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Adjustable random linear network coding(ARLNC): A solution for data transmission in dynamic IoT computational environments 认领 引用
1
作者 Raffi Dilanchian Ali Bohlooli Kamal Jamshidi 《Digital Communications and Networks》 SCIE EI CSCD 2025年第2期574-586,共13页
In mobile computing environments, most IoT devices connected to networks experience variable error rates and possess limited bandwidth. The conventional method of retransmitting lost information during transmission, c... In mobile computing environments, most IoT devices connected to networks experience variable error rates and possess limited bandwidth. The conventional method of retransmitting lost information during transmission, commonly used in data transmission protocols, increases transmission delay and consumes excessive bandwidth. To overcome this issue, forward error correction techniques, e.g., Random Linear Network Coding(RLNC) can be used in data transmission. The primary challenge in RLNC-based methodologies is sustaining a consistent coding ratio during data transmission, leading to notable bandwidth usage and transmission delay in dynamic network conditions. Therefore, this study proposes a new block-based RLNC strategy known as Adjustable RLNC(ARLNC), which dynamically adjusts the coding ratio and transmission window during runtime based on the estimated network error rate calculated via receiver feedback. The calculations in this approach are performed using a Galois field with the order of 256. Furthermore, we assessed ARLNC's performance by subjecting it to various error models such as Gilbert Elliott, exponential, and constant rates and compared it with the standard RLNC. The results show that dynamically adjusting the coding ratio and transmission window size based on network conditions significantly enhances network throughput and reduces total transmission delay in most scenarios. In contrast to the conventional RLNC method employing a fixed coding ratio, the presented approach has demonstrated significant enhancements, resulting in a 73% decrease in transmission delay and a 4 times augmentation in throughput. However, in dynamic computational environments, ARLNC generally incurs higher computational costs than the standard RLNC but excels in high-performance networks. 展开更多
关键词 Random linear network coding Adjust redundancy Galois field Internet of Things Data transfer
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Improved Adaptive Random Convolutional Network Coding Algorithm 认领 引用 被引量：2
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作者 Guo Wangmei Cai Ning Wang Xiao 《China Communications》 SCIE CSCD 2012年第11期63-69,共7页
To address the issue of field size in random network coding, we propose an Improved Adaptive Random Convolutional Network Coding (IARCNC) algorithm to considerably reduce the amount of occupied memory. The operation o... To address the issue of field size in random network coding, we propose an Improved Adaptive Random Convolutional Network Coding (IARCNC) algorithm to considerably reduce the amount of occupied memory. The operation of IARCNC is similar to that of Adaptive Random Convolutional Network Coding (ARCNC), with the coefficients of local encoding kernels chosen uniformly at random over a small finite field. The difference is that the length of the local encoding kernels at the nodes used by IARCNC is constrained by the depth; meanwhile, increases until all the related sink nodes can be decoded. This restriction can make the code length distribution more reasonable. Therefore, IARCNC retains the advantages of ARCNC, such as a small decoding delay and partial adaptation to an unknown topology without an early estimation of the field size. In addition, it has its own advantage, that is, a higher reduction in memory use. The simulation and the example show the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm. 展开更多
关键词 convolutional network coding adaptive network coding algorithm random coding
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Performance analysis of amplify-and-forward cooperative diversity with multiple-antenna nodes via analog network coding 认领 引用 被引量：1
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作者 杨洪娟 孟维晓 李博 《Journal of Harbin Institute of Technology(New Series)》 EI CAS 2012年第6期13-16,共4页
Network coding (NC), which works in the network layer, is an effective technology to improve the network throughput, by allowing the relay to encode the information from different users and ensuring the destination to... Network coding (NC), which works in the network layer, is an effective technology to improve the network throughput, by allowing the relay to encode the information from different users and ensuring the destination to retrieve the desired information. Employing network coding technique in a cooperative network can improve the network performance further. In this paper, we introduce analog network coding (ANC) to a simple two-user cooperative diversity network, which adopts amplify-and-forward (AF) mode and all nodes use multiple antennas. The impact of the number of antenna on the system achievable rate is investigated. And the bit error rate (BER) performances of the traditional relay cooperative network and the cooperative network based on analog network coding under different propagation conditions are discussed. The simulation results show that the performance of the traditional cooperative network has improved significantly due to the employ of network coding. 展开更多
关键词 cooperative diversity amplify-and-forward multiple antennas network coding analog network coding
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Algebraic Approach to Random Convolutional Network Coding over Wireless Packet Networks 认领 引用
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作者 郭网媚 刘斌越 蒋馥蔚 《Transactions of Tianjin University》 EI CAS 2013年第4期307-312,共6页
To characterize the algebraic structure of wireless network coding, a hypergragh is utilized to model wireless packet networks from network layer. The algebraic description of random convolutional network coding is de... To characterize the algebraic structure of wireless network coding, a hypergragh is utilized to model wireless packet networks from network layer. The algebraic description of random convolutional network coding is deduced, and the coding condition is also presented. Analyses and simulations show that random convolutional coding is capacity-achieving with probability approaching 1. 展开更多
关键词 wireless network coding random convolutional network coding hypergraph capacity-achieving
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Low-Complexity Secure Network Coding Against Wiretapping Using Intra/Inter-generation Coding 认领 引用 被引量：10
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作者 LIU Guangjun LIU Binyue +2 位作者 LIU Ximeng LI Fang GUO Wangmei 《China Communications》 SCIE CSCD 2015年第6期116-125,共10页
Existing solutions against wiretapping attacks for network coding either bring significant bandwidth overhead or incur a high computational complexity.In order to reduce the security overhead of the existing solutions... Existing solutions against wiretapping attacks for network coding either bring significant bandwidth overhead or incur a high computational complexity.In order to reduce the security overhead of the existing solutions for securing network coding,a novel securing network coding paradigm is presented relying on two coding models:intra-generation coding and inter-generation coding.The basic idea to secure network coding using intra-generation coding is to limit the encryption operations for each generation,and then subject the scrambled and the remaining original source vectors to a linear transformation.This method is then generalized seamlessly using inter-generation coding by further exploiting the algebraic structure of network coding.We show that the proposed schemes have properties of low-complexity security,little bandwidth consumption,and high efficiency in integrating with the existing security techniques effectively. 展开更多
关键词 network coding security wiretap-ping attacks algebraic coding encryption
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Network Coding-Aware Cooperative Relaying for Downlink Cellular Relay Networks 认领 引用 被引量：8
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作者 熊轲 樊平毅 +1 位作者 易粟 雷鸣 《China Communications》 SCIE CSCD 2013年第7期44-56,共13页
In this paper, we first overview some traditional relaying technologies, and then present a Network Coding-Aware Cooperative Relaying （NC2R） scheme to improve the performance of downlink transmission for relayaided ... In this paper, we first overview some traditional relaying technologies, and then present a Network Coding-Aware Cooperative Relaying （NC2R） scheme to improve the performance of downlink transmission for relayaided cellular networks. Moreover, systematic performance analysis and extensive simulations are performed for the proposed NC2R and traditional relaying and non-relaying schemes. The results show that NCR outperforms conventional relaying and non-relaying schemes in terms of blocking probability and spectral efficiency, especially for cell-edge users. Additionally, the location selections for relays with NCR are also discussed. These results will provide some insights for incorporating network coding into next-generation broadband cellular relay mobile systems. 展开更多
关键词 network coding relay networks cooperative transmission cellular networks
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Reliable Braided Multipath Routing with Network Coding for Underwater Sensor Networks 认领 引用 被引量：5
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作者 杨余旺 古力 +3 位作者 鞠玉涛 郑亚 孙亚民 杨静宇 《China Ocean Engineering》 SCIE EI 2010年第3期565-574,共10页
Owing to the long propagation delay and high error rate of acoustic channels, it is very challenging to provide reliable data transfer for underwater sensor networks. Moreover, network coding is proved to be an effect... Owing to the long propagation delay and high error rate of acoustic channels, it is very challenging to provide reliable data transfer for underwater sensor networks. Moreover, network coding is proved to be an effective coding technique for throughput and robustness of networks. In this paper, we propose a Reliable Braided Multipath Routing with Network Coding for underwater sensor networks （RBMR-NC）. Disjoint multi-path algorithm is used to build independent actual paths, as called main paths. Some braided paths on each main path are built according to the braided multi-path algorithm, which are called logic paths. When a data packet is transmitted by these nodes, the nodes can employ network coding to encode packets coming from the same group in order to further reduce relativity among these packets, and enhance the probability of successful decoding at the sink node. Braided multi-path can make the main paths to be multiplexed to reduce the probability of long paths. This paper mainly employs successful delivery rate to evaluate RBMR-NC model with theoretical analysis and simulation methods. The results indicate that the proposed RBMR-NC protocol is valuable to enhance network reliability and to reduce system redundancy. 展开更多
关键词 network coding multi-path routing underwater sensor networks network reliability
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Efficient Reliable Opportunistic Network Coding Based on Hybrid Flow in Wireless Network 认领 引用 被引量：5
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作者 陈晶 李彤 +2 位作者 杜瑞颖 傅建明 刘建伟 《China Communications》 SCIE CSCD 2011年第4期125-131,共7页
Although the wireless network is widely used in many fields,its characteristics such as high bit error rate and broadcast links may block its development.Network coding is an artistic way to exploit its intrinsic char... Although the wireless network is widely used in many fields,its characteristics such as high bit error rate and broadcast links may block its development.Network coding is an artistic way to exploit its intrinsic characteristics to increase the network reliability.Some people research network coding schemes for inter-flow or intra-flow,each type with its own advantages and disadvantages.In this paper,we propose a new mechanism,called MM-NCOPE,which integrates the idea of inter-flow and intra-flow coding.On the one hand,MM-NCOPE utilizes random liner coding to encode the NCOPE packets while NCOPE is a sub-protocol for optimizing the COPE algorithm by iteration.In NCOPE,packets are automatically matched by size to be coded.As a result,it improves the coding gain in some level.On the other hand,we adopt the partial Acknowledgement retransmission scheme to achieve high compactness and robustness.ACK is an independent packet with the highest priority rather than a part of the data packets.Compared with existing works on opportunistic network coding,our approach ensures the reliability of wireless links and improves the coding gain. 展开更多
关键词 network coding reliability hybrid flow
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Performance of Physical-Layer Network Coding in Asymmetric Two-Way Relay Channels 认领 引用 被引量：4
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作者 李博 王钢 +3 位作者 Peter H.J.Chong 杨洪娟 Yongliang GUAN 沙学军 《China Communications》 SCIE CSCD 2013年第10期65-73,共9页
In this paper, we study the performance of physical-layer network coding in asymmetric two-way relay channels using four different cases having different poor channels:phase asymmetry, downlink asymmetry, uplink asymm... In this paper, we study the performance of physical-layer network coding in asymmetric two-way relay channels using four different cases having different poor channels:phase asymmetry, downlink asymmetry, uplink asymmetry and node asymmetry. The decision and mapping rule for symmetric and asymmetric cases are studied. The performance in terms of bit error rate for each case will be studied and analysed by computer simulation. Analytical and simulation results show that uplink asymmetry is the worst case;intra-phase asymmetry and unreliable uplink channels will more severely affect the performance degradation, which is caused by channel asymmetry. 展开更多
关键词 physical-layer network coding two-way relay channels asymmetric channels bit error rate
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Efficient Scheduling with Random Network Coding in Multi-Relay Wireless Network 认领 引用 被引量：4
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作者 丁良辉 毕琰 +2 位作者 孙大佳 杨峰 钱良 《Journal of Shanghai Jiaotong university(Science)》 EI 2014年第1期59-64,共6页
In this paper, we propose two novel efficient scheduling schemes with network coding in multi-relay wireless network to maximize the transmission efficiency. The first one uses adaptive forwarding with network coding(... In this paper, we propose two novel efficient scheduling schemes with network coding in multi-relay wireless network to maximize the transmission efficiency. The first one uses adaptive forwarding with network coding(AF-NC), in which each relay adaptively calculates the number of packets having innovative information according to the feedback from the sink. With AF-NC, duplicate packets are not sent, and the total number of time slots needed to complete transmission can be significantly reduced. The second scheme, named adaptive forwarding with network coding and retransmission(AFR-NC), combines AF-NC with automatic repeat request(ARQ) to guarantee reliable end-to-end communication with limited resource occupation. Numerical results show that compared with simple forwarding with network coding(F-NC), AF-NC has close successful delivery rate with dramatically less time slots, while AFR-NC achieves strict reliability with limited resource cost. 展开更多
关键词 random network coding scheduling automatic repeat request （ARQ） multi-relay wireless networks
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A New Network Coding Mechanism Balancing Coding Opportunities, Energy and QoS in WSNs 认领 引用 被引量：3
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作者 ZHENG Kangfeng WANG Xiujuan +1 位作者 ZHA Xuan XIAO Huan 《China Communications》 SCIE CSCD 2014年第6期108-118,共11页
A new Network Coding mechanism in WSNs(Wireless Sensor Networks), which is named COEQ and aims at balancing coding opportunities, energy and QoS, is proposed and analyzed. Implemented on the basis of traditional AODV ... A new Network Coding mechanism in WSNs(Wireless Sensor Networks), which is named COEQ and aims at balancing coding opportunities, energy and QoS, is proposed and analyzed. Implemented on the basis of traditional AODV protocol, COEQ evaluates several metrics of paths comprehensively with TOPSIS method including minimum remaining energy, coding opportunities, QoS and so on, so as to select the optimal transmitting route. Experiments on NS[2] show that COEQ can improve throughput and save energy when the transmitting rate is low. 展开更多
关键词 network coding wireless sensor network QoS TOPSIS
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Adaptive Jointing Superposition and Denoising-and-Forward Physical Layer Network Coding 认领 引用 被引量：3
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作者 欧阳玉花 贾向东 +1 位作者 傅海阳 杨龙祥 《China Communications》 SCIE CSCD 2011年第3期43-51,共9页
The existing physical-layer network coding(PNC) can be grouped into three generic schemes,which are XOR-based PNC,superposition-based PNC,and denoising-and-forward(DNFbased) PNC.Generally speaking,DNF-based PNC has be... The existing physical-layer network coding(PNC) can be grouped into three generic schemes,which are XOR-based PNC,superposition-based PNC,and denoising-and-forward(DNFbased) PNC.Generally speaking,DNF-based PNC has better performance of rate pair region compared with the other two schemes when the transmission is symmetric.When the transmission is asymmetric,its performance is degraded severely.However,superposition-based PNC does not have that limitation even if its rate pair region performance is inferior to that of DNF-based PNC and XOR-based PNC.In this paper,we focus on the combined use of the two PNC schemes,superposition-based PNC and DNFbased PNC,and present a novel PNC scheme called joint superposition and DNF physical-layer network coding(JSDNF-based PNC) as well as the information theory analysis of the achievable rate pair region.At the same time,in the proposed scheme,an adaptive power allocation factor is introduced.By changing the power factor,the system can adapt its rate pair region flexibly.The numerical results show that the proposed scheme achieves the largest rate pair region when the rate difference of two source signals is very large.At the same time,the support on asymmetric transmission is also an important profit of the scheme. 展开更多
关键词 cooperative communications physicallayer network coding(PNC) denoising-and-forward PNC superposition PNC
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Continuous-Variable Quantum Network Coding Based on Quantum Discord 认领 引用 被引量：3
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作者 Tao Shang Ran Liu +1 位作者 Jianwei Liu Yafei Hou 《Computers, Materials & Continua》 SCIE EI 2020年第9期1629-1645,共17页
Establishing entanglement is an essential task of quantum communication technology.Beyond entanglement,quantum discord,as a measure of quantum correlation,is a necessary prerequisite to the success of entanglement dis... Establishing entanglement is an essential task of quantum communication technology.Beyond entanglement,quantum discord,as a measure of quantum correlation,is a necessary prerequisite to the success of entanglement distribution.To realize efficient quantum communication based on quantum discord,in this paper,we consider the practical advantages of continuous variables and propose a feasible continuous-variable quantum network coding scheme based on quantum discord.By means of entanglement distribution by separable states,it can achieve quantum entanglement distribution from sources to targets in a butterfly network.Compared with the representative discrete-variable quantum network coding schemes,the proposed continuous-variable quantum network coding scheme has a higher probability of entanglement distribution and defends against eavesdropping and forgery attacks.Particularly,the deduced relationship indicates that the increase in entanglement is less than or equal to quantum discord. 展开更多
关键词 Continuous variable quantum network coding quantum discord entanglement distribution Gaussian cloning
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A Lightweight Secure Network Coding Scheme against Wiretapping 认领 引用 被引量：3
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作者 LIU Guangjun LIU Ximeng +1 位作者 XIONG Jinbo ZHOU Hang 《Wuhan University Journal of Natural Sciences》 CAS 2014年第2期156-160,共5页
Existing works for securing network coding against wiretapping either incur high coding complexity or bring large bandwidth overhead. For exploiting the lightweight security mechanism for resource-constrained networks... Existing works for securing network coding against wiretapping either incur high coding complexity or bring large bandwidth overhead. For exploiting the lightweight security mechanism for resource-constrained networks, an efficient secure coding scheme is proposed in conjunction with the inherent mix- ing characteristic of network coding. The key idea is to minimize the randomizing operations to the entire plaintext data. The pro- posed scheme is shown to have properties of lightweight security complexity and lower communication overhead compared with the existing traditional solutions, and can be easy in implementation and combination with classical cryptography techniques. 展开更多
关键词 network coding security wiretapping algebraic coding pseudo-random function
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Network Coding-based Reliable Broadcast Transmission in Wireless Networks 认领 引用 被引量：4
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作者 Wang Jing Chi Kaikai Wang Xinmei 《China Communications》 SCIE 2010年第2期71-77,共7页
Recently, network coding has been applied to the loss recovery of reliable broadcast transmission in wireless networks. Since it was proved that fi nding the optimal set of lost packets for XOR-ing is a complex NP-com... Recently, network coding has been applied to the loss recovery of reliable broadcast transmission in wireless networks. Since it was proved that fi nding the optimal set of lost packets for XOR-ing is a complex NP-complete problem, the available time-based retransmission scheme and its enhanced retransmission scheme have exponential computational complexity and thus are not scalable to large networks. In this paper, we present an efficient heuristic scheme based on hypergraph coloring and also its enhanced heuristic scheme to improve the transmission efficiency. Basically, our proposed schemes fi rst create a hypergraph according to the packet-loss matrix. Then our schemes solve the problem of generating XORed packets by coloring the edges of hypergraph. Extensive simulation results demonstrate that, the heuristic scheme based on hypergraph coloring and its enhanced scheme can achieve almost the same transmission efficiency as the available ones, but have much lower computational complexity, which is very important for the wireless devices without high computation capacity. 展开更多
关键词 network coding reliable broadcast wireless networks transmission bandwidth computational complexity
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New Optimal Power Allocation for Bidirectional Communications in Cognitive Relay Network Using Analog Network Coding 认领 引用 被引量：3
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作者 LU Luxi JIANG Wei +1 位作者 XIANG Haige LUO Wu 《China Communications》 SCIE 2010年第4期144-148,共5页
Cognitive radio and cooperative communication can greatly improve the spectrum efficiency in wireless communications.We study a cognitive radio network where two secondary source terminals exchange their information w... Cognitive radio and cooperative communication can greatly improve the spectrum efficiency in wireless communications.We study a cognitive radio network where two secondary source terminals exchange their information with the assistance of a relay node under interference power constraints.In order to enhance the transmit rate and maintain fairness between two source terminals,a practical 2-phase analog network coding protocol is adopted and its optimal power allocation algorithm is proposed.Numerical results verify the superiority of the proposed algorithm over the conventional direct transmission protocol and 4-phase amplify-and-forward relay protocol. 展开更多
关键词 Cognitive Radio Cooperative Communication Analog Network Coding Bidirectional Communications Interference power constraint
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TCAR: A new network coding-aware routing mechanism based on local topology detection 认领 引用 被引量：3
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作者 王伟平 吴伟 +1 位作者 关庆娟 王建新 《Journal of Central South University》 SCIE EI CAS 2014年第8期3178-3185,共8页
Recent researches show that inter-session network coding could decrease the number of packets transmission and achieve higher throughput in wireless network compared with traditional forwarding mechanism. In most exis... Recent researches show that inter-session network coding could decrease the number of packets transmission and achieve higher throughput in wireless network compared with traditional forwarding mechanism. In most existing relay mechanisms based on inter-session network such as COPE, relay node demands to collect the messages from its neighbor nodes to get notice of which packets already overheard by them so as to determine whether there exists coding opportunity between or among forwarding packets. However, transmission overhead of this message collection and computing cost of opportunity determination will degrade the performance of these mechanisms. It is observed that coding opportunity at relay node is much more related with the local topology, and the opportunity of encoding three or more packets together is far less than that of encoding two packets together in wireless network with general density. Based on this, a new coding-aware routing mechanism, named TCAR, is proposed. TCAR ignores the oppommity of encoding three or more than three packets together. Each relay node maintains an encoding mapping table being established according to the result of its local topology detection, which can be used to calculate the path cost during routing setup phase, and determine that which two packets can be encoded together during the packets forwarding phase. In TCAR, instead of periodic messages collection, each relay nodes just need once local topology detection, and the encoding determination is much simpler than that of the former mechanisms. Simulation results show that compared with typical inter-session network coding mechanisms COPE and COPE-based routing, TCAR achieves 12% and 7% throughput gains, and keeps the minimum end to end delay. 展开更多
关键词 inter-session network coding coding aware routing wireless network
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A Physical Layer Network Coding Based Tag Anti-Collision Algorithm for RFID System 认领 引用 被引量：3
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作者 Cuixiang Wang Xing Shao +1 位作者 Yifan Meng Jun Gao 《Computers, Materials & Continua》 SCIE EI 2021年第1期931-945,共15页
In RFID(Radio Frequency IDentification)system,when multiple tags are in the operating range of one reader and send their information to the reader simultaneously,the signals of these tags are superimposed in the air,w... In RFID(Radio Frequency IDentification)system,when multiple tags are in the operating range of one reader and send their information to the reader simultaneously,the signals of these tags are superimposed in the air,which results in a collision and leads to the degrading of tags identifying efficiency.To improve the multiple tags’identifying efficiency due to collision,a physical layer network coding based binary search tree algorithm(PNBA)is proposed in this paper.PNBA pushes the conflicting signal information of multiple tags into a stack,which is discarded by the traditional anti-collision algorithm.In addition,physical layer network coding is exploited by PNBA to obtain unread tag information through the decoding operation of physical layer network coding using the conflicting information in the stack.Therefore,PNBA reduces the number of interactions between reader and tags,and improves the tags identification efficiency.Theoretical analysis and simulation results using MATLAB demonstrate that PNBA reduces the number of readings,and improve RFID identification efficiency.Especially,when the number of tags to be identified is 100,the average needed reading number of PNBA is 83%lower than the basic binary search tree algorithm,43%lower than reverse binary search tree algorithm,and its reading efficiency reaches 0.93. 展开更多
关键词 Radio frequency identification(RFID) tag anti-collision algorithm physical layer network coding binary search tree algorithm
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New algorithm for variable-rate linear broadcast network coding 认领 引用 被引量：3
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作者 夏寅 张惕远 黄佳庆 《Journal of Central South University》 SCIE EI CAS 2011年第4期1193-1199,共7页
To adjust the variance of source rate in linear broadcast networks, global encoding kernels should have corresponding dimensions to instruct the decoding process. The algorithm of constructing such global encoding ker... To adjust the variance of source rate in linear broadcast networks, global encoding kernels should have corresponding dimensions to instruct the decoding process. The algorithm of constructing such global encoding kernels is to adjust heterogeneous network to possible link failures. Linear algebra, graph theory and group theory are applied to construct one series of global encoding kernels which are applicable to all source rates. The effectiveness and existence of such global encoding kernels are proved. Based on 2 information flow, the algorithm of construction is explicitly given within polynomial time O（｜E｜ ｜T｜.ω^2max）, and the memory complexity of algorithm is O（｜E｜）. Both time and memory complexity of this algorithm proposed can be O（ωmax） less than those of algorithms in related works. 展开更多
关键词 network coding variable-rate linear broadcast heterogeneous network code construction algorithm
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A Practical Quantum Network Coding Protocol Based on Non-Maximally Entangled State 认领 引用 被引量：2
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作者 Zhen-Zhen Li Zi-Chen Li +3 位作者 Xiu-Bo Chen Zhiguo Qu Xiaojun Wang Haizhu Pan 《Computers, Materials & Continua》 SCIE EI 2021年第8期2651-2663,共13页
In many earlier works,perfect quantum state transmission over the butterfly network can be achieved via quantum network coding protocols with the assist of maximally entangled states.However,in actual quantum networks... In many earlier works,perfect quantum state transmission over the butterfly network can be achieved via quantum network coding protocols with the assist of maximally entangled states.However,in actual quantum networks,a maximally entangled state as auxiliary resource is hard to be obtained or easily turned into a non-maximally entangled state subject to all kinds of environmental noises.Therefore,we propose a more practical quantum network coding scheme with the assist of non-maximally entangled states.In this paper,a practical quantum network coding protocol over grail network is proposed,in which the non-maximally entangled resource is assisted and even the desired quantum state can be perfectly transmitted.The achievable rate region,security and practicability of the proposed protocol are discussed and analyzed.This practical quantum network coding protocol proposed over the grail network can be regarded as a useful attempt to help move the theory of quantum network coding towards practicability. 展开更多
关键词 Quantum network coding non-maximally entangled state quantum grail network practical protocol
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