A relationship was discovered between the amplification factor and the number of load increments that are needed to limit the relative error to one percent in second-order elastic analyses with a predictor-corrector s...A relationship was discovered between the amplification factor and the number of load increments that are needed to limit the relative error to one percent in second-order elastic analyses with a predictor-corrector solution scheme.Previous research by the authors proposed a design equation to determine the required minimum number of load increments based on an evaluation of the elastic critical buckling load ratio.Further research has shown that an approximate amplification factor equation that is based on the B2 multiplier equation produces similar results when the amplification factor is less than approximately four.Eleven moment frames are used to verify the use of the new approximate amplification factor in the proposed design equation.展开更多
The column-to-beam flexural strength ratio(CBFSR)has been used in many seismic codes to achieve the strong column-weak beam(SCWB)failure mode in reinforced concrete(RC)frames,in which plastic hinges appear earlier in ...The column-to-beam flexural strength ratio(CBFSR)has been used in many seismic codes to achieve the strong column-weak beam(SCWB)failure mode in reinforced concrete(RC)frames,in which plastic hinges appear earlier in beams than in columns.However,seismic investigations show that the required limit of CBFSR in seismic codes usually cannot achieve the SCWB failure mode under strong earthquakes.This study investigates the failure modes of RC frames with different CBFSRs.Nine typical three-story RC frame models with different CBFSRs are designed in accordance with Chinese seismic codes.The seismic responses and failure modes of the frames are investigated through time-history analyses using 100 ground motion records.The results show that the required limit of the CBFSR that guarantees the SCWB failure mode depends on the beam-column connection type and the seismic intensity,and different types of beam-column connections exhibit different failure modes even though they are designed with the same CBFSR.Recommended CBFSRs are proposed for achieving the designed SCWB failure mode for different types of connections in RC frames under different seismic intensities.These results may provide some reference for further revisions of the SCWB design criterion in Chinese seismic codes.展开更多
Frequency effect,in addition to time delay effect,on the response of the frame structure to sinusoidal and earthquake wave passage excitations is studied,respectively.The dynamic equilibrium equation in terms of the d...Frequency effect,in addition to time delay effect,on the response of the frame structure to sinusoidal and earthquake wave passage excitations is studied,respectively.The dynamic equilibrium equation in terms of the displacements of horizontal DOFs for a single-span,one-story plane frame structure subjected to wave passage excitation is formulated,and the relative motion method and mode superposition method are used to solve the dynamic equilibrium equation.The analytical and semi-analytical solutions of structural responses of the frame structure to sinusoidal and earthquake wave passage excitations are given,respectively.A new cognition is obtained that the wave passage effect includes not only time delay effect but also frequency effect.The frequency effect is also the mechanism of wave passage effect for the frame structure.When the excitation frequency is within a range from a frequency slightly bigger than zero to a certain frequency less than the structural fundamental frequency,the lower the excitation frequency,the more significant wave passage effect.Earthquake wave passage effect for the frame structure depends on the low-frequency content of earthquake wave besides time delay,and the more the low-frequency content,the more significant wave passage effect.展开更多
The optimality criteria (OC) method and mathematical programming (MP) were combined to found the sectional optimization model of frame structures. Different methods were adopted to deal with the different constrai...The optimality criteria (OC) method and mathematical programming (MP) were combined to found the sectional optimization model of frame structures. Different methods were adopted to deal with the different constraints. The stress constraints as local constraints were approached by zero-order approximation and transformed into movable sectional lower limits with the full stress criterion. The displacement constraints as global constraints were transformed into explicit expressions with the unit virtual load method. Thus an approximate explicit model for the sectional optimization of frame structures was built with stress and displacement constraints. To improve the resolution efficiency, the dual-quadratic programming was adopted to transform the original optimization model into a dual problem according to the dual theory and solved iteratively in its dual space. A method called approximate scaling step was adopted to reduce computations and smooth the iterative process. Negative constraints were deleted to reduce the size of the optimization model. With MSC/Nastran software as structural solver and MSC/Patran software as developing platform, the sectional optimization software of frame structures was accomplished, considering stress and displacement constraints. The examples show that the efficiency and accuracy are improved.展开更多
Bridge cranes are key equipment in modern industry and logistics.Their manufacturing quality directly affects the safety and service life of the entire machine.The main girders and end beams of such cranes are typical...Bridge cranes are key equipment in modern industry and logistics.Their manufacturing quality directly affects the safety and service life of the entire machine.The main girders and end beams of such cranes are typically fabricated by welding thick plates.Residual stress and deformation generated during welding are major factors that influence the structural service life and load-bearing capacity.The paper adopts the inherent strain method as the core theory.A mid-surface model of the structure is created using SolidWorks.Two-dimensional mesh discretization and geometry cleanup are performed in Hypermesh.Finally,numerical simulations of different welding sequence schemes are carried out using Sysweld software.During the research,the double ellipsoid heat source model is first calibrated and validated for T-welded joints to ensure the accuracy and applicability of the heat source parameters.Subsequently,simulations are performed according to different welding sequence schemes.Residual stress distribution contours and deformation contours under each scheme are extracted,and a quantitative comparative analysis is conducted on the maximum residual stress,deformations in each direction,and total deformation,leading to the selection of an optimal welding sequence scheme.The simulation results show that different welding sequences have a significant effect on the final residual stress and deformation distribution.Improving the welding sequence can effectively control weldinginduced residual stress and deformation,providing guidance for optimizing the welding process of bridge cranes.展开更多
In order to meet the requirements for the safety and stability of engineering structures under the trend of high-rise and multifunctional development in construction engineering, the construction of frame shear wall s...In order to meet the requirements for the safety and stability of engineering structures under the trend of high-rise and multifunctional development in construction engineering, the construction of frame shear wall structure engineering is taken as the key link. Combining construction specifications and engineering practice, this article systematically expounds the basic composition and stress characteristics of the structural system, and conducts in-depth technical analysis around key processes such as construction preparation, steel reinforcement construction, formwork construction, concrete construction, and internal partition wall construction. The technical points of each link are clearly pointed out, forming a complete technical framework for the construction of frame shear wall structure in construction engineering, strengthening the anti lateral displacement ability, space utilization rate, and seismic performance of the structure, and providing experience and technical support for similar projects.展开更多
On January 7,2025,a M 6.8 earthquake occurred at Dingri County,Shigatse City,Xizang Autonomous Region,which is the most largest earthquake in this region in the most recent five years.The maximum recorded peak ground ...On January 7,2025,a M 6.8 earthquake occurred at Dingri County,Shigatse City,Xizang Autonomous Region,which is the most largest earthquake in this region in the most recent five years.The maximum recorded peak ground acceleration in this earthquake is 0.43 g,which is significantly higher than the local design basis earthquake intensity level.This report focuses on the post-earthquake seismic damage investigation of rural selfbuilt houses and local public buildings,which shows quite different seismic performance.Collapse and heavy damage of rural self-built houses without seismic resistant measures were observed,while the masonry houses with seismic resistant measures show good seismic performance against collapse.The structural systems of public buildings with proper seismic design suffered slight seismic damage.Different form slight structural damage,the seismic damages of non-structural components,which resulted in the interruption of public building functionality were highlighted in this report.With the investigation results of seismic damage suffered by local houses and buildings,the casualty distribution and causes were analyzed in detail.展开更多
Under the rapidly advancing economic trends,people’s requirements for the functionality and architectural artistry of high-rise structures are constantly increasing,and in order to meet such modern requirements,it is...Under the rapidly advancing economic trends,people’s requirements for the functionality and architectural artistry of high-rise structures are constantly increasing,and in order to meet such modern requirements,it is necessary to diversify the functions of high-rise buildings and complicate the building form.At present,the main structural systems of high-rise buildings are:frame structure,shear wall structure,frame shear structure,and tube structure.Different structural systems determine the size of the load-bearing capacity,lateral stiffness,and seismic performance,as well as the amount of material used and the cost.This project is mainly concerned with the seismic design of frame shear structural systems,which are widely used today.展开更多
To evaluate the dynamic interactions between debris flows,entrained material sources,and infrastructure in the Naojiao Gully watershed of Beijing,and to develop a predictive framework for mitigating geohazard risks th...To evaluate the dynamic interactions between debris flows,entrained material sources,and infrastructure in the Naojiao Gully watershed of Beijing,and to develop a predictive framework for mitigating geohazard risks through energy-based strategies,debris flow dynamics are investigated,a coupled SPH-DEM-FEM multiscale model integrating fluid dynamics(SPH),granular mechanics(DEM),and structural mechanics(FEM)is developed to simulate debris flow propagation,material source behavior,and frame structure responses,and to capture cross-scale failure mechanisms.Key findings include the identification of a critical flow velocity threshold of 12 m/s,beyond which solid-phase kinetic energy dominates,inducing 60%-75%capacity loss in central columns via through-cracking.Furthermore,a novel compound failure criterion is proposed based on the solid-liquid energy proportion.The model achieves a boulder impact force prediction error of only 5.47%,significantly outperforming empirical methods in cross-scale accuracy.An optimized 0.3 m layered configuration experimentally reduces impact pulse peaks by 57%through directed energy redistribution,thereby shifting mitigation strategies from structural reinforcement to media modulation.These results establish a robust framework for quantifying failure thresholds,enhancing predictive precision,and innovating energy-based mitigation.By bridging multiscale modeling gaps in geohazard analysis,this study provides actionable insights for infrastructure resilience in debris flow-prone regions through energycentric design principles.展开更多
To ensure the operational safety of railways in the landslide-prone areas of mountainous regions,a large-scale model test and numerical simulation were conducted to study the bending moment distribution,internal force...To ensure the operational safety of railways in the landslide-prone areas of mountainous regions,a large-scale model test and numerical simulation were conducted to study the bending moment distribution,internal force distribution,deformation development,and crack propagation characteristics of a framed anti-sliding structure(FAS)under landslide thrust up to the point of failure.Results show that the maximum bending moment and its increase rate in the fore pile are greater than those in the rear pile,with the maximum bending moment of the fore pile approximately 1.1 times that of the rear pile.When the FAS fails,the displacement at the top of the fore pile is significantly greater,about 1.27 times that of the rear pile in the experiment.Major cracks develop at locations corresponding to the peak bending moments.Small transverse cracks initially appear on the upper surface at the intersection between the primary beam and rear pile and then spread to the side of the structure.At the failure stage,major cracks are observed at the pil-beam intersections and near the anchor points.Strengthening flexural stiffness at intersections where major cracks occur can improve the overall thrust-deformation coordination of the FAS,thereby maximizing its performance.展开更多
This paper investigates the development and performance of a new higher-order geometric stiffness matrix that more closely approximates the theoretically derived stiffness coefficients.Factors that influence the accur...This paper investigates the development and performance of a new higher-order geometric stiffness matrix that more closely approximates the theoretically derived stiffness coefficients.Factors that influence the accuracy of the solution are studied using two columns,two braced frames,and one unbraced frame.Discussion is provided when the new geometric stiffness matrix can be used to improve the buckling load analysis results and when it may provide only nominal additional benefit.展开更多
In most of real operational conditions only response data are measurable while the actual excitations are unknown, so modal parameter must be extracted only from responses. This paper gives a theoretical formulation f...In most of real operational conditions only response data are measurable while the actual excitations are unknown, so modal parameter must be extracted only from responses. This paper gives a theoretical formulation for the cross-correlation functions and cross-power spectra between the outputs under the assumption of white-noise excitation. It widens the field of modal analysis under ambient excitation because many classical methods by impulse response functions or frequency response functions can be used easily for modal analysis under unknown excitation. The Polyreference Complex Exponential method and Eigensystem Realization Algorithm using cross-correlation functions in time domain and Orthogonal Polynomial method using cross-power spectra in frequency domain are applied to a steel frame to extract modal parameters under operational conditions. The modal properties of the steel frame from these three methods are compared with those from frequency response functions analysis. The results show that the modal analysis method using cross-correlation functions or cross-power spectra presented in this paper can extract modal parameters efficiently under unknown excitation.展开更多
With the development of modern society,people put forward higher requirements for building safety,which makes the construction project face new challenges.Reinforced concrete frame structure as a common engineering ty...With the development of modern society,people put forward higher requirements for building safety,which makes the construction project face new challenges.Reinforced concrete frame structure as a common engineering type,although the construction technology has been relatively mature,but its earthquake collapse ability still needs to be strengthened.This paper analyzes the specific factors that affect the seismic collapse ability of reinforced concrete frame structure,summarizes the previous research results,and puts forward innovative application of fiber-reinforced polymer(FRP)composite materials,play the role of smart materials,improve the isolation and energy dissipation devices,etc.,to promote the continuous optimization of reinforced concrete frame structure design,and show better seismic performance.展开更多
Both MXene and zeolitic imidazolate framework(ZIF)derivatives are tend to agglomerate during the compound process,which adversely affects their electrochemical properties.To alleviate this phenomenon,fewlayer MXene wa...Both MXene and zeolitic imidazolate framework(ZIF)derivatives are tend to agglomerate during the compound process,which adversely affects their electrochemical properties.To alleviate this phenomenon,fewlayer MXene was stripped by mechanical method,and electrostatic self-assembly with ZIF-67 in the presence of cationic surfactants.Furthermore,CoNi2S4/MXene composite was synthesized by the facile hydrothermal reaction.CoNi2S4well retained the cube frame structure of the ZIF-67 with the sagging outer frame and rough surface.In the composite,CoNi2S4nanocubes were interlinked by MXene nanosheets,which can effectively improve the structural stability and make full use of the active surface.CoNi2S4/MXene composite electrode exhibits an outperforming specific capacitance(751 C·g-1at 1 A·g-1),far higher than that of pure CoNi2S4(600 C·g-1at 1 A·g-1).An asymmetric supercapacitor(CoNi2S4/MXene/educed graphene oxide(RGO))assembling delivers high energy density of 33.8 Wh·kg-1and excellent cycling performance.This study indicates the potential of MXene/ZIF derivatives in the application of supercapacitor.展开更多
According to the Code for Seismic Design of Buildings (GB50011-2001), ten typical reinforced concrete (RC) frame structures, used as school classroom buildings, are designed with different seismic fortification in...According to the Code for Seismic Design of Buildings (GB50011-2001), ten typical reinforced concrete (RC) frame structures, used as school classroom buildings, are designed with different seismic fortification intensities (SFIs) (SFI=6 to 8.5) and different seismic design categories (SDCs) (SDC=B and C). The collapse resistance of the frames with SDC=B and C in terms of collapse fragility curves are quantitatively evaluated and compared via incremental dynamic analysis (IDA). The results show that the collapse resistance of structures should be evaluated based on both the absolute seismic resistance and the corresponding design seismic intensity. For the frames with SFI from 6 to 7.5, because they have relatively low absolute seismic resistance, their collapse resistance is insufficient even when their corresponding SDCs are upgraded from B to C. Thus, further measures are needed to enhance these structures, and some suggestions are proposed.展开更多
Based on the Independent Continuous Mapping method (ICM), a topological optimization model with continuous topological variables is built by introducing three filter functions for element weight, element allowable s...Based on the Independent Continuous Mapping method (ICM), a topological optimization model with continuous topological variables is built by introducing three filter functions for element weight, element allowable stress and element stiffness, which transform the 0-1 type discrete topological variables into continuous topological variables between 0 and 1. Two methods for the filter functions are adopted to avoid the structural singularity and recover falsely deleted elements: the weak material element method and the tiny section element method. Three criteria (no structural singularity, no violated constraints and no change of structural weight) are introduced to judge iteration convergence. These criteria allow finding an appropriate threshold by adjusting a discount factor in the iteration procedure. To improve the efficiency, the original optimization model is transformed into a dual problem according to the dual theory and solved in its dual space. By using MSC/Nastran as the structural solver and MSC/Patran as the developing platform, a topological optimization software of frame structures is accomplished. Numerical examples show that the ICM method is very efficient for the topological optimization of frame structures.展开更多
This paper presents the results of a parametric study of self-centering seismic retrofit schemes for reinforced concrete(RC)frame buildings.The self-centering retrofit system features flag-shaped hysteresis and minima...This paper presents the results of a parametric study of self-centering seismic retrofit schemes for reinforced concrete(RC)frame buildings.The self-centering retrofit system features flag-shaped hysteresis and minimal residual deformation.For comparison purpose,an alternate seismic retrofit scheme that uses a bilinear-hysteresis retrofit system such as buckling-restrained braces(BRB)is also considered in this paper.The parametric study was carried out in a single-degree-of-freedom(SDOF)system framework since a multi-story building structure may be idealized as an equivalent SDOF system and investigation of the performance of this equivalent SDOF system can provide insight into the seismic response of the multi-story building.A peak-oriented hysteresis model which can consider the strength and stiffness degradation is used to describe the hysteretic behavior of RC structures.The parametric study involves two key parameters-the strength ratio and elastic stiffness ratio between the seismic retrofit system and the original RC frame.An ensemble of 172 earthquake ground motion records scaled to the design basis earthquake in California with a probability of exceedance of 10%in 50 years was constructed for the simulation-based parametric study.The effectiveness of the two seismic retrofit schemes considered in this study is evaluated in terms of peak displacement ratio,peak acceleration ratio,energy dissipation demand ratio and residual displacement ratio between the SDOF systems with and without retrofit.It is found from this parametric study that RC structures retrofitted with the self-centering retrofit scheme(SCRS)can achieve a seismic performance level comparable to the bilinear-hysteresis retrofit scheme(BHRS)in terms of peak displacement and energy dissipation demand ratio while having negligible residual displacement after earthquake.展开更多
Based on the multiple stripes analysis method,an investigation of the estimation of aleatory randomness by Sa(T1)-based intensity measures(IMs)in the fragility analysis is carried out for two typical low-and med...Based on the multiple stripes analysis method,an investigation of the estimation of aleatory randomness by Sa(T1)-based intensity measures(IMs)in the fragility analysis is carried out for two typical low-and mediumrise reinforced concrete(RC)frame structures with 4 and 8 stories,respectively.The sensitivity of the aleatory randomness estimated in fragility curves to various Sa(T1)-based IMs is analyzed at three damage limit states,i.e.,immediate occupancy,life safety,and collapse prevention.In addition,the effect of characterization methods of bidirectional ground motion intensity on the record-to-record variability is investigated.It is found that the damage limit state of the structure has an important influence on the applicability of the ground motion IM.The Sa(T1)-based IMs,considering the effect of softened period,can maintain lower record-to-record variability in the three limit states,and the Sa(T1)-based IMs,considering the effect of higher modes,do not show their advantage over Sa(T1).Furthermore,the optimal multiplier C and exponentαin the dual-parameter ground motion IM are proposed to obtain a lower record-to-record variability in the fragility analysis of different damage limit state.Finally,the improved dual-parameter ground motion IM is applied in the risk assessment of the 8-story frame structure.展开更多
This paper deals with the concurrent multi-scale optimization design of frame structure composed of glass or carbon fiber reinforced polymer laminates. In the composite frame structure, the fiber winding angle at the ...This paper deals with the concurrent multi-scale optimization design of frame structure composed of glass or carbon fiber reinforced polymer laminates. In the composite frame structure, the fiber winding angle at the micro-material scale and the geometrical parameter of components of the frame in the macro-structural scale are introduced as the independent variables on the two geometrical scales. Considering manufacturing requirements, discrete fiber winding angles are specified for the micro design variable. The improved Heaviside penalization discrete material optimization interpolation scheme has been applied to achieve the discrete optimization design of the fiber winding angle. An optimization model based on the minimum structural compliance and the specified fiber material volume constraint has been established. The sensitivity information about the two geometrical scales design variables are also deduced considering the characteristics of discrete fiber winding angles. The optimization results of the fiber winding angle or the macro structural topology on the two single geometrical scales, together with the concurrent two-scale optimization, is separately studied and compared in the paper. Numerical examples in the paper show that the concurrent multi-scale optimization can further explore the coupling effect between the macro-structure and micro-material of the composite to achieve an ultralight design of the composite frame structure. The novel two geometrical scales optimization model provides a new opportunity for the design of composite structure in aerospace and other industries.展开更多
In this article, the analytical homogenization method of periodic discrete media(HPDM)and the numerical condensed wave finite element method(CWFEM) are employed to study the longitudinal and transverse vibrations ...In this article, the analytical homogenization method of periodic discrete media(HPDM)and the numerical condensed wave finite element method(CWFEM) are employed to study the longitudinal and transverse vibrations of framed structures. The valid frequency range of the HPDM is re-evaluated using the wave propagation feature identified by the CWFEM. The relative error of the wavenumber by the HPDM compared to that by the CWFEM is illustrated in functions of frequency and scale ratio. A parametric study on the thickness of the structure is carried out where the dispersion relation and the relative error are given for three different thicknesses. The dynamics of a finite structure such as natural frequency and forced response are also investigated using the HPDM and the CWFEM.展开更多
摘要A relationship was discovered between the amplification factor and the number of load increments that are needed to limit the relative error to one percent in second-order elastic analyses with a predictor-corrector solution scheme.Previous research by the authors proposed a design equation to determine the required minimum number of load increments based on an evaluation of the elastic critical buckling load ratio.Further research has shown that an approximate amplification factor equation that is based on the B2 multiplier equation produces similar results when the amplification factor is less than approximately four.Eleven moment frames are used to verify the use of the new approximate amplification factor in the proposed design equation.
基金National Key R&D Program of China under Grant No.2017YFC1500601National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant Nos.51678541 and 51708523Scientific Research Fund of the Institute of Engineering Mechanics,China Earthquake Administration under Grant No.2016A01。
摘要The column-to-beam flexural strength ratio(CBFSR)has been used in many seismic codes to achieve the strong column-weak beam(SCWB)failure mode in reinforced concrete(RC)frames,in which plastic hinges appear earlier in beams than in columns.However,seismic investigations show that the required limit of CBFSR in seismic codes usually cannot achieve the SCWB failure mode under strong earthquakes.This study investigates the failure modes of RC frames with different CBFSRs.Nine typical three-story RC frame models with different CBFSRs are designed in accordance with Chinese seismic codes.The seismic responses and failure modes of the frames are investigated through time-history analyses using 100 ground motion records.The results show that the required limit of the CBFSR that guarantees the SCWB failure mode depends on the beam-column connection type and the seismic intensity,and different types of beam-column connections exhibit different failure modes even though they are designed with the same CBFSR.Recommended CBFSRs are proposed for achieving the designed SCWB failure mode for different types of connections in RC frames under different seismic intensities.These results may provide some reference for further revisions of the SCWB design criterion in Chinese seismic codes.
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant No.11672190Department of Education of Liaoning Province under Grant No.LJKZ0560。
摘要Frequency effect,in addition to time delay effect,on the response of the frame structure to sinusoidal and earthquake wave passage excitations is studied,respectively.The dynamic equilibrium equation in terms of the displacements of horizontal DOFs for a single-span,one-story plane frame structure subjected to wave passage excitation is formulated,and the relative motion method and mode superposition method are used to solve the dynamic equilibrium equation.The analytical and semi-analytical solutions of structural responses of the frame structure to sinusoidal and earthquake wave passage excitations are given,respectively.A new cognition is obtained that the wave passage effect includes not only time delay effect but also frequency effect.The frequency effect is also the mechanism of wave passage effect for the frame structure.When the excitation frequency is within a range from a frequency slightly bigger than zero to a certain frequency less than the structural fundamental frequency,the lower the excitation frequency,the more significant wave passage effect.Earthquake wave passage effect for the frame structure depends on the low-frequency content of earthquake wave besides time delay,and the more the low-frequency content,the more significant wave passage effect.
基金Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No. 10472003) the Natural Science Foundation of Beijing(No.3002002) the Science Foundation of Beijing Municipal Commission of Education(No.KM200410005019)
摘要The optimality criteria (OC) method and mathematical programming (MP) were combined to found the sectional optimization model of frame structures. Different methods were adopted to deal with the different constraints. The stress constraints as local constraints were approached by zero-order approximation and transformed into movable sectional lower limits with the full stress criterion. The displacement constraints as global constraints were transformed into explicit expressions with the unit virtual load method. Thus an approximate explicit model for the sectional optimization of frame structures was built with stress and displacement constraints. To improve the resolution efficiency, the dual-quadratic programming was adopted to transform the original optimization model into a dual problem according to the dual theory and solved iteratively in its dual space. A method called approximate scaling step was adopted to reduce computations and smooth the iterative process. Negative constraints were deleted to reduce the size of the optimization model. With MSC/Nastran software as structural solver and MSC/Patran software as developing platform, the sectional optimization software of frame structures was accomplished, considering stress and displacement constraints. The examples show that the efficiency and accuracy are improved.
基金Transportation Science and Technology Plan Project of the Department of Transportation of Liaoning Province(Project No.:202151)。
摘要Bridge cranes are key equipment in modern industry and logistics.Their manufacturing quality directly affects the safety and service life of the entire machine.The main girders and end beams of such cranes are typically fabricated by welding thick plates.Residual stress and deformation generated during welding are major factors that influence the structural service life and load-bearing capacity.The paper adopts the inherent strain method as the core theory.A mid-surface model of the structure is created using SolidWorks.Two-dimensional mesh discretization and geometry cleanup are performed in Hypermesh.Finally,numerical simulations of different welding sequence schemes are carried out using Sysweld software.During the research,the double ellipsoid heat source model is first calibrated and validated for T-welded joints to ensure the accuracy and applicability of the heat source parameters.Subsequently,simulations are performed according to different welding sequence schemes.Residual stress distribution contours and deformation contours under each scheme are extracted,and a quantitative comparative analysis is conducted on the maximum residual stress,deformations in each direction,and total deformation,leading to the selection of an optimal welding sequence scheme.The simulation results show that different welding sequences have a significant effect on the final residual stress and deformation distribution.Improving the welding sequence can effectively control weldinginduced residual stress and deformation,providing guidance for optimizing the welding process of bridge cranes.
摘要In order to meet the requirements for the safety and stability of engineering structures under the trend of high-rise and multifunctional development in construction engineering, the construction of frame shear wall structure engineering is taken as the key link. Combining construction specifications and engineering practice, this article systematically expounds the basic composition and stress characteristics of the structural system, and conducts in-depth technical analysis around key processes such as construction preparation, steel reinforcement construction, formwork construction, concrete construction, and internal partition wall construction. The technical points of each link are clearly pointed out, forming a complete technical framework for the construction of frame shear wall structure in construction engineering, strengthening the anti lateral displacement ability, space utilization rate, and seismic performance of the structure, and providing experience and technical support for similar projects.
基金funded by National Key Research and Development Program of China(2022YFC3803000).
摘要On January 7,2025,a M 6.8 earthquake occurred at Dingri County,Shigatse City,Xizang Autonomous Region,which is the most largest earthquake in this region in the most recent five years.The maximum recorded peak ground acceleration in this earthquake is 0.43 g,which is significantly higher than the local design basis earthquake intensity level.This report focuses on the post-earthquake seismic damage investigation of rural selfbuilt houses and local public buildings,which shows quite different seismic performance.Collapse and heavy damage of rural self-built houses without seismic resistant measures were observed,while the masonry houses with seismic resistant measures show good seismic performance against collapse.The structural systems of public buildings with proper seismic design suffered slight seismic damage.Different form slight structural damage,the seismic damages of non-structural components,which resulted in the interruption of public building functionality were highlighted in this report.With the investigation results of seismic damage suffered by local houses and buildings,the casualty distribution and causes were analyzed in detail.
摘要Under the rapidly advancing economic trends,people’s requirements for the functionality and architectural artistry of high-rise structures are constantly increasing,and in order to meet such modern requirements,it is necessary to diversify the functions of high-rise buildings and complicate the building form.At present,the main structural systems of high-rise buildings are:frame structure,shear wall structure,frame shear structure,and tube structure.Different structural systems determine the size of the load-bearing capacity,lateral stiffness,and seismic performance,as well as the amount of material used and the cost.This project is mainly concerned with the seismic design of frame shear structural systems,which are widely used today.
基金funded by the Natural Science Foundation of Hebei Province(D2025201012)Highlevel Innovative Talents Program of Hebei University(Grant No.521100222055)President's Fund of Hebei University(Grant No.XZJJ202205)。
摘要To evaluate the dynamic interactions between debris flows,entrained material sources,and infrastructure in the Naojiao Gully watershed of Beijing,and to develop a predictive framework for mitigating geohazard risks through energy-based strategies,debris flow dynamics are investigated,a coupled SPH-DEM-FEM multiscale model integrating fluid dynamics(SPH),granular mechanics(DEM),and structural mechanics(FEM)is developed to simulate debris flow propagation,material source behavior,and frame structure responses,and to capture cross-scale failure mechanisms.Key findings include the identification of a critical flow velocity threshold of 12 m/s,beyond which solid-phase kinetic energy dominates,inducing 60%-75%capacity loss in central columns via through-cracking.Furthermore,a novel compound failure criterion is proposed based on the solid-liquid energy proportion.The model achieves a boulder impact force prediction error of only 5.47%,significantly outperforming empirical methods in cross-scale accuracy.An optimized 0.3 m layered configuration experimentally reduces impact pulse peaks by 57%through directed energy redistribution,thereby shifting mitigation strategies from structural reinforcement to media modulation.These results establish a robust framework for quantifying failure thresholds,enhancing predictive precision,and innovating energy-based mitigation.By bridging multiscale modeling gaps in geohazard analysis,this study provides actionable insights for infrastructure resilience in debris flow-prone regions through energycentric design principles.
基金The National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.52078427).
摘要To ensure the operational safety of railways in the landslide-prone areas of mountainous regions,a large-scale model test and numerical simulation were conducted to study the bending moment distribution,internal force distribution,deformation development,and crack propagation characteristics of a framed anti-sliding structure(FAS)under landslide thrust up to the point of failure.Results show that the maximum bending moment and its increase rate in the fore pile are greater than those in the rear pile,with the maximum bending moment of the fore pile approximately 1.1 times that of the rear pile.When the FAS fails,the displacement at the top of the fore pile is significantly greater,about 1.27 times that of the rear pile in the experiment.Major cracks develop at locations corresponding to the peak bending moments.Small transverse cracks initially appear on the upper surface at the intersection between the primary beam and rear pile and then spread to the side of the structure.At the failure stage,major cracks are observed at the pil-beam intersections and near the anchor points.Strengthening flexural stiffness at intersections where major cracks occur can improve the overall thrust-deformation coordination of the FAS,thereby maximizing its performance.
摘要This paper investigates the development and performance of a new higher-order geometric stiffness matrix that more closely approximates the theoretically derived stiffness coefficients.Factors that influence the accuracy of the solution are studied using two columns,two braced frames,and one unbraced frame.Discussion is provided when the new geometric stiffness matrix can be used to improve the buckling load analysis results and when it may provide only nominal additional benefit.
基金Item of the 9-th F ive Plan of the Aeronautical Industrial Corporation
摘要In most of real operational conditions only response data are measurable while the actual excitations are unknown, so modal parameter must be extracted only from responses. This paper gives a theoretical formulation for the cross-correlation functions and cross-power spectra between the outputs under the assumption of white-noise excitation. It widens the field of modal analysis under ambient excitation because many classical methods by impulse response functions or frequency response functions can be used easily for modal analysis under unknown excitation. The Polyreference Complex Exponential method and Eigensystem Realization Algorithm using cross-correlation functions in time domain and Orthogonal Polynomial method using cross-power spectra in frequency domain are applied to a steel frame to extract modal parameters under operational conditions. The modal properties of the steel frame from these three methods are compared with those from frequency response functions analysis. The results show that the modal analysis method using cross-correlation functions or cross-power spectra presented in this paper can extract modal parameters efficiently under unknown excitation.
摘要With the development of modern society,people put forward higher requirements for building safety,which makes the construction project face new challenges.Reinforced concrete frame structure as a common engineering type,although the construction technology has been relatively mature,but its earthquake collapse ability still needs to be strengthened.This paper analyzes the specific factors that affect the seismic collapse ability of reinforced concrete frame structure,summarizes the previous research results,and puts forward innovative application of fiber-reinforced polymer(FRP)composite materials,play the role of smart materials,improve the isolation and energy dissipation devices,etc.,to promote the continuous optimization of reinforced concrete frame structure design,and show better seismic performance.
基金financially supported by the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (No. 2019XKQYMS16)
摘要Both MXene and zeolitic imidazolate framework(ZIF)derivatives are tend to agglomerate during the compound process,which adversely affects their electrochemical properties.To alleviate this phenomenon,fewlayer MXene was stripped by mechanical method,and electrostatic self-assembly with ZIF-67 in the presence of cationic surfactants.Furthermore,CoNi2S4/MXene composite was synthesized by the facile hydrothermal reaction.CoNi2S4well retained the cube frame structure of the ZIF-67 with the sagging outer frame and rough surface.In the composite,CoNi2S4nanocubes were interlinked by MXene nanosheets,which can effectively improve the structural stability and make full use of the active surface.CoNi2S4/MXene composite electrode exhibits an outperforming specific capacitance(751 C·g-1at 1 A·g-1),far higher than that of pure CoNi2S4(600 C·g-1at 1 A·g-1).An asymmetric supercapacitor(CoNi2S4/MXene/educed graphene oxide(RGO))assembling delivers high energy density of 33.8 Wh·kg-1and excellent cycling performance.This study indicates the potential of MXene/ZIF derivatives in the application of supercapacitor.
基金National Science Foundation of China Under Grant No.90815025&51178249the National Key Technologies R&D Program Under Grant No.2009BAJ28B01&2006BAJ03A02-01+1 种基金Tsinghua University Research Funds No.2010THZ02-1the Program for New Century Excellent Talents in University
摘要According to the Code for Seismic Design of Buildings (GB50011-2001), ten typical reinforced concrete (RC) frame structures, used as school classroom buildings, are designed with different seismic fortification intensities (SFIs) (SFI=6 to 8.5) and different seismic design categories (SDCs) (SDC=B and C). The collapse resistance of the frames with SDC=B and C in terms of collapse fragility curves are quantitatively evaluated and compared via incremental dynamic analysis (IDA). The results show that the collapse resistance of structures should be evaluated based on both the absolute seismic resistance and the corresponding design seismic intensity. For the frames with SFI from 6 to 7.5, because they have relatively low absolute seismic resistance, their collapse resistance is insufficient even when their corresponding SDCs are upgraded from B to C. Thus, further measures are needed to enhance these structures, and some suggestions are proposed.
基金The project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (10472003)Beijing Natural Science Foundation (3042002)
摘要Based on the Independent Continuous Mapping method (ICM), a topological optimization model with continuous topological variables is built by introducing three filter functions for element weight, element allowable stress and element stiffness, which transform the 0-1 type discrete topological variables into continuous topological variables between 0 and 1. Two methods for the filter functions are adopted to avoid the structural singularity and recover falsely deleted elements: the weak material element method and the tiny section element method. Three criteria (no structural singularity, no violated constraints and no change of structural weight) are introduced to judge iteration convergence. These criteria allow finding an appropriate threshold by adjusting a discount factor in the iteration procedure. To improve the efficiency, the original optimization model is transformed into a dual problem according to the dual theory and solved in its dual space. By using MSC/Nastran as the structural solver and MSC/Patran as the developing platform, a topological optimization software of frame structures is accomplished. Numerical examples show that the ICM method is very efficient for the topological optimization of frame structures.
基金Univeristy of Maryland,Start-up Grant to the First Author
摘要This paper presents the results of a parametric study of self-centering seismic retrofit schemes for reinforced concrete(RC)frame buildings.The self-centering retrofit system features flag-shaped hysteresis and minimal residual deformation.For comparison purpose,an alternate seismic retrofit scheme that uses a bilinear-hysteresis retrofit system such as buckling-restrained braces(BRB)is also considered in this paper.The parametric study was carried out in a single-degree-of-freedom(SDOF)system framework since a multi-story building structure may be idealized as an equivalent SDOF system and investigation of the performance of this equivalent SDOF system can provide insight into the seismic response of the multi-story building.A peak-oriented hysteresis model which can consider the strength and stiffness degradation is used to describe the hysteretic behavior of RC structures.The parametric study involves two key parameters-the strength ratio and elastic stiffness ratio between the seismic retrofit system and the original RC frame.An ensemble of 172 earthquake ground motion records scaled to the design basis earthquake in California with a probability of exceedance of 10%in 50 years was constructed for the simulation-based parametric study.The effectiveness of the two seismic retrofit schemes considered in this study is evaluated in terms of peak displacement ratio,peak acceleration ratio,energy dissipation demand ratio and residual displacement ratio between the SDOF systems with and without retrofit.It is found from this parametric study that RC structures retrofitted with the self-centering retrofit scheme(SCRS)can achieve a seismic performance level comparable to the bilinear-hysteresis retrofit scheme(BHRS)in terms of peak displacement and energy dissipation demand ratio while having negligible residual displacement after earthquake.
基金the Jiangsu Youth Fund Projects(SBK2021044269)the National Natural Science Foundation of China Youth Fund(52108457,52108133)+4 种基金the Natural Science Foundation of the Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions of China(20KJB560014)Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(B210201019)High-level Talent Research Fund of Nanjing Forestry University(163050115)Nanjing Forestry University Undergraduate Innovation Training Program(2021NFUSPITP0221,2020NFUSPITP0352 and 2020NFUSPITP0373)Jiangsu Undergraduate Innovation Training Program(202110298079Y).
摘要Based on the multiple stripes analysis method,an investigation of the estimation of aleatory randomness by Sa(T1)-based intensity measures(IMs)in the fragility analysis is carried out for two typical low-and mediumrise reinforced concrete(RC)frame structures with 4 and 8 stories,respectively.The sensitivity of the aleatory randomness estimated in fragility curves to various Sa(T1)-based IMs is analyzed at three damage limit states,i.e.,immediate occupancy,life safety,and collapse prevention.In addition,the effect of characterization methods of bidirectional ground motion intensity on the record-to-record variability is investigated.It is found that the damage limit state of the structure has an important influence on the applicability of the ground motion IM.The Sa(T1)-based IMs,considering the effect of softened period,can maintain lower record-to-record variability in the three limit states,and the Sa(T1)-based IMs,considering the effect of higher modes,do not show their advantage over Sa(T1).Furthermore,the optimal multiplier C and exponentαin the dual-parameter ground motion IM are proposed to obtain a lower record-to-record variability in the fragility analysis of different damage limit state.Finally,the improved dual-parameter ground motion IM is applied in the risk assessment of the 8-story frame structure.
基金financial support for this research was provided by the Program (Grants 11372060, 91216201) of the National Natural Science Foundation of ChinaProgram (LJQ2015026 ) for Excellent Talents at Colleges and Universities in Liaoning Province+3 种基金the Major National Science and Technology Project (2011ZX02403-002)111 project (B14013)Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (DUT14LK30)the China Scholarship Fund
摘要This paper deals with the concurrent multi-scale optimization design of frame structure composed of glass or carbon fiber reinforced polymer laminates. In the composite frame structure, the fiber winding angle at the micro-material scale and the geometrical parameter of components of the frame in the macro-structural scale are introduced as the independent variables on the two geometrical scales. Considering manufacturing requirements, discrete fiber winding angles are specified for the micro design variable. The improved Heaviside penalization discrete material optimization interpolation scheme has been applied to achieve the discrete optimization design of the fiber winding angle. An optimization model based on the minimum structural compliance and the specified fiber material volume constraint has been established. The sensitivity information about the two geometrical scales design variables are also deduced considering the characteristics of discrete fiber winding angles. The optimization results of the fiber winding angle or the macro structural topology on the two single geometrical scales, together with the concurrent two-scale optimization, is separately studied and compared in the paper. Numerical examples in the paper show that the concurrent multi-scale optimization can further explore the coupling effect between the macro-structure and micro-material of the composite to achieve an ultralight design of the composite frame structure. The novel two geometrical scales optimization model provides a new opportunity for the design of composite structure in aerospace and other industries.
摘要In this article, the analytical homogenization method of periodic discrete media(HPDM)and the numerical condensed wave finite element method(CWFEM) are employed to study the longitudinal and transverse vibrations of framed structures. The valid frequency range of the HPDM is re-evaluated using the wave propagation feature identified by the CWFEM. The relative error of the wavenumber by the HPDM compared to that by the CWFEM is illustrated in functions of frequency and scale ratio. A parametric study on the thickness of the structure is carried out where the dispersion relation and the relative error are given for three different thicknesses. The dynamics of a finite structure such as natural frequency and forced response are also investigated using the HPDM and the CWFEM.