The multi-branch horizontal wells can improve the reservoir dynamic flow profile,restrain water coning,enhance production and recovery efficiency due to large drainage area and low cost,and it is significant importanc...The multi-branch horizontal wells can improve the reservoir dynamic flow profile,restrain water coning,enhance production and recovery efficiency due to large drainage area and low cost,and it is significant importance for academic research and industrial applications.However,the effects of branches interference and wellbore variable mass flow on transient dynamics of water breakthrough,production characteristics and recovery efficiency have long been ignored.To dynamically simulate and evaluate the fluid flow behavior of multilateral horizontal wells,first,the branches interference and coupled relationship between reservoir fluid seepage and wellbore variable mass flow has been investigated in this paper,a coupled model for predicting multilateral horizontal wells dynamic production and water breakthrough time is proposed with arbitrary three-dimensional spatial distribution.Subsequently,the model is validated by comparing the production and breakthrough time between actual production data and simulated software.Last,the performance characteristics including inflow dynamics,production,wellbore pressure drop and water breakthrough dynamic distribution are analyzed.The results indicate that the unstable flow time is shorten and it is about 0.6 h,and the wellbore inflow profile represents a characteristic of"low in the middle and high at both ends"on account of branches interference.The pressure drop of wellbore is mainly affected by friction,and other pressure drop types are acceleration pressure drop,convergence pressure drop and mixed pressure drop in order of influence,respectively.The breakthrough time is prior at junction of main wellbore and branch wellbores,then the bottom water spreads to the middle position of main wellbore and trailing position of each branch wellbore.The branch length has a critical impact on breakthrough time,and the branch numbers also affect it as well as the branch angle.The proposed theoretical model can be used to calculate and predict the production,breakthrough time and recovery efficiency of multilateral horizontal wells,and it supplies strong technical support for further development and enhance oil recovery of bottom water reservoir and actual oil field production.展开更多
In December 2025,the ASEAN Centre for Energy(ACE)convened the third ASEAN Power Grid Partnership Meeting,bringing partners together for consultations on key issues.After more than two decades of planning and explorati...In December 2025,the ASEAN Centre for Energy(ACE)convened the third ASEAN Power Grid Partnership Meeting,bringing partners together for consultations on key issues.After more than two decades of planning and exploration,the ASEAN Power Grid is now entering a new phase—shifting from predominantly bilateral,one-way connections toward a multilateral,multidirectional network.展开更多
On March 24,the international symposium themed“Strengthen the Role of the United Nations and Promote Multilateralism”was held in Beijing.The event was hosted by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of China,and supported...On March 24,the international symposium themed“Strengthen the Role of the United Nations and Promote Multilateralism”was held in Beijing.The event was hosted by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of China,and supported by China Institute of International Studies(CIIS),the United Nations Association of China.展开更多
Both the EU and China remain committed to safeguarding the multilateral trading system,which is in alignment with the bilateral and common interests of the world.
After the 2008 global financial crisis, the global governance architecture underwent significant changes, accompanied by transformations in political, economic, diplomatic, and social spheres. What we had learnt since...After the 2008 global financial crisis, the global governance architecture underwent significant changes, accompanied by transformations in political, economic, diplomatic, and social spheres. What we had learnt since the end of World War Ⅱ was unable to make sense of the evolution and direction of this architecture.展开更多
Today,the world is undergoing profound changes unseen in a century,and a host of global challenges continue to emerge.The international community urgently requires effective global governance.As Chinese President Xi J...Today,the world is undergoing profound changes unseen in a century,and a host of global challenges continue to emerge.The international community urgently requires effective global governance.As Chinese President Xi Jinping has pointed out,multilateralism is the inevitable choice for addressing the world’s difficulties and challenges.1 However,various negative trends in international politics are undermining or impeding the effectiveness of multilateralism and aggravating the global governance deficit.Against this backdrop,it is essential to reassess the importance of multilateralism in global governance,identify the challenges it faces,and explore feasible pathways for collective action to advance global governance.展开更多
In an era marked by rising protectionism and geopolitical tensions,the world faces a stark choice:embrace multilateral cooperation or succumb to unilateral hegemony.The United States’punitive tariff policies have exp...In an era marked by rising protectionism and geopolitical tensions,the world faces a stark choice:embrace multilateral cooperation or succumb to unilateral hegemony.The United States’punitive tariff policies have exposed the negative effect of economic coercion and isolation.Meanwhile,China’s commitment to openness,innovation,and shared prosperity offers a contrast,a testament to the enduring vitality of multilateralism and global integration.展开更多
In order to accurately predict the productivity of herringbone multilateral well,a new productivity prediction model was founded.And based on this model,orthogonal test and multiple factor variance analysis were appli...In order to accurately predict the productivity of herringbone multilateral well,a new productivity prediction model was founded.And based on this model,orthogonal test and multiple factor variance analysis were applied to study optimization design of herringbone multilateral well.According to the characteristics of herringbone multilateral well,by using pressure superposition and mirror image reflection theory,the coupled model of herringbone multilateral well was developed on the basis of a three-dimensional pseudo-pressure distribution model for horizontal wells.The model was formulated in consideration of friction loss,acceleration loss of the wellbore and mixed loss at the confluence of main wellbore and branched one.After mathematical simulation on productivity of the herringbone multilateral well with the coupled model,the effects of well configuration on productivity were analyzed.The results show that lateral number is the most important factor,length of main wellbore and length of branched wellbore are the secondary ones,angle between main and branched one has the least influence.展开更多
While the spread of COVID-19 in China is under control,the pandemic is developing rapidly around the world.Due to the normal migration of population,China is facing the high risk from imported cases.The potential spec...While the spread of COVID-19 in China is under control,the pandemic is developing rapidly around the world.Due to the normal migration of population,China is facing the high risk from imported cases.The potential specific medicine and vaccine are still in the process of clinical trials.Currently,controlling the impact of imported cases is the key to prevent new outbreak of COVID-19 in China.In this paper,we propose two impulsive systems to describe the impact of multilateral imported cases of COVID-19.Based on the published data,we simulate and analyze the epidemic trends under different control strategies.In particular,we compare four different scenarios and show the corresponding medical burden.The results can be useful in designing appropriate control strategy for imported cases in practice.展开更多
Wellbore failure can occur at different stages of operations. For example, wellbore collapse might happen during drilling and/or during production. The drilling process results in the removal of an already stressed ro...Wellbore failure can occur at different stages of operations. For example, wellbore collapse might happen during drilling and/or during production. The drilling process results in the removal of an already stressed rock material. If the induced stresses near the wellbore exceed the strength of rock, wellbore failure occurs. The production process also changes the effective stresses around the wellbore. Such changes in stresses can be significant for high drawdown pressures and can trigger wellbore failure. In this paper, the Mohr–Coulomb failure criterion with a hyperbolic hardening is used. The model parameters are identified from triaxial compression tests. The numerical simulations of laboratory tests showed that the model can reproduce the mechanical behaviour of sandstone. In addition, the simulations of multilateral junction stability experiments showed that the model was able to reproduce yielding and failure at the multilateral junction for different levels of applied stresses. Finally, a numerical example examining multilateral junction stability in an open borehole during drilling and production is presented. The results illustrate the development of a localized failure zone proximate to the area where two wellbore tracks join, particularly on the side with a sharp approaching angle, which would significantly increase the risk of wellbore collapse at the junction.展开更多
Multilateral wells promise cost savings to oil and fields as they have the potential to reduce overall drilling distances and minimize the number of slots required for the surface facility managing the well.However,dr...Multilateral wells promise cost savings to oil and fields as they have the potential to reduce overall drilling distances and minimize the number of slots required for the surface facility managing the well.However,drilling a multilateral well does not always increase the flow rate when compared to two single-horizontal wells due to competition in production inside the mother-bore.Here,a holistic approach is proposed to find the optimum balance between single and multilateral wells in an offshore oil development.In so doing,the integrated approach finds the highest Net Present Value(NPV)configuration of the field considering drilling,subsurface,production and financial analysis.The model employs stochastic perturbation and Markov Chain Monte-Carlo methods to solve the global maximising-NPV problem.In addition,a combination of Mixed-Integer Linear Programming(MILP),an improved Dijkstra algorithm and a Levenberg-Marquardt optimiser is proposed to solve the rate allocation problem.With the outcome from this analysis,the model suggests the optimum development including number of multilateral and single horizontal wells that would result in the highest NPV.The results demonstrate the potential for modelling to find the optimal use of petroleum facilities and to assist with planning and decision making.展开更多
Due to high energy density,clean combustion products and abundant resources,natural gas hydrates(NGHs)have been regarded as an important clean energy source with the potential for large-scale development and utilizati...Due to high energy density,clean combustion products and abundant resources,natural gas hydrates(NGHs)have been regarded as an important clean energy source with the potential for large-scale development and utilization.However,pilot tests in NGHs show that their production rates are far below commercial needs.Multilateral well technology may lead to a solution to this problem because it can dramatically expand the drainage area of production wells.This paper presents the practical rate transient analysis for multilateral horizontal wells in NGHs.In developing solution to the diffusivity equation of multilateral horizontal wells in NGHs,the superposition principle and reciprocity are applied.We wrote the governing equation in cylindrical coordinates to describe the NGH flow process.We used the moving boundaries and dissociation coefficients to model the solid-to-gas transition process in hydrates.To obtain solutions for flow in hydrate reservoirs,we used Laplace transforms and the Stehfest numerical inversion method.Superposition principle and Gaussian elimination are applied to obtain the desired solution for multilateral horizontal wells.We validated our proposed model with a commercial numerical simulator.By performing sensitivity analyses,effects on production behavior of the number of branches,dissociation coefficient,radius of the region with dissociated hydrate,and dispersion ratio are determined.A synthetic case study is conducted to show the typical production behaviors.展开更多
Currently,a new industrial revolution characterized by artificial intelligence,the internet of things,and digitalization is in a critical transition from initiation to allaround expansion.While injecting new dynamism ...Currently,a new industrial revolution characterized by artificial intelligence,the internet of things,and digitalization is in a critical transition from initiation to allaround expansion.While injecting new dynamism into global economic growth,and promoting inclusive development and human welfare,the new industrial revolution will reshape the pattern of international competition,and provide a window period for latemoving countries to compete and catch up with developed nations.Amid the shocks of the new industrial revolution,countries must adhere to the principles of openness,multilateralism and reciprocity to share the dividends of the new industrial revolution and effectively cope with its challenges.Therefore,multilateralism,rather than protectionism and unilateralism,should dominate the mainstream of change in future global governance.The reform of existing multilateral organizations such as the World Trade Organization(WTO)must proceed under the principle of multilateralism.展开更多
Developing global partnerships is an important focus for China’s diplomacy in the new era.1 President Xi Jinping proposed at the Central Conference on Work Relating to Foreign Affairs in November 2014,“We should mak...Developing global partnerships is an important focus for China’s diplomacy in the new era.1 President Xi Jinping proposed at the Central Conference on Work Relating to Foreign Affairs in November 2014,“We should make more friends while abiding by the principle of non-alignment and build a global network of partnerships.”展开更多
Ever since the Bush administration took office, the U. S. national security strategy has given rise to much controversy. Whether the U. S. national security strategy is of unilateralism or multilateralistm is a questi...Ever since the Bush administration took office, the U. S. national security strategy has given rise to much controversy. Whether the U. S. national security strategy is of unilateralism or multilateralistm is a question in dispute. Many people think it is a unilateralist strategy. According to their views, to achieve its own objective, the U. S. administration has rarely considered the interests and feelings of other coun-展开更多
Anti-circumvention is the most contentious issue in the GATT Uruguay Round antidumping negotiations, also it is the only area where no substantive agreement was ever reached. Without multilateral regulations, a number...Anti-circumvention is the most contentious issue in the GATT Uruguay Round antidumping negotiations, also it is the only area where no substantive agreement was ever reached. Without multilateral regulations, a number of countries adopted anti-circumvention measures on an unilateral basis, nevertheless, their consistency with existing WTO rules is always problematic. According to a Ministerial Decision, the WTO has been attempting to produce multilateral provisions on anti-circumvention, but negotiations so far have not led to any tangible results. In this connection, means to facilitate the present negotiations and suggestions to the multilateral anti-circumvention provisions, particularly on their coverage and basic standards, are put forward for reference.展开更多
Against the background of the legitimacy crisis of traditional investment arbitration,states are actively pursuing the reform of investor-state dispute settlement(ISDS)through multilateral cooperation.They have thus p...Against the background of the legitimacy crisis of traditional investment arbitration,states are actively pursuing the reform of investor-state dispute settlement(ISDS)through multilateral cooperation.They have thus put forward several options for ISDS reform,but no consensus has yet been reached on adopting which one option.To foster multilateral cooperation,a degree of flexibility may be essential to accommodate the diverse preferences of states.This article draws inspiration from the flexible design of the Multilateral Convention to Implement Tax Treaty Related Measures to Prevent Base Erosion and Profit Shifting(referred to as“the MLI”)and proposes a roadmap for the establishment of a flexible multilateral instrument on international investment dispute settlement.Such an instrument would enable states to achieve multilateral cooperation in ISDS reform while allowing them to pursue different reform options based on their preferences.Further,it may also serve as a promising model for future multilateral reform in international investment law.展开更多
The linkage between quality of institutions and economic performance of nations has generated a lot of interest among scholars,due to their influence on development of many countries and effective use of resources inc...The linkage between quality of institutions and economic performance of nations has generated a lot of interest among scholars,due to their influence on development of many countries and effective use of resources including foreign aid from multilateral organizations.Two strands of theories emerge on the institutions-multilateral aids nexus:those for benefits of aid to growth and development;and those for harms caused by aid.The research objective is to investigate the impact of institutional quality on multilateral aid in Nigeria.To do this,the study applied auto-regressive distributed lag(ARDL)bounds testing approach.Data for the study were sourced from the ICRG data,WGI data,QoG database,Transparency International,and World Development Indicators(WDI).The findings show that institutional quality variables do not have any influence on the multilateral aid in Nigeria,except the‘independence of judiciary’which appeared statistically significant.In the short-run analysis,the disequilibrium in the long-run equilibrium is corrected for in the next quarter period by about 25%;almost all the variables are statistically and significantly influencing multilateral aid.It is therefore recommended that donor agencies should consider other factors that negatively influence official development assistance(ODA)such as politics,location and colonial history.展开更多
THE G20 Osaka Summit in Japan convened on June 28-29 had the world hold its breath. Not only were front-burner issues, such as WTO reform and digitalization of the economy, discussed there, but there was much fanfare ...THE G20 Osaka Summit in Japan convened on June 28-29 had the world hold its breath. Not only were front-burner issues, such as WTO reform and digitalization of the economy, discussed there, but there was much fanfare around the first high-level meeting between China and the United States since the last G20 summit in Buenos Aires late last year. Given the mounting trade tensions between the two countries, the meeting took global center stage.展开更多
基金funding by the project(51974329)sponsored by the National Natural Science Foundation of China and the project(2024ZD1406601)sponsored by the National Major Science and Technology Projects of China。
摘要The multi-branch horizontal wells can improve the reservoir dynamic flow profile,restrain water coning,enhance production and recovery efficiency due to large drainage area and low cost,and it is significant importance for academic research and industrial applications.However,the effects of branches interference and wellbore variable mass flow on transient dynamics of water breakthrough,production characteristics and recovery efficiency have long been ignored.To dynamically simulate and evaluate the fluid flow behavior of multilateral horizontal wells,first,the branches interference and coupled relationship between reservoir fluid seepage and wellbore variable mass flow has been investigated in this paper,a coupled model for predicting multilateral horizontal wells dynamic production and water breakthrough time is proposed with arbitrary three-dimensional spatial distribution.Subsequently,the model is validated by comparing the production and breakthrough time between actual production data and simulated software.Last,the performance characteristics including inflow dynamics,production,wellbore pressure drop and water breakthrough dynamic distribution are analyzed.The results indicate that the unstable flow time is shorten and it is about 0.6 h,and the wellbore inflow profile represents a characteristic of"low in the middle and high at both ends"on account of branches interference.The pressure drop of wellbore is mainly affected by friction,and other pressure drop types are acceleration pressure drop,convergence pressure drop and mixed pressure drop in order of influence,respectively.The breakthrough time is prior at junction of main wellbore and branch wellbores,then the bottom water spreads to the middle position of main wellbore and trailing position of each branch wellbore.The branch length has a critical impact on breakthrough time,and the branch numbers also affect it as well as the branch angle.The proposed theoretical model can be used to calculate and predict the production,breakthrough time and recovery efficiency of multilateral horizontal wells,and it supplies strong technical support for further development and enhance oil recovery of bottom water reservoir and actual oil field production.
摘要In December 2025,the ASEAN Centre for Energy(ACE)convened the third ASEAN Power Grid Partnership Meeting,bringing partners together for consultations on key issues.After more than two decades of planning and exploration,the ASEAN Power Grid is now entering a new phase—shifting from predominantly bilateral,one-way connections toward a multilateral,multidirectional network.
摘要On March 24,the international symposium themed“Strengthen the Role of the United Nations and Promote Multilateralism”was held in Beijing.The event was hosted by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of China,and supported by China Institute of International Studies(CIIS),the United Nations Association of China.
摘要Both the EU and China remain committed to safeguarding the multilateral trading system,which is in alignment with the bilateral and common interests of the world.
摘要After the 2008 global financial crisis, the global governance architecture underwent significant changes, accompanied by transformations in political, economic, diplomatic, and social spheres. What we had learnt since the end of World War Ⅱ was unable to make sense of the evolution and direction of this architecture.
摘要Today,the world is undergoing profound changes unseen in a century,and a host of global challenges continue to emerge.The international community urgently requires effective global governance.As Chinese President Xi Jinping has pointed out,multilateralism is the inevitable choice for addressing the world’s difficulties and challenges.1 However,various negative trends in international politics are undermining or impeding the effectiveness of multilateralism and aggravating the global governance deficit.Against this backdrop,it is essential to reassess the importance of multilateralism in global governance,identify the challenges it faces,and explore feasible pathways for collective action to advance global governance.
摘要In an era marked by rising protectionism and geopolitical tensions,the world faces a stark choice:embrace multilateral cooperation or succumb to unilateral hegemony.The United States’punitive tariff policies have exposed the negative effect of economic coercion and isolation.Meanwhile,China’s commitment to openness,innovation,and shared prosperity offers a contrast,a testament to the enduring vitality of multilateralism and global integration.
基金Project(12521044) supported by Scientific and Technological Research Program of Heilongjiang Provincial Education Department,China
摘要In order to accurately predict the productivity of herringbone multilateral well,a new productivity prediction model was founded.And based on this model,orthogonal test and multiple factor variance analysis were applied to study optimization design of herringbone multilateral well.According to the characteristics of herringbone multilateral well,by using pressure superposition and mirror image reflection theory,the coupled model of herringbone multilateral well was developed on the basis of a three-dimensional pseudo-pressure distribution model for horizontal wells.The model was formulated in consideration of friction loss,acceleration loss of the wellbore and mixed loss at the confluence of main wellbore and branched one.After mathematical simulation on productivity of the herringbone multilateral well with the coupled model,the effects of well configuration on productivity were analyzed.The results show that lateral number is the most important factor,length of main wellbore and length of branched wellbore are the secondary ones,angle between main and branched one has the least influence.
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.41704116,11901234,11926104)Jilin Provincial Excellent Youth Talents Foundation(Grant No.20180520093JH)+1 种基金Scientific Research Project of Education Department of Jilin Province(Grant No.JJKH20200933KJ)Scientific Research Project of Shanghai Science and Technology Commission(Grant No.19511132000)。
摘要While the spread of COVID-19 in China is under control,the pandemic is developing rapidly around the world.Due to the normal migration of population,China is facing the high risk from imported cases.The potential specific medicine and vaccine are still in the process of clinical trials.Currently,controlling the impact of imported cases is the key to prevent new outbreak of COVID-19 in China.In this paper,we propose two impulsive systems to describe the impact of multilateral imported cases of COVID-19.Based on the published data,we simulate and analyze the epidemic trends under different control strategies.In particular,we compare four different scenarios and show the corresponding medical burden.The results can be useful in designing appropriate control strategy for imported cases in practice.
摘要Wellbore failure can occur at different stages of operations. For example, wellbore collapse might happen during drilling and/or during production. The drilling process results in the removal of an already stressed rock material. If the induced stresses near the wellbore exceed the strength of rock, wellbore failure occurs. The production process also changes the effective stresses around the wellbore. Such changes in stresses can be significant for high drawdown pressures and can trigger wellbore failure. In this paper, the Mohr–Coulomb failure criterion with a hyperbolic hardening is used. The model parameters are identified from triaxial compression tests. The numerical simulations of laboratory tests showed that the model can reproduce the mechanical behaviour of sandstone. In addition, the simulations of multilateral junction stability experiments showed that the model was able to reproduce yielding and failure at the multilateral junction for different levels of applied stresses. Finally, a numerical example examining multilateral junction stability in an open borehole during drilling and production is presented. The results illustrate the development of a localized failure zone proximate to the area where two wellbore tracks join, particularly on the side with a sharp approaching angle, which would significantly increase the risk of wellbore collapse at the junction.
摘要Multilateral wells promise cost savings to oil and fields as they have the potential to reduce overall drilling distances and minimize the number of slots required for the surface facility managing the well.However,drilling a multilateral well does not always increase the flow rate when compared to two single-horizontal wells due to competition in production inside the mother-bore.Here,a holistic approach is proposed to find the optimum balance between single and multilateral wells in an offshore oil development.In so doing,the integrated approach finds the highest Net Present Value(NPV)configuration of the field considering drilling,subsurface,production and financial analysis.The model employs stochastic perturbation and Markov Chain Monte-Carlo methods to solve the global maximising-NPV problem.In addition,a combination of Mixed-Integer Linear Programming(MILP),an improved Dijkstra algorithm and a Levenberg-Marquardt optimiser is proposed to solve the rate allocation problem.With the outcome from this analysis,the model suggests the optimum development including number of multilateral and single horizontal wells that would result in the highest NPV.The results demonstrate the potential for modelling to find the optimal use of petroleum facilities and to assist with planning and decision making.
基金This work received funding support from National Natural Science Foundation of China(12202042),Highend Foreign Expert Introduction Program(G2023105006L)China Postdoctoral Science Foundations(2021M700391)Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(QNXM20220011,FRFTP-22-119A1,FRF-IDRY-22-001)。
摘要Due to high energy density,clean combustion products and abundant resources,natural gas hydrates(NGHs)have been regarded as an important clean energy source with the potential for large-scale development and utilization.However,pilot tests in NGHs show that their production rates are far below commercial needs.Multilateral well technology may lead to a solution to this problem because it can dramatically expand the drainage area of production wells.This paper presents the practical rate transient analysis for multilateral horizontal wells in NGHs.In developing solution to the diffusivity equation of multilateral horizontal wells in NGHs,the superposition principle and reciprocity are applied.We wrote the governing equation in cylindrical coordinates to describe the NGH flow process.We used the moving boundaries and dissociation coefficients to model the solid-to-gas transition process in hydrates.To obtain solutions for flow in hydrate reservoirs,we used Laplace transforms and the Stehfest numerical inversion method.Superposition principle and Gaussian elimination are applied to obtain the desired solution for multilateral horizontal wells.We validated our proposed model with a commercial numerical simulator.By performing sensitivity analyses,effects on production behavior of the number of branches,dissociation coefficient,radius of the region with dissociated hydrate,and dispersion ratio are determined.A synthetic case study is conducted to show the typical production behaviors.
摘要Currently,a new industrial revolution characterized by artificial intelligence,the internet of things,and digitalization is in a critical transition from initiation to allaround expansion.While injecting new dynamism into global economic growth,and promoting inclusive development and human welfare,the new industrial revolution will reshape the pattern of international competition,and provide a window period for latemoving countries to compete and catch up with developed nations.Amid the shocks of the new industrial revolution,countries must adhere to the principles of openness,multilateralism and reciprocity to share the dividends of the new industrial revolution and effectively cope with its challenges.Therefore,multilateralism,rather than protectionism and unilateralism,should dominate the mainstream of change in future global governance.The reform of existing multilateral organizations such as the World Trade Organization(WTO)must proceed under the principle of multilateralism.
摘要Developing global partnerships is an important focus for China’s diplomacy in the new era.1 President Xi Jinping proposed at the Central Conference on Work Relating to Foreign Affairs in November 2014,“We should make more friends while abiding by the principle of non-alignment and build a global network of partnerships.”
摘要Ever since the Bush administration took office, the U. S. national security strategy has given rise to much controversy. Whether the U. S. national security strategy is of unilateralism or multilateralistm is a question in dispute. Many people think it is a unilateralist strategy. According to their views, to achieve its own objective, the U. S. administration has rarely considered the interests and feelings of other coun-
摘要Anti-circumvention is the most contentious issue in the GATT Uruguay Round antidumping negotiations, also it is the only area where no substantive agreement was ever reached. Without multilateral regulations, a number of countries adopted anti-circumvention measures on an unilateral basis, nevertheless, their consistency with existing WTO rules is always problematic. According to a Ministerial Decision, the WTO has been attempting to produce multilateral provisions on anti-circumvention, but negotiations so far have not led to any tangible results. In this connection, means to facilitate the present negotiations and suggestions to the multilateral anti-circumvention provisions, particularly on their coverage and basic standards, are put forward for reference.
摘要Against the background of the legitimacy crisis of traditional investment arbitration,states are actively pursuing the reform of investor-state dispute settlement(ISDS)through multilateral cooperation.They have thus put forward several options for ISDS reform,but no consensus has yet been reached on adopting which one option.To foster multilateral cooperation,a degree of flexibility may be essential to accommodate the diverse preferences of states.This article draws inspiration from the flexible design of the Multilateral Convention to Implement Tax Treaty Related Measures to Prevent Base Erosion and Profit Shifting(referred to as“the MLI”)and proposes a roadmap for the establishment of a flexible multilateral instrument on international investment dispute settlement.Such an instrument would enable states to achieve multilateral cooperation in ISDS reform while allowing them to pursue different reform options based on their preferences.Further,it may also serve as a promising model for future multilateral reform in international investment law.
摘要The linkage between quality of institutions and economic performance of nations has generated a lot of interest among scholars,due to their influence on development of many countries and effective use of resources including foreign aid from multilateral organizations.Two strands of theories emerge on the institutions-multilateral aids nexus:those for benefits of aid to growth and development;and those for harms caused by aid.The research objective is to investigate the impact of institutional quality on multilateral aid in Nigeria.To do this,the study applied auto-regressive distributed lag(ARDL)bounds testing approach.Data for the study were sourced from the ICRG data,WGI data,QoG database,Transparency International,and World Development Indicators(WDI).The findings show that institutional quality variables do not have any influence on the multilateral aid in Nigeria,except the‘independence of judiciary’which appeared statistically significant.In the short-run analysis,the disequilibrium in the long-run equilibrium is corrected for in the next quarter period by about 25%;almost all the variables are statistically and significantly influencing multilateral aid.It is therefore recommended that donor agencies should consider other factors that negatively influence official development assistance(ODA)such as politics,location and colonial history.
摘要THE G20 Osaka Summit in Japan convened on June 28-29 had the world hold its breath. Not only were front-burner issues, such as WTO reform and digitalization of the economy, discussed there, but there was much fanfare around the first high-level meeting between China and the United States since the last G20 summit in Buenos Aires late last year. Given the mounting trade tensions between the two countries, the meeting took global center stage.