Direct-ink-writing(DIW)3D printing has emerged as an indispensable advanced manufacturing technology in biomedical engineering owing to its material compatibility,structural precision,and multimaterial integration cap...Direct-ink-writing(DIW)3D printing has emerged as an indispensable advanced manufacturing technology in biomedical engineering owing to its material compatibility,structural precision,and multimaterial integration capabilities.By digitally programming hydrogel ink deposition,DIW 3D printing enables the controllable fabrication of high-performance hydrogel bioelectronic devices featuring complex 3D architectures,high-fidelity electrophysiological recording/stimulation,and mechanical compliance with soft tissues,thereby establishing a technological foundation for next-generation personalized medical electronics.This review systematically summarizes the recent progress in DIW-printed hydrogel bioelectronics,first elaborating design strategies for hydrogel inks that reconcile printability with functionality through synergistic engineering of rheological behavior,electrical conductivity,tissue adhesion,and biocompatibility.We comprehensively analyzed state-of-the-art wearable and implantable devices fabricated via DIW 3D printing,highlighting their advantages in electrophysiological monitoring,precision stimulation,and biosensing.Finally,we conclude by critically evaluating the current challenges and future directions,thereby establishing a framework for DIW 3D printing to become a foundational platform for customized biointegrated interfaces.展开更多
Amino acid non-centrosymmetric self-assemblies,possessing inherent polarization as well as biocompatibility,can be employed as bioinspired alternatives for the development of implantable piezoelectric bioelectronics.T...Amino acid non-centrosymmetric self-assemblies,possessing inherent polarization as well as biocompatibility,can be employed as bioinspired alternatives for the development of implantable piezoelectric bioelectronics.This could enable the harvesting of biomechanical energy for in situ in vivo monitoring and avoid the need for secondary surgeries,potentially overcoming the trade-off between high-efficiency sensing and the biosafety limitations of traditional inorganic or polymeric piezoelectric counterparts.In this regard,the electromechanical coupling behaviors of the minimalistic metabolite self-assemblies are reported.Experimental tests reveal that compared to other natural amino acid crystals,threonine(T)crystals exhibit a high Young’s modulus of up to approximately 80 GPa by forming a denser three-dimensional hydrogen-bonding network,with each molecule interacting with seven adjacent ones.Computational analysis reveals that side-chain entities dramatically affect crystal packing,with polar hydroxyl moieties accounting for the distinct piezoelectric features underlying the macroscopic performance.This highlights the potential of exploiting T crystals to develop biodegradable piezoelectric bioelectronics that exhibit highly sensitive linear responses for tactile sensing and post-implantation in vivo motion monitoring.This study demonstrates the feasibility of exploiting minimalistic metabolite self-assemblies for piezoelectric bioelectronics in bio-machine interface and biomedical engineering applications.展开更多
The development of non-invasive brain-computer interfaces(BCIs)relies on multidisciplinary integration across neuroscience,artificial intelligence,flexible electronics,and systems engineering.Recent advances in deep l...The development of non-invasive brain-computer interfaces(BCIs)relies on multidisciplinary integration across neuroscience,artificial intelligence,flexible electronics,and systems engineering.Recent advances in deep learning have significantly improved the accuracy and robustness of neural signal decoding.Parallel progress in electrode design—particularly through the use of flexible and stretchable materials like nanostructured conductors and novel fabrication strategies—has enhanced wearability and operational stability.Nevertheless,key challenges persist,including individual variability,biocompatibility limitations,and susceptibility to interference in complex environments.Further validation and optimization are needed to address gaps in generalization capability,long-term reliability,and real-world operational robustness.This review systematically examines the representative progress in neural decoding algorithms and flexible bioelectronic platforms over the past decade,highlighting key design principles,material innovations,and integration strategies that are poised to advance non-invasive BCI capabilities.It also discusses the importance of multimodal data fusion,hardware-software co-optimization,and closed-loop control strategies.Furthermore,the review discusses the application potential and associated engineering challenges of this technology in clinical rehabilitation and industrial translation,aiming to provide a reference for advancing non-invasive BCIs toward practical and scalable deployment.展开更多
The currently reported conductive hydrogels are mainly used to detect the mechanical signals of human movement,whereas the application of detecting weak electrophysiological signals in epidermal electrodes is still li...The currently reported conductive hydrogels are mainly used to detect the mechanical signals of human movement,whereas the application of detecting weak electrophysiological signals in epidermal electrodes is still limited by a low signal-to-noise ratio and motion artifacts.In this study,a one-pot method was used to prepare a hydrogel conductor with excellent flexibility,self-adhesiveness,and compliance by introducing chitosan quaternary ammonium salt(HAAC)and 2-acrylamide-2-methylpropanesulfonic acid(AMPS)into the polyacrylamide(PAAm)hydrogel network.By adjusting the AMPS and HAAC contents,the hydrogel showed skin-like mechanical properties and surface adhesion,successfully eliminating the gap with the skin surface.The self-adhesive hydrogel showed a lower impedance(approximately 190 kΩ)than commercial Ag/AgCl electrodes.Notably,the hydrogel electrodes exhibited a significantly higher signal-to-noise ratio(SNR)than the commercial electrodes at the same level of muscle contraction.The hydrogel electrodes could accurately detect dynamic weak EMG signals and successfully drive the prosthetic hand to grasp without errors.Importantly,the combination of hydrogel strain sensors and epidermal electrodes can quantify the mode,frequency,and intensity of human movement,which has broad application prospects in data acquisition for daily exercise,fitness,and rehabilitation.展开更多
Bionic hydrogels offer significant advantages over conventional counterparts,boasting superior properties like enhanced adhesion,stretchability,conductivity,biocompatibility and versatile functionalities.Their physico...Bionic hydrogels offer significant advantages over conventional counterparts,boasting superior properties like enhanced adhesion,stretchability,conductivity,biocompatibility and versatile functionalities.Their physicochemical resemblance to biological tissues makes bionic hydrogels ideal interfaces for bioelectronic devices.In contrast,conventional hydrogels often exhibit inadequate performance,such as easy detachment,lack of good skin compliance,and inadequate conductivity,failing to meet the rigorous demands of bioelectronic applications.Bionic hydrogels,inspired by biological designs,exhibit exceptional physicochemical characteristics that fulfill diverse criteria for bioelectronic applications,driving the advancement of bioelectronic devices.This review first introduces a variety of materials used in the fabrication of bionic hydrogels,including natural polymers,synthetic polymers,and other materials.Then different mechanisms of hydrogel bionics,are categorized into material bionics,structural bionics,and functional bionics based on their bionic approaches.Subsequently,various applications of bionic hydrogels in the field of bioelectronics were introduced,including physiological signal monitoring,tissue engineering,and human-machine interactions.Lastly,the current development and future prospects of bionic hydrogels in bioelectronic devices are summarized.Hopefully,this comprehensive review could inspire advancements in bionic hydrogels for applications in bioelectronic devices.展开更多
Ultra-thin crystalline silicon stands as a cornerstone material in the foundation of modern micro and nano electronics.Despite the proliferation of various materials including oxide-based,polymer-based,carbon-based,an...Ultra-thin crystalline silicon stands as a cornerstone material in the foundation of modern micro and nano electronics.Despite the proliferation of various materials including oxide-based,polymer-based,carbon-based,and two-dimensional(2D)materials,crystal silicon continues to maintain its stronghold,owing to its superior functionality,scalability,stability,reliability,and uniformity.Nonetheless,the inherent rigidity of the bulk silicon leads to incompatibility with soft tissues,hindering the utilization amid biomedical applications.Because of such issues,decades of research have enabled successful utilization of various techniques to precisely control the thickness and morphology of silicon layers at the scale of several nanometres.This review provides a comprehensive exploration on the features of ultra-thin single crystalline silicon as a semiconducting material,and its role especially among the frontier of advanced bioelectronics.Key processes that enable the transition of rigid silicon to flexible form factors are exhibited,in accordance with their chronological sequence.The inspected stages span both prior and subsequent to transferring the silicon membrane,categorized respectively as on-wafer manufacturing and rigid-to-soft integration.Extensive guidelines to unlock the full potential of flexible electronics are provided through ordered analysis of each manufacturing procedure,the latest findings of biomedical applications,along with practical perspectives for researchers and manufacturers.展开更多
Liquid metal-enabled energy generators(LMEGs) have emerged as promising technology for self-powered bioelectronics,offering an efficient solution to the challenges of power consumption in soft electronics.This review ...Liquid metal-enabled energy generators(LMEGs) have emerged as promising technology for self-powered bioelectronics,offering an efficient solution to the challenges of power consumption in soft electronics.This review provides a comprehensive overview of the properties and process of liquid metals(LMs),focusing on their use in soft bioelectronics.We then discuss various types of LMEGs,including triboelectric nanogenerators(TENGs),piezoelectric nanogenerators(PENGs),electromagnetic generators(EMGs),hydro voltaic generators(HEGs),thermoelectric generators(TEGs),and photovoltaic electric generators(PEGs),highlighting their recent research advancements.The unique properties of LMEGs make them ideal for integrating energy harvesting or self-powered sensing components into bioelectronics.Next,we provide a comprehensive summary of recent applications of LMEGs in wearable power sources,self-powered smart sensing,and biomedical devices.Finally,we outline future research directions,emphasizing the active roles and low-temperature operation of LMEGs,the broader adoption of self-healing capabilities,the advancement of functionalized LM-polymer composites,and system-level integration for practical applications.展开更多
Neuromorphic computing has the potential to overcome limitations of traditional silicon technology in machine learning tasks.Recent advancements in large crossbar arrays and silicon-based asynchronous spiking neural n...Neuromorphic computing has the potential to overcome limitations of traditional silicon technology in machine learning tasks.Recent advancements in large crossbar arrays and silicon-based asynchronous spiking neural networks have led to promising neuromorphic systems.However,developing compact parallel computing technology for integrating artificial neural networks into traditional hardware remains a challenge.Organic computational materials offer affordable,biocompatible neuromorphic devices with exceptional adjustability and energy-efficient switching.Here,the review investigates the advancements made in the development of organic neuromorphic devices.This review explores resistive switching mechanisms such as interface-regulated filament growth,molecular-electronic dynamics,nanowire-confined filament growth,and vacancy-assisted ion migration,while proposing methodologies to enhance state retention and conductance adjustment.The survey examines the challenges faced in implementing low-power neuromorphic computing,e.g.,reducing device size and improving switching time.The review analyses the potential of these materials in adjustable,flexible,and low-power consumption applications,viz.biohybrid spiking circuits interacting with biological systems,systems that respond to specific events,robotics,intelligent agents,neuromorphic computing,neuromorphic bioelectronics,neuroscience,and other applications,and prospects of this technology.展开更多
The inherent complexities of excitable cardiac,nervous,and skeletal muscle tissues pose great challenges in constructing artificial counterparts that closely resemble their natural bioelectrical,structural,and mechani...The inherent complexities of excitable cardiac,nervous,and skeletal muscle tissues pose great challenges in constructing artificial counterparts that closely resemble their natural bioelectrical,structural,and mechanical properties.Recent advances have increasingly revealed the beneficial impact of bioelectrical microenvironments on cellular behaviors,tissue regeneration,and therapeutic efficacy for excitable tissues.This review aims to unveil the mechanisms by which electrical microenvironments enhance the regeneration and functionality of excitable cells and tissues,considering both endogenous electrical cues from electroactive biomaterials and exogenous electrical stimuli from external electronic systems.We explore the synergistic effects of these electrical microenvironments,combined with structural and mechanical guidance,on the regeneration of excitable tissues using tissue engineering scaffolds.Additionally,the emergence of microanoscale bioelectronics has significantly broadened this field,facilitating intimate interactions between implantable bioelectronics and excitable tissues across cellular,tissue,and organ levels.These interactions enable precise data acquisition and localized modulation of cell and tissue functionalities through intricately designed electronic components according to physiological needs.The integration of tissue engineering and bioelectronics promises optimal outcomes,highlighting a growing trend in developing living tissue construct-bioelectronic hybrids for restoring and monitoring damaged excitable tissues.Furthermore,we envision critical challenges in engineering the next-generation hybrids,focusing on integrated fabrication strategies,the development of ionic conductive biomaterials,and their convergence with biosensors.展开更多
Despite the promising progress in conductive hydrogels made with pure conducting polymer,great challenges remain in the interface adhesion and robustness in longterm monitoring.To address these challenges,Prof.Seung H...Despite the promising progress in conductive hydrogels made with pure conducting polymer,great challenges remain in the interface adhesion and robustness in longterm monitoring.To address these challenges,Prof.Seung Hwan Ko and Taek-Soo Kim’s team introduced a laserinduced phase separation and adhesion method for fabricating conductive hydrogels consisting of pure poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):polystyrene sulfonate on polymer substrates.The laser-induced phase separation and adhesion treated conducting polymers can be selectively transformed into conductive hydrogels that exhibit wet conductivities of 101.4 S cm−1 with a spatial resolution down to 5μm.Moreover,they maintain impedance and charge-storage capacity even after 1 h of sonication.The micropatterned electrode arrays demonstrate their potential in long-term in vivo signal recordings,highlighting their promising role in the field of bioelectronics.展开更多
Conductive polymers(CPs)are generally insoluble,and developing hydrophilic CPs is significant to broaden the applications of CPs.In this work,a mussel-inspired strategy was proposed to construct hydrophilic CP nanopar...Conductive polymers(CPs)are generally insoluble,and developing hydrophilic CPs is significant to broaden the applications of CPs.In this work,a mussel-inspired strategy was proposed to construct hydrophilic CP nanoparticles(CP NPs),while endowing the CP NPs with redox activity and biocompatibility.This is a universal strategy applicable for a series of CPs,including polyaniline,polypyrrole,and poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene).The catechol/quinone contained sulfonated lignin(LS)was doped into various CPs to form CP/LS NPs with hydrophilicity,conductivity,and redox activity.These CP/LS NPs were used as versatile nanofillers to prepare the conductive hydrogels with long-term adhesiveness.The CP/LS NPs-incorporated hydrogels have a good conductivity because of the uniform distribution of the hydrophilic NPs in the hydrogel network,forming a well-connected electric path.The hydrogel exhibits long-term adhesiveness,which is attributed to the mussel-inspired dynamic redox balance of catechol/quinone groups on the CP/LS NPs.This conductive and adhesive hydrogel shows good electroactivity and biocompatibility and therefore has broad applications in electrostimulation of tissue regeneration and implantable bioelectronics.展开更多
An increasing utilization of wound-related therapeutic materials and skin bioelectronics urges the development of multifunctional biogels for personal therapy and health management.Nevertheless,conventional dressings ...An increasing utilization of wound-related therapeutic materials and skin bioelectronics urges the development of multifunctional biogels for personal therapy and health management.Nevertheless,conventional dressings and skin bioelectronics with single function,mechanical mismatches,and impracticality severely limit their widespread applications in clinical.Herein,we explore a gelling mechanism,fabrication method,and functionalization for broadly applicable food biopolymers-based biogels that unite the challenging needs of elastic yet injectable wound dressing and skin bioelectronics in a single system.We combine our biogels with functional nanomaterials,such as cuttlefish ink nanoparticles and silver nanowires,to endow the biogels with reactive oxygen species scavenging capacity and electrical conductivity,and finally realized the improvement in diabetic wound microenvironment and the monitoring of electrophysiological signals on skin.This line of research work sheds light on preparing food biopolymers-based biogels with multifunctional integration of wound treatment and smart medical treatment.展开更多
Developing techniques to effectively and real-time monitor and regulate the interior environment of biological objects is significantly important for many biomedical engineering and scientific applications, including ...Developing techniques to effectively and real-time monitor and regulate the interior environment of biological objects is significantly important for many biomedical engineering and scientific applications, including drug delivery, electrophysiological recording and regulation of intracellular activities. Semi-implantable bioelectronics is currently a hot spot in biomedical engineering research area, because it not only meets the increasing technical demands for precise detection or regulation of biological activities, but also provides a desirable platform for externally incorporating complex functionalities and electronic integration. Although there is less definition and summary to distinguish it from the well-reviewed non-invasive bioelectronics and fully implantable bioelectronics, semi-implantable bioelectronics have emerged as highly unique technology to boost the development of biochips and smart wearable device. Here, we reviewed the recent progress in this field and raised the concept of “Semi-implantable bioelectronics”, summarizing the principle and strategies of semi-implantable device for cell applications and in vivo applications, discussing the typical methodologies to access to intracellular environment or in vivo environment, biosafety aspects and typical applications. This review is meaningful for understanding in-depth the design principles, materials fabrication techniques, device integration processes, cellissue penetration methodologies, biosafety aspects, and applications strategies that are essential to the development of future minimally invasive bioelectronics.展开更多
With the growing market of wearable devices for smart sensing and personalized healthcare applications,energy storage devices that ensure stable power supply and can be constructed in flexible platforms have attracted...With the growing market of wearable devices for smart sensing and personalized healthcare applications,energy storage devices that ensure stable power supply and can be constructed in flexible platforms have attracted tremendous research interests.A variety of active materials and fabrication strategies of flexible energy storage devices have been intensively studied in recent years,especially for integrated self-powered systems and biosensing.A series of materials and applications for flexible energy storage devices have been studied in recent years.In this review,the commonly adopted fabrication methods of flexible energy storage devices are introduced.Besides,recent advances in integrating these energy devices into flexible self-powered systems are presented.Furthermore,the applications of flexible energy storage devices for biosensing are summarized.Finally,the prospects and challenges of the self-powered sensing system for wearable electronics are discussed.展开更多
Benefiting from the unique advantages of superior biocompatibility,strong stability,good biodegradability,and adjustable mechanical properties,hydrogels have attracted extensive research interests in bioelectronics.Ho...Benefiting from the unique advantages of superior biocompatibility,strong stability,good biodegradability,and adjustable mechanical properties,hydrogels have attracted extensive research interests in bioelectronics.However,due to the existence of an interface between hydrogels and human tissues,the transmission of electrical signals from the human tissues to the hydrogel electronic devices will be hindered.The adhesive hydrogels with adhesive properties can tightly combine with the human tissue,which can enhance the contact between the electronic devices and human tissues and reduce the contact resistance,thereby improving the performance of hydrogel electronic devices.In this review,we will discuss in detail the adhesion mechanism of adhesive hydrogels and elaborate on the design principles of adhesive hydrogels.After that,we will introduce some methods of performance evaluation for adhesive hydrogels.Finally,we will provide a perspective on the development of adhesive hydrogel bioelectronics.展开更多
Real-time,high-fidelity physiological signal acquisition,coupled with targeted in situ interventional regulation,is a prerequisite for intelligent health management.Implantable bioelectronics offers a compelling solut...Real-time,high-fidelity physiological signal acquisition,coupled with targeted in situ interventional regulation,is a prerequisite for intelligent health management.Implantable bioelectronics offers a compelling solution for the wireless diagnosis and treatment of subcutaneous organs,circumventing limitations associated with skinmounted devices.Magnetoelectric bioelectronics(MEBs),an emerging wireless technology,presents advantages in terms of frequency control,transmission efficiency,penetration depth,and interventional safety,holding significant promise for personalized implantable health management.This review comprehensively analyzes the current landscape of MEBs,exploring recent research breakthroughs and their potential impact.We begin by tracing the historical evolution of ME materials,delineating the key factors governing their performance,including the selection and properties of piezoelectric and magnetostrictive materials and their underlying coupling mechanisms.This review then categorizes MEBs according to their connectivity architectures:core--shell,2-2,and 0-3.Subsequently,we highlight the latest research on implantable MEBs,emphasizing their roles in energy harvesting,signal detection,and disease therapy,specifically contextualized within their respective application domains.Finally,future trends are projected to address the challenges and opportunities surrounding the development of emerging multifunctional MEBs for next-generation health management systems.展开更多
Advanced biological systems are characterized by dynamic,complex,and functional biointerfaces.Human skin,for example,exemplifies such a biointerface,featuring diverse micro-and nano-scale surface structures.It serves ...Advanced biological systems are characterized by dynamic,complex,and functional biointerfaces.Human skin,for example,exemplifies such a biointerface,featuring diverse micro-and nano-scale surface structures.It serves as an ideal window for bioelectronic devices to acquire vital physiological information,enabling continuous health monitoring,and disease intervention.展开更多
CONSPECTUS:Implantable bioelectronics that interface directly with biological tissues have been widely used to alleviate symptoms of chronic diseases,restore lost or degraded body functions,and monitor health conditio...CONSPECTUS:Implantable bioelectronics that interface directly with biological tissues have been widely used to alleviate symptoms of chronic diseases,restore lost or degraded body functions,and monitor health conditions in real-time.These devices have revolutionized medicine by providing continuous therapeutic interventions and diagnostics.Energy sources are the most critical components in implantable bioelectronics,as they determine operational lifetime and reliability.Compared with other energy storage and harvesting devices and wireless charging methods,batteries provide high energy density and stable power output,making them the preferred choice for many implantable applications.The advent of implantable bioelectronic devices has been significantly propelled by the high energy densities offered by lithium battery technology,which has led to a profound transformation in our daily lives.To advance the field of implantable bioelectronics,the development of next-generation implantable batteries is essential.These batteries must be soft to match the mechanical properties of biological tissues,minimizing tissue damage and immune responses.Additionally,they must be biocompatible,particularly when in proximity to vital organs like the heart and brain,to prevent toxicity and adverse reactions.Beyond biocompatibility,these batteries need to exhibit excellent electrochemical performance,thermomechanical resilience,and structural integrity for reliable operation in body fluids over extended periods.Enhancing the energy and power density of these batteries can lead to device miniaturization,extend their service life,improve operating efficiency,and meet a broader range of high-power applications.Achieving these advancements not only enables cableless and shape-conformal integration with multifunctionality but also underscores the significant research efforts dedicated to understanding and optimizing the performance of next-generation implantable batteries.To this end,numerous research efforts have been devoted in recent years to developing next-generation implantable batteries from material development,structural design,and performance optimization perspectives.In this Account,we first outline the development history of current implantable batteries from their inception to the present day.We then delineate the requirements for the next generation of implantable batteries,considering emerging application scenarios.Subsequently,we review the recent advancements in the development of soft,biocompatible,long-term stable,high-energy,and high-power-density implantable batteries.Additionally,we explore the efficient integration of these batteries into biomedical devices.We conclude with the development routes and future perspectives for implantable batteries.This Account promotes the development of new implantable batteries through the collaboration of multiple disciplines,including energy,materials,chemistry,biomedical science,and engineering.The emergence of advanced implantable battery technologies is expected to offer countless opportunities to enhance bioelectronics.These advancements will alter the current paradigm of medicine and pave the way for a revolutionary era of human-machine interaction.展开更多
The past two decades have witnessed remarkable progress in flexible and stretchable bioelectronics,which have substantially improved the integration of implantable devices with biological tissues[1-5].Compared with ri...The past two decades have witnessed remarkable progress in flexible and stretchable bioelectronics,which have substantially improved the integration of implantable devices with biological tissues[1-5].Compared with rigid metallic electrodes,flexible probes offer superior mechanical compliance,reduce immune rejection,and enable long-term monitoring of physiological signals[6-9].Among various device geometries,fiber-shaped probes are particularly advantageous due to their small dimensions,which minimize immune responses,and their capability for multifunctional integration[10-14].展开更多
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.52373139 and U2436202)the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangxi Province(Nos.20252BAC200300 and 20252BEJ730346)a research startup grant(No.2024BSQD15)from Jiangxi Science&Technology Normal University。
摘要Direct-ink-writing(DIW)3D printing has emerged as an indispensable advanced manufacturing technology in biomedical engineering owing to its material compatibility,structural precision,and multimaterial integration capabilities.By digitally programming hydrogel ink deposition,DIW 3D printing enables the controllable fabrication of high-performance hydrogel bioelectronic devices featuring complex 3D architectures,high-fidelity electrophysiological recording/stimulation,and mechanical compliance with soft tissues,thereby establishing a technological foundation for next-generation personalized medical electronics.This review systematically summarizes the recent progress in DIW-printed hydrogel bioelectronics,first elaborating design strategies for hydrogel inks that reconcile printability with functionality through synergistic engineering of rheological behavior,electrical conductivity,tissue adhesion,and biocompatibility.We comprehensively analyzed state-of-the-art wearable and implantable devices fabricated via DIW 3D printing,highlighting their advantages in electrophysiological monitoring,precision stimulation,and biosensing.Finally,we conclude by critically evaluating the current challenges and future directions,thereby establishing a framework for DIW 3D printing to become a foundational platform for customized biointegrated interfaces.
基金supported by the“Pioneer”and“Leading Goose”R&D Program of Zhejiang Province(No.2025C04010)the National Key R&D Program of China(No.2025YFE0125200)+2 种基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.52175551 and 21673293)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(No.226-2025-00194)the Key Research and Development Program of Zhejiang Province(No.2025C01003).
摘要Amino acid non-centrosymmetric self-assemblies,possessing inherent polarization as well as biocompatibility,can be employed as bioinspired alternatives for the development of implantable piezoelectric bioelectronics.This could enable the harvesting of biomechanical energy for in situ in vivo monitoring and avoid the need for secondary surgeries,potentially overcoming the trade-off between high-efficiency sensing and the biosafety limitations of traditional inorganic or polymeric piezoelectric counterparts.In this regard,the electromechanical coupling behaviors of the minimalistic metabolite self-assemblies are reported.Experimental tests reveal that compared to other natural amino acid crystals,threonine(T)crystals exhibit a high Young’s modulus of up to approximately 80 GPa by forming a denser three-dimensional hydrogen-bonding network,with each molecule interacting with seven adjacent ones.Computational analysis reveals that side-chain entities dramatically affect crystal packing,with polar hydroxyl moieties accounting for the distinct piezoelectric features underlying the macroscopic performance.This highlights the potential of exploiting T crystals to develop biodegradable piezoelectric bioelectronics that exhibit highly sensitive linear responses for tactile sensing and post-implantation in vivo motion monitoring.This study demonstrates the feasibility of exploiting minimalistic metabolite self-assemblies for piezoelectric bioelectronics in bio-machine interface and biomedical engineering applications.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China for Distinguished Young Scholars(62325403)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(62504103 and 82002454)+4 种基金the Basic Research Program of Jiangsu(BK20251214)the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province(BK20230498)the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation under Grant Number 2025T180143 and 2025M770547the Medical Scientific Research Project of Jiangsu Health Commission(ZD2021011)the Jiangsu Funding Program for Excellent Postdoctoral Talent(2024ZB427)。
摘要The development of non-invasive brain-computer interfaces(BCIs)relies on multidisciplinary integration across neuroscience,artificial intelligence,flexible electronics,and systems engineering.Recent advances in deep learning have significantly improved the accuracy and robustness of neural signal decoding.Parallel progress in electrode design—particularly through the use of flexible and stretchable materials like nanostructured conductors and novel fabrication strategies—has enhanced wearability and operational stability.Nevertheless,key challenges persist,including individual variability,biocompatibility limitations,and susceptibility to interference in complex environments.Further validation and optimization are needed to address gaps in generalization capability,long-term reliability,and real-world operational robustness.This review systematically examines the representative progress in neural decoding algorithms and flexible bioelectronic platforms over the past decade,highlighting key design principles,material innovations,and integration strategies that are poised to advance non-invasive BCI capabilities.It also discusses the importance of multimodal data fusion,hardware-software co-optimization,and closed-loop control strategies.Furthermore,the review discusses the application potential and associated engineering challenges of this technology in clinical rehabilitation and industrial translation,aiming to provide a reference for advancing non-invasive BCIs toward practical and scalable deployment.
基金financially supported by the Science and Technology Plan Project of the Jilin Province(No.YDZJ202401546ZYTS).
摘要The currently reported conductive hydrogels are mainly used to detect the mechanical signals of human movement,whereas the application of detecting weak electrophysiological signals in epidermal electrodes is still limited by a low signal-to-noise ratio and motion artifacts.In this study,a one-pot method was used to prepare a hydrogel conductor with excellent flexibility,self-adhesiveness,and compliance by introducing chitosan quaternary ammonium salt(HAAC)and 2-acrylamide-2-methylpropanesulfonic acid(AMPS)into the polyacrylamide(PAAm)hydrogel network.By adjusting the AMPS and HAAC contents,the hydrogel showed skin-like mechanical properties and surface adhesion,successfully eliminating the gap with the skin surface.The self-adhesive hydrogel showed a lower impedance(approximately 190 kΩ)than commercial Ag/AgCl electrodes.Notably,the hydrogel electrodes exhibited a significantly higher signal-to-noise ratio(SNR)than the commercial electrodes at the same level of muscle contraction.The hydrogel electrodes could accurately detect dynamic weak EMG signals and successfully drive the prosthetic hand to grasp without errors.Importantly,the combination of hydrogel strain sensors and epidermal electrodes can quantify the mode,frequency,and intensity of human movement,which has broad application prospects in data acquisition for daily exercise,fitness,and rehabilitation.
基金supported by the Scientific and Technological Project in Henan Province(242102231002)Henan Province Science and Technology Research and Development Program Joint Fund Advantageous Discipline Cultivation Project(No.232301420033)the Foundation for Outstanding Young Teachers in Universities of Henan Province(2021GGJS014).
摘要Bionic hydrogels offer significant advantages over conventional counterparts,boasting superior properties like enhanced adhesion,stretchability,conductivity,biocompatibility and versatile functionalities.Their physicochemical resemblance to biological tissues makes bionic hydrogels ideal interfaces for bioelectronic devices.In contrast,conventional hydrogels often exhibit inadequate performance,such as easy detachment,lack of good skin compliance,and inadequate conductivity,failing to meet the rigorous demands of bioelectronic applications.Bionic hydrogels,inspired by biological designs,exhibit exceptional physicochemical characteristics that fulfill diverse criteria for bioelectronic applications,driving the advancement of bioelectronic devices.This review first introduces a variety of materials used in the fabrication of bionic hydrogels,including natural polymers,synthetic polymers,and other materials.Then different mechanisms of hydrogel bionics,are categorized into material bionics,structural bionics,and functional bionics based on their bionic approaches.Subsequently,various applications of bionic hydrogels in the field of bioelectronics were introduced,including physiological signal monitoring,tissue engineering,and human-machine interactions.Lastly,the current development and future prospects of bionic hydrogels in bioelectronic devices are summarized.Hopefully,this comprehensive review could inspire advancements in bionic hydrogels for applications in bioelectronic devices.
基金support received from National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) Grant funded by the Korea government (MSIT)(RS-2024-00353768)the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) Grant funded by the Korea government (MSIT)(RS-2025-02217919)+1 种基金funded by the Yonsei Fellowshipfunded by Lee Youn Jae and the KIST Institutional Program Project No.2E31603-22-140 (KJY).
摘要Ultra-thin crystalline silicon stands as a cornerstone material in the foundation of modern micro and nano electronics.Despite the proliferation of various materials including oxide-based,polymer-based,carbon-based,and two-dimensional(2D)materials,crystal silicon continues to maintain its stronghold,owing to its superior functionality,scalability,stability,reliability,and uniformity.Nonetheless,the inherent rigidity of the bulk silicon leads to incompatibility with soft tissues,hindering the utilization amid biomedical applications.Because of such issues,decades of research have enabled successful utilization of various techniques to precisely control the thickness and morphology of silicon layers at the scale of several nanometres.This review provides a comprehensive exploration on the features of ultra-thin single crystalline silicon as a semiconducting material,and its role especially among the frontier of advanced bioelectronics.Key processes that enable the transition of rigid silicon to flexible form factors are exhibited,in accordance with their chronological sequence.The inspected stages span both prior and subsequent to transferring the silicon membrane,categorized respectively as on-wafer manufacturing and rigid-to-soft integration.Extensive guidelines to unlock the full potential of flexible electronics are provided through ordered analysis of each manufacturing procedure,the latest findings of biomedical applications,along with practical perspectives for researchers and manufacturers.
基金financially supported by the Nano&Material Technology Development Program through the National Research Foundation of Korea(NRF),the Ministry of Science and ICT(Nos.RS 2024-00451891,RS 2024-00468995,and RS 2024-00416938)the National R&D Program through the National Research Foundation of Korea(NRF)the Ministry of Science and ICT(No.2021M3H4A1A03047331)+3 种基金the National Research Foundation of Korea(NRF),the Korean Government(MEST)(No.RS-2023-00208577)the Creative Materials Discovery Program and Pioneer Research Center Program through the National Research Foundation of Korea(NRF),the Ministry of Science,ICT&Future Planning(NRF-2022M3C1A3081211)the Open Resource Research Program of the Korea Institute of Science and Technology(No.2E32961)the project“Development of Technology for the Separation and Quality Control of Fishery By-Products by Specific Parts(No.RS-2025-02263222)”of the Ministry of Oceans and Fisheries in Republic of Korea
摘要Liquid metal-enabled energy generators(LMEGs) have emerged as promising technology for self-powered bioelectronics,offering an efficient solution to the challenges of power consumption in soft electronics.This review provides a comprehensive overview of the properties and process of liquid metals(LMs),focusing on their use in soft bioelectronics.We then discuss various types of LMEGs,including triboelectric nanogenerators(TENGs),piezoelectric nanogenerators(PENGs),electromagnetic generators(EMGs),hydro voltaic generators(HEGs),thermoelectric generators(TEGs),and photovoltaic electric generators(PEGs),highlighting their recent research advancements.The unique properties of LMEGs make them ideal for integrating energy harvesting or self-powered sensing components into bioelectronics.Next,we provide a comprehensive summary of recent applications of LMEGs in wearable power sources,self-powered smart sensing,and biomedical devices.Finally,we outline future research directions,emphasizing the active roles and low-temperature operation of LMEGs,the broader adoption of self-healing capabilities,the advancement of functionalized LM-polymer composites,and system-level integration for practical applications.
基金financially supported by the Ministry of Education(Singapore)(MOE-T2EP50220-0022)SUTD-MIT International Design Center(Singapore)+3 种基金SUTD-ZJU IDEA Grant Program(SUTD-ZJU(VP)201903)SUTD Kickstarter Initiative(SKI 2021_02_03,SKI 2021_02_17,SKI 2021_01_04)Agency of Science,Technology and Research(Singapore)(A20G9b0135)National Supercomputing Centre(Singapore)(15001618)。
摘要Neuromorphic computing has the potential to overcome limitations of traditional silicon technology in machine learning tasks.Recent advancements in large crossbar arrays and silicon-based asynchronous spiking neural networks have led to promising neuromorphic systems.However,developing compact parallel computing technology for integrating artificial neural networks into traditional hardware remains a challenge.Organic computational materials offer affordable,biocompatible neuromorphic devices with exceptional adjustability and energy-efficient switching.Here,the review investigates the advancements made in the development of organic neuromorphic devices.This review explores resistive switching mechanisms such as interface-regulated filament growth,molecular-electronic dynamics,nanowire-confined filament growth,and vacancy-assisted ion migration,while proposing methodologies to enhance state retention and conductance adjustment.The survey examines the challenges faced in implementing low-power neuromorphic computing,e.g.,reducing device size and improving switching time.The review analyses the potential of these materials in adjustable,flexible,and low-power consumption applications,viz.biohybrid spiking circuits interacting with biological systems,systems that respond to specific events,robotics,intelligent agents,neuromorphic computing,neuromorphic bioelectronics,neuroscience,and other applications,and prospects of this technology.
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.52125501,52405325)the Key Research Project of Shaanxi Province(Nos.2021LLRH-08,2024SF2-GJHX-34)+5 种基金the Program for Innovation Team of Shaanxi Province(No.2023-CX-TD17)the Postdoctoral Fellowship Program of CPSF(No.GZB20230573)the Postdoctoral Project of Shaanxi Province(No.2023BSHYDZZ30)the Basic Research Program of Natural Science in Shaanxi Province(No.2021JQ-906)the China Postdoctoral Science Foundationthe Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities。
摘要The inherent complexities of excitable cardiac,nervous,and skeletal muscle tissues pose great challenges in constructing artificial counterparts that closely resemble their natural bioelectrical,structural,and mechanical properties.Recent advances have increasingly revealed the beneficial impact of bioelectrical microenvironments on cellular behaviors,tissue regeneration,and therapeutic efficacy for excitable tissues.This review aims to unveil the mechanisms by which electrical microenvironments enhance the regeneration and functionality of excitable cells and tissues,considering both endogenous electrical cues from electroactive biomaterials and exogenous electrical stimuli from external electronic systems.We explore the synergistic effects of these electrical microenvironments,combined with structural and mechanical guidance,on the regeneration of excitable tissues using tissue engineering scaffolds.Additionally,the emergence of microanoscale bioelectronics has significantly broadened this field,facilitating intimate interactions between implantable bioelectronics and excitable tissues across cellular,tissue,and organ levels.These interactions enable precise data acquisition and localized modulation of cell and tissue functionalities through intricately designed electronic components according to physiological needs.The integration of tissue engineering and bioelectronics promises optimal outcomes,highlighting a growing trend in developing living tissue construct-bioelectronic hybrids for restoring and monitoring damaged excitable tissues.Furthermore,we envision critical challenges in engineering the next-generation hybrids,focusing on integrated fabrication strategies,the development of ionic conductive biomaterials,and their convergence with biosensors.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(52475610)Zhejiang Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China(LDQ24E050001).
摘要Despite the promising progress in conductive hydrogels made with pure conducting polymer,great challenges remain in the interface adhesion and robustness in longterm monitoring.To address these challenges,Prof.Seung Hwan Ko and Taek-Soo Kim’s team introduced a laserinduced phase separation and adhesion method for fabricating conductive hydrogels consisting of pure poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):polystyrene sulfonate on polymer substrates.The laser-induced phase separation and adhesion treated conducting polymers can be selectively transformed into conductive hydrogels that exhibit wet conductivities of 101.4 S cm−1 with a spatial resolution down to 5μm.Moreover,they maintain impedance and charge-storage capacity even after 1 h of sonication.The micropatterned electrode arrays demonstrate their potential in long-term in vivo signal recordings,highlighting their promising role in the field of bioelectronics.
基金This work was financially supported by the R&D Program in Key Areas of Guangdong(2019B010941002)National Key Research and Development Program of China(2016YFB0700802),NSFC(81671824,31700841)Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(2682019JQ03).
摘要Conductive polymers(CPs)are generally insoluble,and developing hydrophilic CPs is significant to broaden the applications of CPs.In this work,a mussel-inspired strategy was proposed to construct hydrophilic CP nanoparticles(CP NPs),while endowing the CP NPs with redox activity and biocompatibility.This is a universal strategy applicable for a series of CPs,including polyaniline,polypyrrole,and poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene).The catechol/quinone contained sulfonated lignin(LS)was doped into various CPs to form CP/LS NPs with hydrophilicity,conductivity,and redox activity.These CP/LS NPs were used as versatile nanofillers to prepare the conductive hydrogels with long-term adhesiveness.The CP/LS NPs-incorporated hydrogels have a good conductivity because of the uniform distribution of the hydrophilic NPs in the hydrogel network,forming a well-connected electric path.The hydrogel exhibits long-term adhesiveness,which is attributed to the mussel-inspired dynamic redox balance of catechol/quinone groups on the CP/LS NPs.This conductive and adhesive hydrogel shows good electroactivity and biocompatibility and therefore has broad applications in electrostimulation of tissue regeneration and implantable bioelectronics.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(22274053,22274051)the director fund of Shanghai Key Lab for Urban Ecological Processes and Eco-Restoration(SHUES2022C03)+2 种基金the Shanghai Municipal Science and Technology Major Project(“Beyond Limits manufacture”),and the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central UniversitiesAll experiments with human research participants were approved by the Human Research Protection Committee of East China Normal University(approved number:HR 805-2022)Study Participation:Prior to participation in the experiments,informed consent was obtained from the volunteer in all experiments.All animal experiments were approved by the Animal Ethics Committee of East China Normal University(approved number:ARXM2022163).
摘要An increasing utilization of wound-related therapeutic materials and skin bioelectronics urges the development of multifunctional biogels for personal therapy and health management.Nevertheless,conventional dressings and skin bioelectronics with single function,mechanical mismatches,and impracticality severely limit their widespread applications in clinical.Herein,we explore a gelling mechanism,fabrication method,and functionalization for broadly applicable food biopolymers-based biogels that unite the challenging needs of elastic yet injectable wound dressing and skin bioelectronics in a single system.We combine our biogels with functional nanomaterials,such as cuttlefish ink nanoparticles and silver nanowires,to endow the biogels with reactive oxygen species scavenging capacity and electrical conductivity,and finally realized the improvement in diabetic wound microenvironment and the monitoring of electrophysiological signals on skin.This line of research work sheds light on preparing food biopolymers-based biogels with multifunctional integration of wound treatment and smart medical treatment.
基金financial support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.32171399)the National Key R&D Program of China(Grant Nos.2021YFF1200700,2021YFA0911100)+1 种基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.32171456,32171335,61901535,31900954,62104264)。
摘要Developing techniques to effectively and real-time monitor and regulate the interior environment of biological objects is significantly important for many biomedical engineering and scientific applications, including drug delivery, electrophysiological recording and regulation of intracellular activities. Semi-implantable bioelectronics is currently a hot spot in biomedical engineering research area, because it not only meets the increasing technical demands for precise detection or regulation of biological activities, but also provides a desirable platform for externally incorporating complex functionalities and electronic integration. Although there is less definition and summary to distinguish it from the well-reviewed non-invasive bioelectronics and fully implantable bioelectronics, semi-implantable bioelectronics have emerged as highly unique technology to boost the development of biochips and smart wearable device. Here, we reviewed the recent progress in this field and raised the concept of “Semi-implantable bioelectronics”, summarizing the principle and strategies of semi-implantable device for cell applications and in vivo applications, discussing the typical methodologies to access to intracellular environment or in vivo environment, biosafety aspects and typical applications. This review is meaningful for understanding in-depth the design principles, materials fabrication techniques, device integration processes, cellissue penetration methodologies, biosafety aspects, and applications strategies that are essential to the development of future minimally invasive bioelectronics.
基金the Engineering Research Center of Integrated Circuits for Next-Generation Communications Grant(Y01796303)Southern University of Science and Technology Grant(Y01796108,Y01796208).
摘要With the growing market of wearable devices for smart sensing and personalized healthcare applications,energy storage devices that ensure stable power supply and can be constructed in flexible platforms have attracted tremendous research interests.A variety of active materials and fabrication strategies of flexible energy storage devices have been intensively studied in recent years,especially for integrated self-powered systems and biosensing.A series of materials and applications for flexible energy storage devices have been studied in recent years.In this review,the commonly adopted fabrication methods of flexible energy storage devices are introduced.Besides,recent advances in integrating these energy devices into flexible self-powered systems are presented.Furthermore,the applications of flexible energy storage devices for biosensing are summarized.Finally,the prospects and challenges of the self-powered sensing system for wearable electronics are discussed.
基金financially supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province(ZR2022QB014)Higher Education Institutions Youth Innovation Team Plan of Shandong Province(2022KJ192)+3 种基金Academic Promotion Program of Shandong First Medical University(2019QL009)Science and Technology Funding from Jinan(2020GXRC018)Talent Introduction Project of Shandong First Medical University(003067)High-level University and High-level Discipline Construction Project of Shandong First Medical University(923002011).
摘要Benefiting from the unique advantages of superior biocompatibility,strong stability,good biodegradability,and adjustable mechanical properties,hydrogels have attracted extensive research interests in bioelectronics.However,due to the existence of an interface between hydrogels and human tissues,the transmission of electrical signals from the human tissues to the hydrogel electronic devices will be hindered.The adhesive hydrogels with adhesive properties can tightly combine with the human tissue,which can enhance the contact between the electronic devices and human tissues and reduce the contact resistance,thereby improving the performance of hydrogel electronic devices.In this review,we will discuss in detail the adhesion mechanism of adhesive hydrogels and elaborate on the design principles of adhesive hydrogels.After that,we will introduce some methods of performance evaluation for adhesive hydrogels.Finally,we will provide a perspective on the development of adhesive hydrogel bioelectronics.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(62422104,62427806,U21A20460,62371115,and 52021001)the Science and Technology Major Project of the Xizang Autonomous Region of China(XZ202201ZD0001G)+1 种基金the Science and Technology Department of Sichuan Province(2024NSFSC0234)the Medico-Engineering Cooperation Funds,Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities,UESTC under grant no.ZYGX2025YGLH006.
摘要Real-time,high-fidelity physiological signal acquisition,coupled with targeted in situ interventional regulation,is a prerequisite for intelligent health management.Implantable bioelectronics offers a compelling solution for the wireless diagnosis and treatment of subcutaneous organs,circumventing limitations associated with skinmounted devices.Magnetoelectric bioelectronics(MEBs),an emerging wireless technology,presents advantages in terms of frequency control,transmission efficiency,penetration depth,and interventional safety,holding significant promise for personalized implantable health management.This review comprehensively analyzes the current landscape of MEBs,exploring recent research breakthroughs and their potential impact.We begin by tracing the historical evolution of ME materials,delineating the key factors governing their performance,including the selection and properties of piezoelectric and magnetostrictive materials and their underlying coupling mechanisms.This review then categorizes MEBs according to their connectivity architectures:core--shell,2-2,and 0-3.Subsequently,we highlight the latest research on implantable MEBs,emphasizing their roles in energy harvesting,signal detection,and disease therapy,specifically contextualized within their respective application domains.Finally,future trends are projected to address the challenges and opportunities surrounding the development of emerging multifunctional MEBs for next-generation health management systems.
摘要Advanced biological systems are characterized by dynamic,complex,and functional biointerfaces.Human skin,for example,exemplifies such a biointerface,featuring diverse micro-and nano-scale surface structures.It serves as an ideal window for bioelectronic devices to acquire vital physiological information,enabling continuous health monitoring,and disease intervention.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(52422310,22175086)the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province(BK20240169)+2 种基金the Program for Innovative Talents and Entrepreneurs in Jiangsu(JSSCTD202138)China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(2023M731578)Jiangsu Funding Program for Excellent Postdoctoral Talent(2023ZB789).
摘要CONSPECTUS:Implantable bioelectronics that interface directly with biological tissues have been widely used to alleviate symptoms of chronic diseases,restore lost or degraded body functions,and monitor health conditions in real-time.These devices have revolutionized medicine by providing continuous therapeutic interventions and diagnostics.Energy sources are the most critical components in implantable bioelectronics,as they determine operational lifetime and reliability.Compared with other energy storage and harvesting devices and wireless charging methods,batteries provide high energy density and stable power output,making them the preferred choice for many implantable applications.The advent of implantable bioelectronic devices has been significantly propelled by the high energy densities offered by lithium battery technology,which has led to a profound transformation in our daily lives.To advance the field of implantable bioelectronics,the development of next-generation implantable batteries is essential.These batteries must be soft to match the mechanical properties of biological tissues,minimizing tissue damage and immune responses.Additionally,they must be biocompatible,particularly when in proximity to vital organs like the heart and brain,to prevent toxicity and adverse reactions.Beyond biocompatibility,these batteries need to exhibit excellent electrochemical performance,thermomechanical resilience,and structural integrity for reliable operation in body fluids over extended periods.Enhancing the energy and power density of these batteries can lead to device miniaturization,extend their service life,improve operating efficiency,and meet a broader range of high-power applications.Achieving these advancements not only enables cableless and shape-conformal integration with multifunctionality but also underscores the significant research efforts dedicated to understanding and optimizing the performance of next-generation implantable batteries.To this end,numerous research efforts have been devoted in recent years to developing next-generation implantable batteries from material development,structural design,and performance optimization perspectives.In this Account,we first outline the development history of current implantable batteries from their inception to the present day.We then delineate the requirements for the next generation of implantable batteries,considering emerging application scenarios.Subsequently,we review the recent advancements in the development of soft,biocompatible,long-term stable,high-energy,and high-power-density implantable batteries.Additionally,we explore the efficient integration of these batteries into biomedical devices.We conclude with the development routes and future perspectives for implantable batteries.This Account promotes the development of new implantable batteries through the collaboration of multiple disciplines,including energy,materials,chemistry,biomedical science,and engineering.The emergence of advanced implantable battery technologies is expected to offer countless opportunities to enhance bioelectronics.These advancements will alter the current paradigm of medicine and pave the way for a revolutionary era of human-machine interaction.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(62121003,T2293730,T2293731,62171434,62333020,62401083,62471291,and 62501572)the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2022YFC2402501 and 2022YFB3205602)+3 种基金the Major Program of Scientific and Technical Innovation 2030(2021ZD02016030)the Joint Foundation Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(8091A170201)the Scientific,Instrument Developing Project of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(PTYQ2024BJ0009)the Natural Science Foundation of Beijing(F252069)。
摘要The past two decades have witnessed remarkable progress in flexible and stretchable bioelectronics,which have substantially improved the integration of implantable devices with biological tissues[1-5].Compared with rigid metallic electrodes,flexible probes offer superior mechanical compliance,reduce immune rejection,and enable long-term monitoring of physiological signals[6-9].Among various device geometries,fiber-shaped probes are particularly advantageous due to their small dimensions,which minimize immune responses,and their capability for multifunctional integration[10-14].