducted through indoor experiments,whi...The elastic modulus of rock mass is a fundamental parameter for the surrounding rock stability analysis and the support scheme design.The traditional testing methods are mainly conducted through indoor experiments,which require further research for in-situ testing of rock mass elastic modulus.This article conducts multi-type rock mass digital drilling experiments based on the intelligent rotary cutting testing system for rock masses.The response law of drilling parameters to elastic modulus has been clarified.And a rock rotational ratio energy that integrates four types of drilling parameters is proposed.The rock elastic modulus prediction models(RD-Ei models)are established.The experimental results show that the average testing errors of the model based on drilling pressure,drilling torque,and rotational ratio energy are 21.04%,18.84%,and 6.44%,respectively.On this basis,the intelligent drilling explore system of geology is used to carry out rock drilling experiments.The identification of rock interfaces and testing of elastic modulus can be achieved.This study lays a theoretical foundation for real-time quantitative measurement of the surrounding rock elastic modulus on site.展开更多
In the natural environment,the soil structure can be weakened by temperature fluctuations and climatic changes.Nevertheless,the dynamic behavior of expansive soils,especially those with high swelling and pronounced fi...In the natural environment,the soil structure can be weakened by temperature fluctuations and climatic changes.Nevertheless,the dynamic behavior of expansive soils,especially those with high swelling and pronounced fissure properties,subjected to wetting-drying-freeze-thaw(WDFT)cycles has been rarely investigated.Undisturbed and remolded samples,made of Xinjiang’s highly expansive soils,were evaluated in this study through comprehensive resonant column tests conducted at several confining pressures and WDFT cycles.A typical hyperbolic model demonstrated the decay law of shear modulus with strain.An estimated model of the maximum shear modulus,incorporating the two factors,was developed,and it was found to be in good agreement with the measurement results.The results reveal that strain,WDFT cycle,and confining pressure have qualitatively uniform effects on the shear modulus of natural soils containing fissures and recompacted samples.However,the maximum shear modulus of the undisturbed samples is lower by 0.83–13.24 MPa due to the presence of initial fissures,except for the confining pressure of 400 kPa.Also,their responses to confining pressure are more significant,with the shear modulus increased by up to 20%–124%relative to that at 25 kPa.Furthermore,the relative difference in the shear modulus(up to about 60%)between the two samples tested under low confining pressure conditions deserves special attentions.The quantitative differences in shear modulus and cumulative damage effect of the tested samples are attributed to the initial fabric and microstructural evolution,as observed by Scanning Electron Microscope(SEM).This research enriches the theoretical framework for analyzing the ability of soils to resist shear deformation under small strain,which is instructive for disaster prevention and mitigation in expansive soil regions,considering the effects of climate change.展开更多
This study proposes to use the unconfined compressive strength(UCS)and the bender element(BE)tests for determining the strength and the initial small-strain shear modulus of Bangkok soft marine clay improved by cement...This study proposes to use the unconfined compressive strength(UCS)and the bender element(BE)tests for determining the strength and the initial small-strain shear modulus of Bangkok soft marine clay improved by cement and polyester fibers.This study varies the content of admixed cement(1%–20%)and polyester fibers(0–20%),including the curing time(3–28 d)for preparing 360 samples.Moreover,this study uses the Michaelis-Menten kinetics concept to model cement hydration saturation.From the study,it is concluded as follows.The modelled results reveals that at least 10%cement and 1%polyester fiber are recommended to attain the 28-d UCS standards(294 kPa)for highway subgrade materials in Thailand.This also fulfils sustainable construction due to reducing normal-use cement from 20%to 10%.Unfortunately,the addition of polyester fibers into the Bangkok clay with at least 5%cement reduces shear modulus by 1.12–1.32 times.The Abram's relationship between shear modulus and the mixing-water-to-cement ratio is found time-dependent.From the composite theory,the BE detects the polyester fiber zone as a defect in the Bangkok clay(matrix)with 5%–20%cement.So,the 28-d shear modulus in the polyester fiber zone is negative(up to0.034 MPa for 20%fiber),similar to softening phenomenon in concrete cracking(negative stiffness).For the 28-d shear modulus of fiber zone,the optimum cement content is around 2%for the positive influences of polyester fibers.Experimentally,the timedependent normalized UCS for 10%and 20%cement is compatible with other studies,and its development rate increases with the cement content as 0.3017,0.3172 and 0.3204 for 5%,10%and 20%cement,respectively.The 28-d relationship between shear modulus and UCS shows that low-cement soft clay requires high polyester fiber content(5%–20%)to activate UCS improvement.However,the soft clay with enough cement(20%)causes the uniformly distributed UCS improvement.展开更多
The resilient modulus(MR)is a key mechanical parameter in geotechnical engineering,but conventional laboratory measurement is time-consuming and labor-intensive.Deep learning models provide an alternative for predicti...The resilient modulus(MR)is a key mechanical parameter in geotechnical engineering,but conventional laboratory measurement is time-consuming and labor-intensive.Deep learning models provide an alternative for predicting MR using easily obtainable soil properties,yet their performance is often limited by the small size of available datasets.To address this limitation,this study develops an interpretable data-enhanced deep learning framework for MR prediction.In the proposed framework,a multilayer perceptron(MLP)is adopted as the base prediction model,a generative adversarial network(GAN)is used to generate synthetic samples from the limited training data,Optuna is employed for hyperparameter optimization,and Shapley Additive Explanations(SHAP)are adopted to interpret the trained model.Random Forest(RF)and extreme gradient boosting(XGBoost)models optimized by Optuna are also introduced for performance comparison.The results show that the GAN-generated samples are generally consistent with the original data in terms of distribution characteristics and correlation patterns.Compared with the Optuna-MLP model without GAN-based data augmentation,the proposed GAN-Optuna-MLP model improves the testing R²from 0.87 to 0.93,reduces the mean absolute error(MAE)from 3.62 to 2.72 MPa,and decreases the mean absolute percentage error(MAPE)from 7.61%to 5.70%.The proposed model also achieves comparable performance to the optimized RF and XGBoost models,with slightly lower error-based indicators.In addition,SHAP analysis identifies cone tip resistance as the most influential variable for MR prediction.These findings suggest that the integration of data augmentation,automated optimization,and interpretability analysis offers a practical solution for small-sample soil property prediction.展开更多
Enhancing the low modulus and absolute strength of Mg-Li alloys remains a key research focus.This study employed an in situ-synthesis strategy to incorporate high-modulus phases,such as Mg2Si,achieving a synergisti...Enhancing the low modulus and absolute strength of Mg-Li alloys remains a key research focus.This study employed an in situ-synthesis strategy to incorporate high-modulus phases,such as Mg2Si,achieving a synergistic improvement in strength,plasticity,and modulus.The presence of Mg2Si improved the microstructure of the matrix and promoted dynamic recrystallization,leading to a refined grain size of 2.9μm.Through the combined effects of grain refinement strengthening and coefficient of thermal expansion mismatch strengthening,the Mg-8Li-3Al-2Zn-1Y-0.5Mn-0.5Gd-1Si alloy exhibited exceptional mechanical properties,including a yield strength of 248 MPa,an ultimate tensile strength of 273 MPa,an elastic modulus of 51 GPa,and a plasticity of 20.6%.This study offers a new approach for designing and developing ultra-light,high-modulus Mg-Li alloys.展开更多
Alkali-free SiO2-Al2O3-CaO-MgO with different SiO2/Al2O3mass ratios was prepared by conventional melt quenching method.The glass network structure,thermodynamic properties and elastic modulus changes...Alkali-free SiO2-Al2O3-CaO-MgO with different SiO2/Al2O3mass ratios was prepared by conventional melt quenching method.The glass network structure,thermodynamic properties and elastic modulus changes with SiO2and Al2O3ratios were investigated using various techniques.It is found that when SiO2is replaced by Al2O3,the Q4 to Q3 transition of silicon-oxygen network decreases while the aluminum-oxygen network increases,which result in the transformation of Si-O-Si bonds to Si-O-Al bonds and an increase in glass network connectivity even though the intermolecular bond strength decreases.The glass transition temperature(Tg)increases continuously,while the thermal expansion coefficient increases and high-temperature viscosity first decreases and then increases.Meanwhile,the elastic modulus values increase from 93 to 102 GPa.This indicates that the elastic modulus is mainly affected by packing factor and dissociation energy,and elements with higher packing factors and dissociation energies supplant those with lower values,resulting in increased rigidity within the glass.展开更多
To investigate the influence of coarse aggregate parent rock properties on the elastic modulus of concrete,the mineralogical properties and stress-strain curves of granite and dolomite parent rocks,as well as the stre...To investigate the influence of coarse aggregate parent rock properties on the elastic modulus of concrete,the mineralogical properties and stress-strain curves of granite and dolomite parent rocks,as well as the strength and elastic modulus of mortar and concrete prepared with mechanism aggregates of the corresponding lithology,and the stress-strain curves of concrete were investigated.In this paper,a coarse aggregate and mortar matrix bonding assumption is proposed,and a prediction model for the elastic modulus of mortar is established by considering the lithology of the mechanism sand and the slurry components.An equivalent coarse aggregate elastic modulus model was established by considering factors such as coarse aggregate particle size,volume fraction,and mortar thickness between coarse aggregates.Based on the elastic modulus of the equivalent coarse aggregate and the remaining mortar,a prediction model for the elastic modulus of the two and three components of concrete in series and then in parallel was established,and the predicted values differed from the measured values within 10%.It is proposed that the coarse aggregate elastic modulus in highstrength concrete is the most critical factor affecting the elastic modulus of concrete,and as the coarse aggregate elastic modulus increases by 27.7%,the concrete elastic modulus increases by 19.5%.展开更多
This study addresses the challenge of directly determining the elastic modulus of complex shaped ceramic products—such as gas turbine combustor tiles—using conventional standardized methods,which are limited by spec...This study addresses the challenge of directly determining the elastic modulus of complex shaped ceramic products—such as gas turbine combustor tiles—using conventional standardized methods,which are limited by specimen geometry.A rapid,non-destructive testing method based on the impulse excitation technique(IET)and a shape factor coefficient was proposed.Three types of shaped ceramic tiles were selected.The elastic modulus of standard rectangular specimens obtained by destructive sampling was used as the reference value,and the shape factor coefficient for each tile type was calibrated by combining the mass and fundamental frequency of the whole tile.Using this coefficient,the elastic modulus of whole tiles was calculated solely from non-destructively measured mass and frequency.The results show that the deviation between the elastic modulus derived from the proposed method and that from destructive testing is less than 5%,confirming the accuracy and reliability of the approach.The method overcomes the shape restrictions inherent in traditional testing,offering a fast,non-destructive solution suitable for onsite quality assessment and process control during the production of shaped ceramic components.展开更多
Optogenetic has been widely applied in various pathogenesis investigations of neuropathic diseases since its accurate and targeted regulation of neuronal activity.However,due to the mismatch between the soft tissues a...Optogenetic has been widely applied in various pathogenesis investigations of neuropathic diseases since its accurate and targeted regulation of neuronal activity.However,due to the mismatch between the soft tissues and the optical waveguide,the long-term neural regulation within soft tissue(such as brain and spinal cord)by implantable optical fibers is a large challenge.Herein,we designed a modulus selfadaptive hydrogel optical fiber(MSHOF)with tunable mechanical properties(Young’modulus was tunable in the range of 0.32-10.56MPa)and low light attenuation(0.12-0.21 dB/cm,472nm laser light),which adapts to light transmission under soft tissues.These advantages of MSHOF can ensure the effectiveness of optogenetic stimulation meanwhile safeguarding the safety of the brain/materials interaction interface.In addition,this work provides more design possibilities of MSHOF for photogenetic stimuli and has significant application prospects in photomedical therapy.展开更多
Lithium-sulfur(Li-S)batteries exhibit exceptional high theoretical energy density.However,their practical application is hindered by premature termination of discharge,which severely limits the discharge capacity and ...Lithium-sulfur(Li-S)batteries exhibit exceptional high theoretical energy density.However,their practical application is hindered by premature termination of discharge,which severely limits the discharge capacity and achievable energy density even at low discharge rates.This contribution identifies blocked mass transfer as the primary limitation through relaxation analysis.Both X-ray computed tomography and finite element simulation manifest that the preferential solid deposition at the working cathode surface obstructs the mass transfer pathway and triggers premature discharge termination.The Thiele modulus of a thick cathode is utilized to elucidate the disparity between electrochemical reaction and mass transfer rates,underscoring internal diffusion limitations as the root cause.This understanding affords a theoretical framework for optimizing cathode structures.By reducing the Thiele modulus,an enhanced energy density of 436 Wh kg-1is achieved in Li-S pouch cells.This work advances the understanding of multi-phase reactions in Li-S batteries and offers insights to electrochemical systems involving multi-phase conversions.展开更多
Discrete fracture network(DFN)commonly existing in natural rock masses plays an important role in geological complexity which can influence rock fracturing behaviour during fluid injection.This paper simulated the hyd...Discrete fracture network(DFN)commonly existing in natural rock masses plays an important role in geological complexity which can influence rock fracturing behaviour during fluid injection.This paper simulated the hydraulic fracturing process in lab-scale coal samples with DFNs and the induced seismic activities by the discrete element method(DEM).The effects of DFNs on hydraulic fracturing,induced seismicity and elastic property changes have been concluded.Denser DFNs can comprehensively decrease the peak injection pressure and injection duration.The proportion of strong seismic events increases first and then decreases with increasing DFN density.In addition,the relative modulus of the rock mass is derived innovatively from breakdown pressure,breakdown fracture length and the related initiation time.Increasing DFN densities among large(35–60 degrees)and small(0–30 degrees)fracture dip angles show opposite evolution trends in relative modulus.The transitional point(dip angle)for the opposite trends is also proportionally affected by the friction angle of the rock mass.The modelling results have much practical meaning to infer the density and geometry of pre-existing fractures and the elastic property of rock mass in the field,simply based on the hydraulic fracturing and induced seismicity monitoring data.展开更多
Young's modulus and Poisson's ratio are crucial parameters for reservoir characterization and rock brittleness evaluation.Conventional methods often rely on indirect computation or approximations of the Zoeppr...Young's modulus and Poisson's ratio are crucial parameters for reservoir characterization and rock brittleness evaluation.Conventional methods often rely on indirect computation or approximations of the Zoeppritz equations to estimate Young's modulus,which can introduce cumulative errors and reduce the accuracy of inversion results.To address these issues,this paper introduces the analytical solution of the Zoeppritz equation into the inversion process.The equation is re-derived and expressed in terms of Young's modulus,Poisson's ratio,and density.Within the Bayesian framework,we construct an objective function for the joint inversion of PP and PS waves.Traditional gradient-based algorithms often suffer from low precision and the computational complexity.In this study,we address limitations of conventional approaches related to low precision and complicated code by using Circle chaotic mapping,Levy flights,and Gaussian mutation to optimize the quantum particle swarm optimization(QPSO),named improved quantum particle swarm optimization(IQPSO).The IQPSO demonstrates superior global optimization capabilities.We test the proposed inversion method with both synthetic and field data.The test results demonstrate the proposed method's feasibility and effectiveness,indicating an improvement in inversion accuracy over traditional methods.展开更多
Silver paste is widely used in power electronics as a die-attach material owing to its low-temperature sinterability,high melting point,and excellent electrical and thermal conductivities in sintered joints.However,ow...Silver paste is widely used in power electronics as a die-attach material owing to its low-temperature sinterability,high melting point,and excellent electrical and thermal conductivities in sintered joints.However,owing to the mismatch in the coefficient of thermal expansion(CTE)between the joints and chip,the high Young's modulus of sintered silver hinders the mitigation of the high thermal stress generated during the operation of power modules,which increases the susceptibility of sintered joints to cracking,thereby leading to potential failure.This study developed a facile approach to synthesizing bayberry-like Ag microparticles(AgMPs)through the in situ assembly of silver nanorods,resulting in a uniform distribution of nanoscale structures and mesopores on the particle surface.These particles exhibited a high specific surface area of 2.5389 m2·g-1,which enhanced theirsintering activity,enabling sintering to occur at 149.7℃.Furthermore,the porous structure of the AgMPs effectively reduced the density of joints formed by sintering AgMP paste,thereby lowering the Young's modulus of the joints.The small grain size and intricate internal substructure of the joints yielded high shear strength,which reached112.50 MPa at 250℃.The Young's modulus could be adjusted,and the pores provided by the AgMPs maintained the Young's modulus within a low range(15.11-29.61GPa),effectively mitigating thermal stress.These new bayberry-like porous AgMPs offer a promising option for die-attach materials in electronic packaging.展开更多
Porous designs effectively reduce stress shielding in metallic orthopedic implants.However,current porous structures often fail to adequately meet the needs of patients with osteoporosis and low-modulus body regions.T...Porous designs effectively reduce stress shielding in metallic orthopedic implants.However,current porous structures often fail to adequately meet the needs of patients with osteoporosis and low-modulus body regions.This study proposes a sinusoidal-based lattice structure for an ultralow and widely tunable modulus design,aiming to match diverse bone tissue requirements and enhance biomechanical compatibility.Parametric modeling and finite element analysis were used to evaluate the performance of this structure.Results show that,within the design range suitable for bone growth,the elastic modulus of this lattice structure is tunable over a wide range,from 0.09 to 32.67 GPa,outperforming existing porous structures.The lowest value closely matched the minimum mechanical properties of human cancellous bone among porous structures.Moreover,the structure exhibited distinct anisotropic characteristics,allowing for directional design based on mechanical requirements.The structure’s permeability ranged from 1.19×10-8 m2 to 2.3×10-7 m2,making it highly compatible with human cancellous bone and meeting the requirements of orthopedic implants.Samples with porosities ranging from 46% to 87% were successfully fabricated using powder bed fusion additive manufacturing,validating the simulation predictions.This tunable low-modulus lattice structure provides a novel approach for developing personalized orthopedic implants,particularly for patients with specialized needs such as osteoporosis,and can potentially enhance biomechanical compatibility and long-term stability.展开更多
Re-entrant honeycombs are widely used in safeguard structures due to their geometric simplicity and excellent energy absorption capacities.However,traditional re-entrant honeycombs exhibit insufficient stiffness and s...Re-entrant honeycombs are widely used in safeguard structures due to their geometric simplicity and excellent energy absorption capacities.However,traditional re-entrant honeycombs exhibit insufficient stiffness and stability owing to the lack of internal support.This paper proposes a new hybrid honeycomb by integrating a chiral component inside the re-entrant honeycomb.Since Young's modulus is a key parameter to evaluate the energy absorption performance and stiffness,an analytical model is given to predict the effective Young's modulus of the proposed hybrid honeycomb.It is found that the optimal design scheme is to directly insert a circular ring inside the re-entrant honeycomb.The normalized specific energy absorption(SEA)of the hybrid honeycomb is 95%larger than that of the traditional re-entrant honeycomb.The normalized SEA first increases to a peak value and then decreases with the cell wall thickness.The optimal thickness of the cell wall for the maximum SEA is derived in terms of the geometric configuration of the unit cell.The normalized SEA first decreases to a valley value and then increases with the re-entrant angle.A longer horizontal cell wall results in a smaller normalized SEA.This paper provides a new design method for safeguard structures with high stiffness and energy absorption performance.展开更多
This paper aims to enhance the array Beamforming(BF) robustness by tackling issues related to BF weight state estimation encountered in Constant Modulus Blind Beamforming(CMBB). To achieve this, we introduce a novel a...This paper aims to enhance the array Beamforming(BF) robustness by tackling issues related to BF weight state estimation encountered in Constant Modulus Blind Beamforming(CMBB). To achieve this, we introduce a novel approach that incorporates an L1-regularizer term in BF weight state estimation. We start by explaining the CMBB formation mechanism under conditions where there is a mismatch in the far-field signal model. Subsequently, we reformulate the BF weight state estimation challenge using a method known as variable-splitting, turning it into a noise minimization problem. This problem combines both linear and nonlinear quadratic terms with an L1-regularizer that promotes the sparsity. The optimization strategy is based on a variable-splitting method, implemented using the Alternating Direction Method of Multipliers(ADMM). Furthermore, a variable-splitting framework is developed to enhance BF weight state estimation, employing a Kalman Smoother(KS) optimization algorithm. The approach integrates the Rauch-TungStriebel smoother to perform posterior-smoothing state estimation by leveraging prior data. We provide proof of convergence for both linear and nonlinear CMBB state estimation technology using the variable-splitting KS and the iterated extended Kalman smoother. Simulations corroborate our theoretical analysis, showing that the proposed method achieves robust stability and effective convergence, even when faced with signal model mismatches.展开更多
Geomechanical properties of rocks vary across different measurement scales,primarily due to heterogeneity.Micro-scale geomechanical tests,including micro-scale“scratch tests”and nano-scale nanoindentation tests,are ...Geomechanical properties of rocks vary across different measurement scales,primarily due to heterogeneity.Micro-scale geomechanical tests,including micro-scale“scratch tests”and nano-scale nanoindentation tests,are attractive at different scales.Each method requires minimal sample volume,is low cost,and includes a relatively rapid measurement turnaround time.However,recent micro-scale test results–including scratch test results and nanoindentation results–exhibit tangible variance and uncertainty,suggesting a need to correlate mineral composition mapping to elastic modulus mapping to isolate the relative impact of specific minerals.Different research labs often utilize different interpretation methods,and it is clear that future micro-mechanical tests may benefit from standardized testing and interpretation procedures.The objectives of this study are to seek options for standardized testing and interpretation procedures,through two specific objectives:(1)Quantify chemical and physical controls on micro-mechanical properties and(2)Quantify the source of uncertainties associated with nanoindentation measurements.To reach these goals,we conducted mechanical tests on three different scales:triaxial compression tests,scratch tests,and nanoindentation tests.We found that mineral phase weight percentage is highly correlated with nanoindentation elastic modulus distribution.Finally,we conclude that nanoindentation testing is a mineralogy and microstructure-based method and generally yields significant uncertainty and overestimation.The uncertainty of the testing method is largely associated with not mapping pore space a priori.Lastly,the uncertainty can be reduced by combining phase mapping and modulus mapping with substantial and random data sampling.展开更多
Different from the current measurement methods for Young’s modulus of metal materials,the Young’s modulus of intermetallic compounds(IMCs)was obtained by a non-destructive method based on Brillouin light scattering(...Different from the current measurement methods for Young’s modulus of metal materials,the Young’s modulus of intermetallic compounds(IMCs)was obtained by a non-destructive method based on Brillouin light scattering(BLS)in this paper.The single-phase regions of CoSn,CoSn2,Cu3Sn and Cu6Sn5 phases required for BLS test were obtained by applying long-term thermal stabilization through adjusting temperature gradient.The volume fractions of the corresponding phases near the solid-liquid interfaces of the samples were 98.3%,94.2%,99.6% and 95.9%,respectively.All the independent elastic coefficients and Young’s moduli of IMCs were obtained by Brillouin scatterometer.The Young’s moduli of CoSn,CoSn2 and Cu3Sn and Cu6Sn5 phases obtained through the present method are 115.0,101.7,129.9 and 125.6 GPa,respectively,which are in a good agreement with the previous experimental results.Thus,the effectiveness of BLS in measuring the Young’s moduli of IMCs in bulk alloys is confirmed.展开更多
In this manuscript,we propose an analytical equivalent linear viscoelastic constitutive model for fiber-reinforced composites,bypassing general computational homogenization.The method is based on the reduced-order hom...In this manuscript,we propose an analytical equivalent linear viscoelastic constitutive model for fiber-reinforced composites,bypassing general computational homogenization.The method is based on the reduced-order homogenization(ROH)approach.The ROH method typically involves solving multiple finite element problems under periodic conditions to evaluate elastic strain and eigenstrain influence functions in an‘off-line’stage,which offers substantial cost savings compared to direct computational homogenization methods.Due to the unique structure of the fibrous unit cell,“off-line”stage calculation can be eliminated by influence functions obtained analytically.Introducing the standard solid model to the ROH method enables the creation of a comprehensive analytical homogeneous viscoelastic constitutive model.This method treats fibrous composite materials as homogeneous,anisotropic viscoelastic materials,significantly reducing computational time due to its analytical nature.This approach also enables precise determination of a homogenized anisotropic relaxation modulus and accurate capture of various viscoelastic responses under different loading conditions.Three sets of numerical examples,including unit cell tests,three-point beam bending tests,and torsion tests,are given to demonstrate the predictive performance of the homogenized viscoelastic model.Furthermore,the model is validated against experimental measurements,confirming its accuracy and reliability.展开更多
基金Project(52501069)supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of ChinaProject(GZC20233172)supported by the Postdoctoral Fellowship Program of China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(CPSF)Project(21B0121)supported by Hunan Provincial Education Department,China。
摘要Hard tissue repair materials that balance high strength with low modulus are highly promising,representing a transformative focus in applied biomaterials research.In this study,Ti-Nb alloys with high performance are prepared by a low-cost process for orthopedic applications.Phase composition,modulus,compressive strength and recovery properties are effectively manipulated by tailoring trace amounts of interstitial oxygen.With increasing oxygen concentration in sintered Ti-Nb alloys,theβ(body centered cubic)phase was stabilized due to the lattice distortion.The elastic modulus declined from 91 to 24 GPa.The compressive strength slightly decreased from 1595 to 1404 MPa and yield strength increased from 760 to 904 MPa.Additionally,the recovery properties were enhanced by the interstitial oxygen as a shape memory alloy.The utilization of trace oxygen serves to modulate the thermoelastic martensitic transformation in Ti-Nb alloys,thereby obtaining appropriate mechanical properties.A notable reduction in modulus is achieved while maintaining high strength,which facilitates the development of orthopedic implants capable of withstanding more complex forces.
基金Project(2024YFC2909500)supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of ChinaProjects(52204260,42277174,U24A2088)supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of ChinaProjects(2024JCCXSB01,2025XJLJ03)supported by the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities,China。
摘要The elastic modulus of rock mass is a fundamental parameter for the surrounding rock stability analysis and the support scheme design.The traditional testing methods are mainly conducted through indoor experiments,which require further research for in-situ testing of rock mass elastic modulus.This article conducts multi-type rock mass digital drilling experiments based on the intelligent rotary cutting testing system for rock masses.The response law of drilling parameters to elastic modulus has been clarified.And a rock rotational ratio energy that integrates four types of drilling parameters is proposed.The rock elastic modulus prediction models(RD-Ei models)are established.The experimental results show that the average testing errors of the model based on drilling pressure,drilling torque,and rotational ratio energy are 21.04%,18.84%,and 6.44%,respectively.On this basis,the intelligent drilling explore system of geology is used to carry out rock drilling experiments.The identification of rock interfaces and testing of elastic modulus can be achieved.This study lays a theoretical foundation for real-time quantitative measurement of the surrounding rock elastic modulus on site.
基金support of the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.42402290)the National Key Research and Development Program of China(Grant No.2019YFC1509901)。
摘要In the natural environment,the soil structure can be weakened by temperature fluctuations and climatic changes.Nevertheless,the dynamic behavior of expansive soils,especially those with high swelling and pronounced fissure properties,subjected to wetting-drying-freeze-thaw(WDFT)cycles has been rarely investigated.Undisturbed and remolded samples,made of Xinjiang’s highly expansive soils,were evaluated in this study through comprehensive resonant column tests conducted at several confining pressures and WDFT cycles.A typical hyperbolic model demonstrated the decay law of shear modulus with strain.An estimated model of the maximum shear modulus,incorporating the two factors,was developed,and it was found to be in good agreement with the measurement results.The results reveal that strain,WDFT cycle,and confining pressure have qualitatively uniform effects on the shear modulus of natural soils containing fissures and recompacted samples.However,the maximum shear modulus of the undisturbed samples is lower by 0.83–13.24 MPa due to the presence of initial fissures,except for the confining pressure of 400 kPa.Also,their responses to confining pressure are more significant,with the shear modulus increased by up to 20%–124%relative to that at 25 kPa.Furthermore,the relative difference in the shear modulus(up to about 60%)between the two samples tested under low confining pressure conditions deserves special attentions.The quantitative differences in shear modulus and cumulative damage effect of the tested samples are attributed to the initial fabric and microstructural evolution,as observed by Scanning Electron Microscope(SEM).This research enriches the theoretical framework for analyzing the ability of soils to resist shear deformation under small strain,which is instructive for disaster prevention and mitigation in expansive soil regions,considering the effects of climate change.
基金allocated by National Science,Research and Innovation Fund(NSRF)King Mongkut's University of Technology North Bangkok(project no.KMUTNB-FF-67-B-44 and KMUTNB-FF-67-B-45)supported by the NSRF through the Program Management Unit for Human Resources&Institutional Development,Research and Innovation(grant no.B40G660036).
摘要This study proposes to use the unconfined compressive strength(UCS)and the bender element(BE)tests for determining the strength and the initial small-strain shear modulus of Bangkok soft marine clay improved by cement and polyester fibers.This study varies the content of admixed cement(1%–20%)and polyester fibers(0–20%),including the curing time(3–28 d)for preparing 360 samples.Moreover,this study uses the Michaelis-Menten kinetics concept to model cement hydration saturation.From the study,it is concluded as follows.The modelled results reveals that at least 10%cement and 1%polyester fiber are recommended to attain the 28-d UCS standards(294 kPa)for highway subgrade materials in Thailand.This also fulfils sustainable construction due to reducing normal-use cement from 20%to 10%.Unfortunately,the addition of polyester fibers into the Bangkok clay with at least 5%cement reduces shear modulus by 1.12–1.32 times.The Abram's relationship between shear modulus and the mixing-water-to-cement ratio is found time-dependent.From the composite theory,the BE detects the polyester fiber zone as a defect in the Bangkok clay(matrix)with 5%–20%cement.So,the 28-d shear modulus in the polyester fiber zone is negative(up to0.034 MPa for 20%fiber),similar to softening phenomenon in concrete cracking(negative stiffness).For the 28-d shear modulus of fiber zone,the optimum cement content is around 2%for the positive influences of polyester fibers.Experimentally,the timedependent normalized UCS for 10%and 20%cement is compatible with other studies,and its development rate increases with the cement content as 0.3017,0.3172 and 0.3204 for 5%,10%and 20%cement,respectively.The 28-d relationship between shear modulus and UCS shows that low-cement soft clay requires high polyester fiber content(5%–20%)to activate UCS improvement.However,the soft clay with enough cement(20%)causes the uniformly distributed UCS improvement.
基金supported by the Postgraduate Research and Practice Innovation Program of Jiangsu Province(No.KYCX23-0686).
摘要The resilient modulus(MR)is a key mechanical parameter in geotechnical engineering,but conventional laboratory measurement is time-consuming and labor-intensive.Deep learning models provide an alternative for predicting MR using easily obtainable soil properties,yet their performance is often limited by the small size of available datasets.To address this limitation,this study develops an interpretable data-enhanced deep learning framework for MR prediction.In the proposed framework,a multilayer perceptron(MLP)is adopted as the base prediction model,a generative adversarial network(GAN)is used to generate synthetic samples from the limited training data,Optuna is employed for hyperparameter optimization,and Shapley Additive Explanations(SHAP)are adopted to interpret the trained model.Random Forest(RF)and extreme gradient boosting(XGBoost)models optimized by Optuna are also introduced for performance comparison.The results show that the GAN-generated samples are generally consistent with the original data in terms of distribution characteristics and correlation patterns.Compared with the Optuna-MLP model without GAN-based data augmentation,the proposed GAN-Optuna-MLP model improves the testing R²from 0.87 to 0.93,reduces the mean absolute error(MAE)from 3.62 to 2.72 MPa,and decreases the mean absolute percentage error(MAPE)from 7.61%to 5.70%.The proposed model also achieves comparable performance to the optimized RF and XGBoost models,with slightly lower error-based indicators.In addition,SHAP analysis identifies cone tip resistance as the most influential variable for MR prediction.These findings suggest that the integration of data augmentation,automated optimization,and interpretability analysis offers a practical solution for small-sample soil property prediction.
基金supported by the National Defense Basic Research Program(No.JCKY2023204A005)Project of High Modulus Magnesium Alloy Forgings(JXXT-2023-014hbza)+1 种基金Research Program of Joint Research Center of Advanced Spaceflight Technologies(No.USCAST2023-3)Major Scientific and Technological Innovation Project of Luoyang(No.2201029A).
摘要Enhancing the low modulus and absolute strength of Mg-Li alloys remains a key research focus.This study employed an in situ-synthesis strategy to incorporate high-modulus phases,such as Mg2Si,achieving a synergistic improvement in strength,plasticity,and modulus.The presence of Mg2Si improved the microstructure of the matrix and promoted dynamic recrystallization,leading to a refined grain size of 2.9μm.Through the combined effects of grain refinement strengthening and coefficient of thermal expansion mismatch strengthening,the Mg-8Li-3Al-2Zn-1Y-0.5Mn-0.5Gd-1Si alloy exhibited exceptional mechanical properties,including a yield strength of 248 MPa,an ultimate tensile strength of 273 MPa,an elastic modulus of 51 GPa,and a plasticity of 20.6%.This study offers a new approach for designing and developing ultra-light,high-modulus Mg-Li alloys.
基金Supported by the National Key Research Program(No.2024-1129-954-112)National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.52372033)Guangxi Science and Technology Major Program(No.AA24263054)。
摘要Alkali-free SiO2-Al2O3-CaO-MgO with different SiO2/Al2O3mass ratios was prepared by conventional melt quenching method.The glass network structure,thermodynamic properties and elastic modulus changes with SiO2and Al2O3ratios were investigated using various techniques.It is found that when SiO2is replaced by Al2O3,the Q4 to Q3 transition of silicon-oxygen network decreases while the aluminum-oxygen network increases,which result in the transformation of Si-O-Si bonds to Si-O-Al bonds and an increase in glass network connectivity even though the intermolecular bond strength decreases.The glass transition temperature(Tg)increases continuously,while the thermal expansion coefficient increases and high-temperature viscosity first decreases and then increases.Meanwhile,the elastic modulus values increase from 93 to 102 GPa.This indicates that the elastic modulus is mainly affected by packing factor and dissociation energy,and elements with higher packing factors and dissociation energies supplant those with lower values,resulting in increased rigidity within the glass.
基金Funded by State Railway Administration Research Project(No.2023JS007)National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.52438002)+1 种基金Research and Development Programs for Science and Technology of China Railways Corporation(No.J2023G003)New Cornerstone Science Foundation through the XPLORER PRIZE。
摘要To investigate the influence of coarse aggregate parent rock properties on the elastic modulus of concrete,the mineralogical properties and stress-strain curves of granite and dolomite parent rocks,as well as the strength and elastic modulus of mortar and concrete prepared with mechanism aggregates of the corresponding lithology,and the stress-strain curves of concrete were investigated.In this paper,a coarse aggregate and mortar matrix bonding assumption is proposed,and a prediction model for the elastic modulus of mortar is established by considering the lithology of the mechanism sand and the slurry components.An equivalent coarse aggregate elastic modulus model was established by considering factors such as coarse aggregate particle size,volume fraction,and mortar thickness between coarse aggregates.Based on the elastic modulus of the equivalent coarse aggregate and the remaining mortar,a prediction model for the elastic modulus of the two and three components of concrete in series and then in parallel was established,and the predicted values differed from the measured values within 10%.It is proposed that the coarse aggregate elastic modulus in highstrength concrete is the most critical factor affecting the elastic modulus of concrete,and as the coarse aggregate elastic modulus increases by 27.7%,the concrete elastic modulus increases by 19.5%.
基金National Key Research and Development Program of China(2023YFB3711200)Key Research and Development Project of Henan Province(231111230700).
摘要This study addresses the challenge of directly determining the elastic modulus of complex shaped ceramic products—such as gas turbine combustor tiles—using conventional standardized methods,which are limited by specimen geometry.A rapid,non-destructive testing method based on the impulse excitation technique(IET)and a shape factor coefficient was proposed.Three types of shaped ceramic tiles were selected.The elastic modulus of standard rectangular specimens obtained by destructive sampling was used as the reference value,and the shape factor coefficient for each tile type was calibrated by combining the mass and fundamental frequency of the whole tile.Using this coefficient,the elastic modulus of whole tiles was calculated solely from non-destructively measured mass and frequency.The results show that the deviation between the elastic modulus derived from the proposed method and that from destructive testing is less than 5%,confirming the accuracy and reliability of the approach.The method overcomes the shape restrictions inherent in traditional testing,offering a fast,non-destructive solution suitable for onsite quality assessment and process control during the production of shaped ceramic components.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(Nos.2021YFA1201302 and 2021YFA1201300)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.52303033,52173029)+1 种基金Shanghai Sailing Program(No.23YF1400400)the Natural Science Foundation of Shanghai(No.21ZR1400500).
摘要Optogenetic has been widely applied in various pathogenesis investigations of neuropathic diseases since its accurate and targeted regulation of neuronal activity.However,due to the mismatch between the soft tissues and the optical waveguide,the long-term neural regulation within soft tissue(such as brain and spinal cord)by implantable optical fibers is a large challenge.Herein,we designed a modulus selfadaptive hydrogel optical fiber(MSHOF)with tunable mechanical properties(Young’modulus was tunable in the range of 0.32-10.56MPa)and low light attenuation(0.12-0.21 dB/cm,472nm laser light),which adapts to light transmission under soft tissues.These advantages of MSHOF can ensure the effectiveness of optogenetic stimulation meanwhile safeguarding the safety of the brain/materials interaction interface.In addition,this work provides more design possibilities of MSHOF for photogenetic stimuli and has significant application prospects in photomedical therapy.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2024YFE0209500)Relevant National Projects,the National Natural Science Foundation of China(22409116)+1 种基金the Seed Fund of Shanxi Research Institute for Clean Energy(SXKYJF015)the Shuimu Tsinghua Scholar Program of Tsinghua University。
摘要Lithium-sulfur(Li-S)batteries exhibit exceptional high theoretical energy density.However,their practical application is hindered by premature termination of discharge,which severely limits the discharge capacity and achievable energy density even at low discharge rates.This contribution identifies blocked mass transfer as the primary limitation through relaxation analysis.Both X-ray computed tomography and finite element simulation manifest that the preferential solid deposition at the working cathode surface obstructs the mass transfer pathway and triggers premature discharge termination.The Thiele modulus of a thick cathode is utilized to elucidate the disparity between electrochemical reaction and mass transfer rates,underscoring internal diffusion limitations as the root cause.This understanding affords a theoretical framework for optimizing cathode structures.By reducing the Thiele modulus,an enhanced energy density of 436 Wh kg-1is achieved in Li-S pouch cells.This work advances the understanding of multi-phase reactions in Li-S batteries and offers insights to electrochemical systems involving multi-phase conversions.
基金Australian Research Council Linkage Program(LP200301404)for sponsoring this researchthe financial support provided by the State Key Laboratory of Geohazard Prevention and Geoenvironment Protection(Chengdu University of Technology,SKLGP2021K002)National Natural Science Foundation of China(52374101,32111530138).
摘要Discrete fracture network(DFN)commonly existing in natural rock masses plays an important role in geological complexity which can influence rock fracturing behaviour during fluid injection.This paper simulated the hydraulic fracturing process in lab-scale coal samples with DFNs and the induced seismic activities by the discrete element method(DEM).The effects of DFNs on hydraulic fracturing,induced seismicity and elastic property changes have been concluded.Denser DFNs can comprehensively decrease the peak injection pressure and injection duration.The proportion of strong seismic events increases first and then decreases with increasing DFN density.In addition,the relative modulus of the rock mass is derived innovatively from breakdown pressure,breakdown fracture length and the related initiation time.Increasing DFN densities among large(35–60 degrees)and small(0–30 degrees)fracture dip angles show opposite evolution trends in relative modulus.The transitional point(dip angle)for the opposite trends is also proportionally affected by the friction angle of the rock mass.The modelling results have much practical meaning to infer the density and geometry of pre-existing fractures and the elastic property of rock mass in the field,simply based on the hydraulic fracturing and induced seismicity monitoring data.
基金supported by Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities,CHD300102264715National Key Research and Development Program of China under Grant 2021YFA0716902Natural Science Basic Research Program of Shaanxi 2024JCYBMS-199。
摘要Young's modulus and Poisson's ratio are crucial parameters for reservoir characterization and rock brittleness evaluation.Conventional methods often rely on indirect computation or approximations of the Zoeppritz equations to estimate Young's modulus,which can introduce cumulative errors and reduce the accuracy of inversion results.To address these issues,this paper introduces the analytical solution of the Zoeppritz equation into the inversion process.The equation is re-derived and expressed in terms of Young's modulus,Poisson's ratio,and density.Within the Bayesian framework,we construct an objective function for the joint inversion of PP and PS waves.Traditional gradient-based algorithms often suffer from low precision and the computational complexity.In this study,we address limitations of conventional approaches related to low precision and complicated code by using Circle chaotic mapping,Levy flights,and Gaussian mutation to optimize the quantum particle swarm optimization(QPSO),named improved quantum particle swarm optimization(IQPSO).The IQPSO demonstrates superior global optimization capabilities.We test the proposed inversion method with both synthetic and field data.The test results demonstrate the proposed method's feasibility and effectiveness,indicating an improvement in inversion accuracy over traditional methods.
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.52075125 and 52105331)Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation(No.2023A1515010591)Shenzhen Science and Technology Innovation Committee(Nos.JCYJ20210324124203009,JSGG20201102154600003,GXWD20231130103814001,GXWD20220721182229001)
摘要Silver paste is widely used in power electronics as a die-attach material owing to its low-temperature sinterability,high melting point,and excellent electrical and thermal conductivities in sintered joints.However,owing to the mismatch in the coefficient of thermal expansion(CTE)between the joints and chip,the high Young's modulus of sintered silver hinders the mitigation of the high thermal stress generated during the operation of power modules,which increases the susceptibility of sintered joints to cracking,thereby leading to potential failure.This study developed a facile approach to synthesizing bayberry-like Ag microparticles(AgMPs)through the in situ assembly of silver nanorods,resulting in a uniform distribution of nanoscale structures and mesopores on the particle surface.These particles exhibited a high specific surface area of 2.5389 m2·g-1,which enhanced theirsintering activity,enabling sintering to occur at 149.7℃.Furthermore,the porous structure of the AgMPs effectively reduced the density of joints formed by sintering AgMP paste,thereby lowering the Young's modulus of the joints.The small grain size and intricate internal substructure of the joints yielded high shear strength,which reached112.50 MPa at 250℃.The Young's modulus could be adjusted,and the pores provided by the AgMPs maintained the Young's modulus within a low range(15.11-29.61GPa),effectively mitigating thermal stress.These new bayberry-like porous AgMPs offer a promising option for die-attach materials in electronic packaging.
基金supported by National Key R&D Program of China(Grant No.2022YFB4600500)Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities,and the Program for Innovation Team of Shaanxi Province(Grant No.2023-CX-TD-17).
摘要Porous designs effectively reduce stress shielding in metallic orthopedic implants.However,current porous structures often fail to adequately meet the needs of patients with osteoporosis and low-modulus body regions.This study proposes a sinusoidal-based lattice structure for an ultralow and widely tunable modulus design,aiming to match diverse bone tissue requirements and enhance biomechanical compatibility.Parametric modeling and finite element analysis were used to evaluate the performance of this structure.Results show that,within the design range suitable for bone growth,the elastic modulus of this lattice structure is tunable over a wide range,from 0.09 to 32.67 GPa,outperforming existing porous structures.The lowest value closely matched the minimum mechanical properties of human cancellous bone among porous structures.Moreover,the structure exhibited distinct anisotropic characteristics,allowing for directional design based on mechanical requirements.The structure’s permeability ranged from 1.19×10-8 m2 to 2.3×10-7 m2,making it highly compatible with human cancellous bone and meeting the requirements of orthopedic implants.Samples with porosities ranging from 46% to 87% were successfully fabricated using powder bed fusion additive manufacturing,validating the simulation predictions.This tunable low-modulus lattice structure provides a novel approach for developing personalized orthopedic implants,particularly for patients with specialized needs such as osteoporosis,and can potentially enhance biomechanical compatibility and long-term stability.
基金Project supported by Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation(Nos.2022A1515240072,2023A1515240053,2022B1515020099,and 2023A1515012641)Shenzhen Science and Technology Program(No.JCYJ20220818102409020)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.12102104 and 12002180)。
摘要Re-entrant honeycombs are widely used in safeguard structures due to their geometric simplicity and excellent energy absorption capacities.However,traditional re-entrant honeycombs exhibit insufficient stiffness and stability owing to the lack of internal support.This paper proposes a new hybrid honeycomb by integrating a chiral component inside the re-entrant honeycomb.Since Young's modulus is a key parameter to evaluate the energy absorption performance and stiffness,an analytical model is given to predict the effective Young's modulus of the proposed hybrid honeycomb.It is found that the optimal design scheme is to directly insert a circular ring inside the re-entrant honeycomb.The normalized specific energy absorption(SEA)of the hybrid honeycomb is 95%larger than that of the traditional re-entrant honeycomb.The normalized SEA first increases to a peak value and then decreases with the cell wall thickness.The optimal thickness of the cell wall for the maximum SEA is derived in terms of the geometric configuration of the unit cell.The normalized SEA first decreases to a valley value and then increases with the re-entrant angle.A longer horizontal cell wall results in a smaller normalized SEA.This paper provides a new design method for safeguard structures with high stiffness and energy absorption performance.
基金supported in Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province,China(ZR2013FM018)。
摘要This paper aims to enhance the array Beamforming(BF) robustness by tackling issues related to BF weight state estimation encountered in Constant Modulus Blind Beamforming(CMBB). To achieve this, we introduce a novel approach that incorporates an L1-regularizer term in BF weight state estimation. We start by explaining the CMBB formation mechanism under conditions where there is a mismatch in the far-field signal model. Subsequently, we reformulate the BF weight state estimation challenge using a method known as variable-splitting, turning it into a noise minimization problem. This problem combines both linear and nonlinear quadratic terms with an L1-regularizer that promotes the sparsity. The optimization strategy is based on a variable-splitting method, implemented using the Alternating Direction Method of Multipliers(ADMM). Furthermore, a variable-splitting framework is developed to enhance BF weight state estimation, employing a Kalman Smoother(KS) optimization algorithm. The approach integrates the Rauch-TungStriebel smoother to perform posterior-smoothing state estimation by leveraging prior data. We provide proof of convergence for both linear and nonlinear CMBB state estimation technology using the variable-splitting KS and the iterated extended Kalman smoother. Simulations corroborate our theoretical analysis, showing that the proposed method achieves robust stability and effective convergence, even when faced with signal model mismatches.
基金support of this project through the Southwest Regional Partnership on Carbon Sequestration(Grant No.DE-FC26-05NT42591)Improving Production in the Emerging Paradox Oil Play(Grant No.DE-FE0031775).
摘要Geomechanical properties of rocks vary across different measurement scales,primarily due to heterogeneity.Micro-scale geomechanical tests,including micro-scale“scratch tests”and nano-scale nanoindentation tests,are attractive at different scales.Each method requires minimal sample volume,is low cost,and includes a relatively rapid measurement turnaround time.However,recent micro-scale test results–including scratch test results and nanoindentation results–exhibit tangible variance and uncertainty,suggesting a need to correlate mineral composition mapping to elastic modulus mapping to isolate the relative impact of specific minerals.Different research labs often utilize different interpretation methods,and it is clear that future micro-mechanical tests may benefit from standardized testing and interpretation procedures.The objectives of this study are to seek options for standardized testing and interpretation procedures,through two specific objectives:(1)Quantify chemical and physical controls on micro-mechanical properties and(2)Quantify the source of uncertainties associated with nanoindentation measurements.To reach these goals,we conducted mechanical tests on three different scales:triaxial compression tests,scratch tests,and nanoindentation tests.We found that mineral phase weight percentage is highly correlated with nanoindentation elastic modulus distribution.Finally,we conclude that nanoindentation testing is a mineralogy and microstructure-based method and generally yields significant uncertainty and overestimation.The uncertainty of the testing method is largely associated with not mapping pore space a priori.Lastly,the uncertainty can be reduced by combining phase mapping and modulus mapping with substantial and random data sampling.
基金supported by the Gansu Key Research and Development Project,China(No.23YFGA0003)the Key Science and Technology Projects of Gansu Province,China(No.22ZD6GB019)+2 种基金Gansu Provincial Joint Research Fund,China(No.23JRRC0004)the Industry Support Plan of Gansu Universities,China(No.2024CYZC-01)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities,China(No.lzujbky-2022-ey15).
摘要Different from the current measurement methods for Young’s modulus of metal materials,the Young’s modulus of intermetallic compounds(IMCs)was obtained by a non-destructive method based on Brillouin light scattering(BLS)in this paper.The single-phase regions of CoSn,CoSn2,Cu3Sn and Cu6Sn5 phases required for BLS test were obtained by applying long-term thermal stabilization through adjusting temperature gradient.The volume fractions of the corresponding phases near the solid-liquid interfaces of the samples were 98.3%,94.2%,99.6% and 95.9%,respectively.All the independent elastic coefficients and Young’s moduli of IMCs were obtained by Brillouin scatterometer.The Young’s moduli of CoSn,CoSn2 and Cu3Sn and Cu6Sn5 phases obtained through the present method are 115.0,101.7,129.9 and 125.6 GPa,respectively,which are in a good agreement with the previous experimental results.Thus,the effectiveness of BLS in measuring the Young’s moduli of IMCs in bulk alloys is confirmed.
基金support by the National Key R&D Program of China(Grant No.2023YFA1008901)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.11988102,12172009)is gratefully acknowledged.
摘要In this manuscript,we propose an analytical equivalent linear viscoelastic constitutive model for fiber-reinforced composites,bypassing general computational homogenization.The method is based on the reduced-order homogenization(ROH)approach.The ROH method typically involves solving multiple finite element problems under periodic conditions to evaluate elastic strain and eigenstrain influence functions in an‘off-line’stage,which offers substantial cost savings compared to direct computational homogenization methods.Due to the unique structure of the fibrous unit cell,“off-line”stage calculation can be eliminated by influence functions obtained analytically.Introducing the standard solid model to the ROH method enables the creation of a comprehensive analytical homogeneous viscoelastic constitutive model.This method treats fibrous composite materials as homogeneous,anisotropic viscoelastic materials,significantly reducing computational time due to its analytical nature.This approach also enables precise determination of a homogenized anisotropic relaxation modulus and accurate capture of various viscoelastic responses under different loading conditions.Three sets of numerical examples,including unit cell tests,three-point beam bending tests,and torsion tests,are given to demonstrate the predictive performance of the homogenized viscoelastic model.Furthermore,the model is validated against experimental measurements,confirming its accuracy and reliability.