This Special Topic of the Journal of Semiconductors(JoS)features expanded versions of key articles presented at the 2025 IEEE International Conference on Integrated Circuits Technologies and Applications(ICTA),which w...This Special Topic of the Journal of Semiconductors(JoS)features expanded versions of key articles presented at the 2025 IEEE International Conference on Integrated Circuits Technologies and Applications(ICTA),which was held in Macao,China,from October 22 to 24,2025.IEEE ICTA is an IEEE flagship conference in the field of integrated circuits(IC)in China,which provides a communication platform for sharing the state-of-the-art techniques from experts in the field of ICs.Among the 146 papers presented at ICTA 2025,the Technical Program Committee and the Award Committee have selected 3 high-quality articles for recommending to the Special Topic of JoS,covering the technical fields of RF,medical neural interface,and vision sensing ICs.展开更多
Matchgates and Clifford circuits are two types of quantum circuits which can be efficiently simulated classically,though the underlying reasons are quite different.Matchgates are essentially the single particle basis ...Matchgates and Clifford circuits are two types of quantum circuits which can be efficiently simulated classically,though the underlying reasons are quite different.Matchgates are essentially the single particle basis transformations in the Majorana fermion representation,which can be easily handled classically,while the Clifford circuits can be efficiently simulated using the tableau method according to the Gottesman–Knill theorem.展开更多
The advent of SnO2materials has significantly revolutionized semiconductor gas sensors.However,their high working temperature,sluggish responseecovery velocities,poor sensitivities,and baseline drift are still esse...The advent of SnO2materials has significantly revolutionized semiconductor gas sensors.However,their high working temperature,sluggish responseecovery velocities,poor sensitivities,and baseline drift are still essentials factor impeding their applications in advanced sensing devices.Owing to the improved receptor,transducer,and utility factor function,constructing heterostructures substantially enhances the gas-sensitive properties of single material.Although many works on SnO2materials have been summarized in some excellent reviews,a comprehensive overview of SnO2materials from the underlying gas-sensitive mechanisms to material design to applications combined with back-end detection circuits is missing.Herein,a comprehensive review is presented on the state-of-art of SnO2-baesed p-n heterostructures and applications of the combination of back-end detection circuits and devices.The microscopic regulation mechanism of p-n heterojunctions on improved gas-sensitive properties is investigated in depth.Some representative composites are discussed,including SnO2composited with metal oxides,two-dimensional materials,and conductive polymers.Additionally,the particular emphasis is given to the detection circuits used in semiconductor gas sensors.Finally,the current challenges are summarized,and perspectives on future opportunities are presented.This work aims to advance the evolution of high-performance sensitive nanomaterials and detection circuits,and render them promising in miniaturized and integrated gas sensors.展开更多
The output prediction of quantum circuits is a formidably challenging task imperative in developing quantum devices.Motivated by the natural graph representation of quantum circuits,this paper proposes a Graph Neural ...The output prediction of quantum circuits is a formidably challenging task imperative in developing quantum devices.Motivated by the natural graph representation of quantum circuits,this paper proposes a Graph Neural Networks(GNNs)-based framework to predict the output expectation values of quantum circuits under noisy and noiseless conditions and compare the performance of different parameterized quantum circuits(PQCs).We construct datasets under noisy and noiseless conditions using a non-parameterized quantum gate set to predict circuit expectation values.The node feature vectors for GNNs are specifically designed to include noise information.In our simulations,we compare the prediction performance of GNNs in both noisy and noiseless conditions against Convolutional Neural Networks(CNNs)on the same dataset and their qubit scalability.GNNs demonstrate superior prediction accuracy across diverse conditions.Subsequently,we utilize the parameterized quantum gate set to construct noisy PQCs and compute the ground state energy of hydrogen molecules using the Variational Quantum Eigensolver(VQE).We propose two schemes:the Indirect Comparison scheme,which involves directly predicting the ground state energy and subsequently comparing circuit performances,and the Direct Comparison scheme,which directly predicts the relative performance of the two circuits.Simulation results indicate that the Direct Comparison scheme significantly outperforms the Indirect Comparison scheme by an average of 36.2%on the same dataset,providing a new and effective perspective for using GNNs to predict the overall properties of PQCs,specifically by focusing on their performance differences.展开更多
A specialized sympathetic-eosinophil circuit in stress-induced inflammation.Psychological stress is widely recognized as an important aggravating factor in atopic dermatitis(AD)[1],yet the biological pathways that tra...A specialized sympathetic-eosinophil circuit in stress-induced inflammation.Psychological stress is widely recognized as an important aggravating factor in atopic dermatitis(AD)[1],yet the biological pathways that translate central stress perception into peripheral inflammation remain unclear.Tian et al.[2]identified a specialized neuroimmune circuit in which prodynorphin-expressing(Pdyn+)sympathetic neurons regulated eosinophil-mediated skin inflammation under stressful conditions.展开更多
The nervous system has emerged as a multi-scale regulator of bone biology,integrating central neural circuits with peripheral innervation to control skeletal homeostasis and repair.While bone remodeling is classically...The nervous system has emerged as a multi-scale regulator of bone biology,integrating central neural circuits with peripheral innervation to control skeletal homeostasis and repair.While bone remodeling is classically described as being governed by coupling between bone formation and resorption,neural signaling provides an additional hierarchical layer that links organismlevel cues to local skeletal stem/progenitor cell niches.This review presents a mechanistic framework for the neuro–bone regulatory network across three hierarchical levels.First,we examine central regulation,in which hypothalamic circuits integrate hormonal and metabolic signals via circumventricular organs to modulate endocrine outputs such as parathyroid hormone(PTH),thereby establishing circadian rhythms and systemic control of bone metabolism.Second,we analyze peripheral neural communication,where sensory inputs triggered by injury or inflammation,along with autonomic efferent signaling,includingβ-adrenergic pathways,directly influence osteolineage and stromal cells.These signals recalibrate cellular metabolic states,differentiation programs,and regenerative responses,linking pain perception with tissue repair mechanisms.Third,we investigate the bone marrow niche,where distinct subtypes of nerve fibers release a diverse array of neurotransmitters and or neuromodulators that shape the microenvironment of skeletal stem and progenitor cells(SSPCs)as well as downstream osteoprogenitors,thereby regulating proliferation,lineage commitment,and quiescence.Collectively,these findings delineate an integrated model of neural regulation of bone spanning central,peripheral,and local niche levels,providing a foundation for testable hypotheses in neuro-osteobiology.展开更多
The relentless advancement of the artificial intelligence of things,automotive electronics,and high-performance computing has tightened the design requirements for fundamental analog blocks.Consequently,recent circuit...The relentless advancement of the artificial intelligence of things,automotive electronics,and high-performance computing has tightened the design requirements for fundamental analog blocks.Consequently,recent circuit innovations at ISSCC 2026—spanning from mature 180 nm planar processes to advanced 2 nm gate-all-around nodes—focus on providing robust,high-precision"ancillary"circuits under increasingly stringent power,area,and error budgets.展开更多
Spatial reasoning,defined as the ability to infer and compose relations among entities—is fundamental to geoinformatics applications such as spatial querying and map understanding.However,existing works such as Bidir...Spatial reasoning,defined as the ability to infer and compose relations among entities—is fundamental to geoinformatics applications such as spatial querying and map understanding.However,existing works such as Bidirectional Encoder Representations from Transformers(BERT)-based spatial Question Answering(QA)models and neuro-symbolic models rely on dataset-specific patterns,leading to shortcut learning,where reliance on superficial lexical cues rather than true relational understanding.Recent Large Language Models(LLMs)-based works,including fine-tuning and Chain-of-Thought(CoT)prompting,partially alleviate shortcut learning but remain limited by non-causal reasoning,where predictions depend on spurious correlations rather than stable relational structure.To address these limitations,we propose Causal Inference and Reasoning via Compact sUbnetwork IdenTification(CIRCUIT-X),motivated by the hypothesis that spatial reasoning in LLMs is governed by compact causal parameter subsets(a.k.a causal circuits).CIRCUIT-X operates in two stages:(i)Causal Importance Estimation(Stage Ⅰ)via structured interventions to mitigate shortcut learning,and(ii)Minimal Circuit Discovery(Stage Ⅱ)via structured pruning to mitigate non-causal reasoning.Empirically,CIRCUIT-X achieves up to 91%accuracy on SPAtial Reasoning on Textual Question Answering(SPARTQA)and 87%on StepGame,outperforming State-of-the-Art(SOTA)methods while improving intervention robustness by up to+11%and causal consistency by up to+16%.Therefore,it retains up to 96%of full-model performance using only 3%–6%of active parameters,while demonstrating strong robustness under cross-domain transfer with improvements of up to+10%in accuracy and substantially higher intervention stability under distribution shifts.展开更多
Hybrid classical-quantum architectures have emerged as a practical response to the data and compute demands of modern deep learning,since a pretrained classical backbone can carry the feature extraction while a compac...Hybrid classical-quantum architectures have emerged as a practical response to the data and compute demands of modern deep learning,since a pretrained classical backbone can carry the feature extraction while a compact quantum head provides the trainable component.Quantum transfer learning is the most active instance of this idea.However,existing quantum transfer learning pipelines have been evaluated in isolation,typically on a single software framework and without a structured treatment of noise or statistical significance,which makes it difficult to assess how this paradigm contributes over fair classical baselines.A methodological benchmark for quantum transfer learning is proposed in this paper.The benchmark couples a common set of frozen pretrained convolutional backbones to several classical and quantum classification heads,implemented in both PennyLane and Qiskit,so that the contribution of nonlinearity,software framework,and quantum component can be analyzed separately.The benchmark has been applied to heterogeneous image datasets covering medical,biological,industrial,and general-vision domains,and most configurations have been executed in three environments:ideal simulation,noisy emulation calibrated on IBM Heron r2 and real IBM quantum hardware.Complementary analyses isolate the contribution of individual noise channels,examine scalability with qubit count and circuit depth and assess the presence of barren plateaus.Statistical reliability is ensured through multiple random seeds and pairwise Wilcoxon signed-rank tests,providing the first controlled cross-framework assessment of quantum transfer learning under calibrated noise and on real hardware.展开更多
Fibre electronics is redefining the role of conventional fibres,extending them from textile substrates for wearing and weaving to functional carriers for energy,sensing,display,and information processing.Remarkable ad...Fibre electronics is redefining the role of conventional fibres,extending them from textile substrates for wearing and weaving to functional carriers for energy,sensing,display,and information processing.Remarkable advances have recently been achieved in fibre-based energy harvesting,energy storage,sensing,and display technologies[1],[2],[3],[4].展开更多
Exogenous neural stem cell transplantation has become one of the most promising treatment methods for chronic stroke.Recent studies have shown that most ischemia-reperfusion model rats recover spontaneously after inju...Exogenous neural stem cell transplantation has become one of the most promising treatment methods for chronic stroke.Recent studies have shown that most ischemia-reperfusion model rats recover spontaneously after injury,which limits the ability to observe long-term behavioral recovery.Here,we used a severe stroke rat model with 150 minutes of ischemia,which produced severe behavioral deficiencies that persisted at 12 weeks,to study the therapeutic effect of neural stem cells on neural restoration in chronic stroke.Our study showed that stroke model rats treated with human neural stem cells had long-term sustained recovery of motor function,reduced infarction volume,long-term human neural stem cell survival,and improved local inflammatory environment and angiogenesis.We also demonstrated that transplanted human neural stem cells differentiated into mature neurons in vivo,formed stable functional synaptic connections with host neurons,and exhibited the electrophysiological properties of functional mature neurons,indicating that they replaced the damaged host neurons.The findings showed that human fetal-derived neural stem cells had long-term effects for neurological recovery in a model of severe stroke,which suggests that human neural stem cells-based therapy may be effective for repairing damaged neural circuits in stroke patients.展开更多
This Special Topic of the Journal of Semiconductors(JOS)features expanded versions of key articles presented at the 2024 IEEE International Conference on Integrated Circuits Technologies and Applications(ICTA),which w...This Special Topic of the Journal of Semiconductors(JOS)features expanded versions of key articles presented at the 2024 IEEE International Conference on Integrated Circuits Technologies and Applications(ICTA),which was held in Hangzhou,Zhejiang,China,from October 25 to 27,2024.展开更多
This paper proposes two types of passive auxiliary injection circuits(PAICs)that enable pulse tripling in three parallel-connected rectifiers,addressing the limitation of pulse multiplication to a factor of 2.The prop...This paper proposes two types of passive auxiliary injection circuits(PAICs)that enable pulse tripling in three parallel-connected rectifiers,addressing the limitation of pulse multiplication to a factor of 2.The proposed design combined three rectifier units with two PAICs consisting of a delta/star transformer and nine auxiliary diodes.By further integrating the PAICs with conventional topologies such as 3-pulse star,6-pulse star,6-pulse bridge,18-pulse star,and 18-pulse bridge rectifiers,we constructed 9-pulse star,18-pulse star,18-pulse bridge,54-pulse star,and 54-pulse bridge configurations,respectively.The validation in MATLAB/Simulink demonstrated that these configurations achieved a threefold increase in both output-voltage pulses and input-current steps without the need for complex phase-shifting transformers.Moreover,the total harmonic distortion of the input current was significantly reduced,with values of 12.63%,3.66%,3.43%,2.24%,and 1.90% for the respective designed rectifiers.To the best of our knowledge,this is the first demonstration of a passive pulse-tripling circuit for three parallelconnected rectifiers,offering a simple solution for high-current industrial applications.展开更多
Loss of synapse and functional connectivity in brain circuits is associated with aging and neurodegeneration,however,few molecular mechanisms are known to intrinsically promote synaptogenesis or enhance synapse functi...Loss of synapse and functional connectivity in brain circuits is associated with aging and neurodegeneration,however,few molecular mechanisms are known to intrinsically promote synaptogenesis or enhance synapse function.We have previously shown that MET receptor tyrosine kinase in the developing cortical circuits promotes dendritic growth and dendritic spine morphogenesis.To investigate whether enhancing MET in adult cortex has synapse regenerating potential,we created a knockin mouse line,in which the human MET gene expression and signaling can be turned on in adult(10–12 months)cortical neurons through doxycycline-containing chow.We found that similar to the developing brain,turning on MET signaling in the adult cortex activates small GTPases and increases spine density in prefrontal projection neurons.These findings are further corroborated by increased synaptic activity and transient generation of immature silent synapses.Prolonged MET signaling resulted in an increasedα-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid/N-methyl-Daspartate(AMPA/NMDA)receptor current ratio,indicative of enhanced synaptic function and connectivity.Our data reveal that enhancing MET signaling could be an interventional approach to promote synaptogenesis and preserve functional connectivity in the adult brain.These findings may have implications for regenerative therapy in aging and neurodegeneration conditions.展开更多
Quantum many-body systems lie at the heart of modern fundamental physics.The study of these systems has revealed a plethora of fascinating phenomena,such as quantum thermalization,many-body localization,and quantum ma...Quantum many-body systems lie at the heart of modern fundamental physics.The study of these systems has revealed a plethora of fascinating phenomena,such as quantum thermalization,many-body localization,and quantum many-body scars.This review provides a comprehensive overview of the recent advances in understanding quantum many-body scars and non-ergodic dynamics in quantum systems on superconducting-circuit platforms,ranging from theoretical mechanisms and effective models to experimental observations.展开更多
This article proposes a multi-tiered fault detection system for series-connected lithium-ion battery modules.Improper use of batteries can lead to electrolyte decomposition,resulting in the formation of lithium dendri...This article proposes a multi-tiered fault detection system for series-connected lithium-ion battery modules.Improper use of batteries can lead to electrolyte decomposition,resulting in the formation of lithium dendrites.These dendrites may pierce the separator,leading to the failure of the insulation layer between electrodes and causing micro short circuits.When a micro short circuit occurs,the electrolyte typically undergoes exothermic reactions,leading to thermal runaway and posing a safety risk to users.Relying solely on temperature-based judgment mechanisms within the battery management system often results in delayed intervention.To address this issue,the article develops a multi-tiered fault detection algorithm for series-connected lithium-ion batteries.This algorithm can effectively diagnose micro short circuits,aging,and normal batteries using minimal battery data,thereby improving diagnostic accuracy and enhancing the flexibility of fault detection.Simulations and experiments conducted under various levels of micro short circuits validate the effectiveness of the algorithm,demonstrating its ability to distinguish between short-circuited,aged,and normal batteries under different conditions.This technology can be applied to electric vehicles and energy storage systems,enabling early warnings to ensure safety and prevent thermal runaway.展开更多
With the rapid scaling of superconducting quantum processors,electronic control systems relying on commercial off-the-shelf instruments face critical bottlenecks in signal density,power consumption,and crosstalk mitig...With the rapid scaling of superconducting quantum processors,electronic control systems relying on commercial off-the-shelf instruments face critical bottlenecks in signal density,power consumption,and crosstalk mitigation.Here we present a custom dual-channel direct current(DC)source module(QPower)dedicated to large-scale superconducting quantum processors.The module delivers a voltage range of±7 V with 200 m A maximum current per channel,while achieving the following key performance benchmarks:noise spectral density of√Hz at 10 k Hz,output ripple<500μVppwithin 20 MHz bandwidth,and long-term voltage drift<5μVpp over 12 hours.Integrated into the control electronics of a 66-qubit quantum processor,QPower enables qubit coherence time of T1=87.6μs and Ramsey dephasing time of T2=5.1μs,with qubit resonance frequency drift constrained to±40 k Hz during 12-hour operation.This modular design is compact in size and efficient in energy consumption,providing a scalable DC source solution for intermediate-scale quantum processors with stringent noise and stability requirements,with potential extensions to other quantum hardware platforms and precision measurement systems.展开更多
With the rapid development of electronic information engineering,high-speed digital circuits have been increasingly widely applied in various fields.In high-speed digital circuits,signal integrity is prone to interfer...With the rapid development of electronic information engineering,high-speed digital circuits have been increasingly widely applied in various fields.In high-speed digital circuits,signal integrity is prone to interference from various external factors,leading to issues such as signal distortion or degradation of system performance.Based on this,this paper conducts research on the optimization strategies for signal integrity of high-speed digital circuits in electronic information engineering.It deeply analyzes the importance of high-speed digital circuits,elaborates on the challenges they face and the specific manifestations of signal integrity issues,and proposes a series of optimization strategies in electronic information engineering.The aim is to improve the signal integrity of highspeed digital circuits and provide theoretical support and practical guidance for the development of related fields.展开更多
The relentless down-scaling of electronics grands the modern integrated circuits(ICs)with the high speed,low power dissipation and low cost,fulfilling diverse demands of modern life.Whereas,with the semiconductor indu...The relentless down-scaling of electronics grands the modern integrated circuits(ICs)with the high speed,low power dissipation and low cost,fulfilling diverse demands of modern life.Whereas,with the semiconductor industry entering into sub-10 nm technology nodes,degrading device performance and increasing power consumption give rise to insurmountable roadblocks confronted by modern ICs that need to be conquered to sustain the Moore law's life.Bulk semiconductors like prevalent Si are plagued by seriously degraded carrier mobility as thickness thinning down to sub-5 nm,which is imperative to maintain sufficient gate electrostatic controllability to combat the increasingly degraded short channel effects.Nowadays,the emergence of two-dimensional(2D)materials opens up new gateway to eschew the hurdles laid in front of the scaling trend of modern IC,mainly ascribed to their ultimately atomic thickness,capability to maintain carrier mobility with thickness thinning down,dangling-bonds free surface,wide bandgaps tunability and feasibility to constitute diverse heterostructures.Blossoming breakthroughs in discrete electronic device,such as contact engineering,dielectric integration and vigorous channel-length scaling,or large circuits arrays,as boosted yields,improved variations and full-functioned processor fabrication,based on 2D materials have been achieved nowadays,facilitating 2D materials to step under the spotlight of IC industry to be treated as the most potential future successor or complementary counterpart of incumbent Si to further sustain the down-scaling of modern IC.展开更多
This paper focuses on high-frequency analog signal processing in integrated circuits,encompassing key aspects such as electromagnetic wave propagation in semiconductor media,device modeling,circuit architecture,noise ...This paper focuses on high-frequency analog signal processing in integrated circuits,encompassing key aspects such as electromagnetic wave propagation in semiconductor media,device modeling,circuit architecture,noise modeling,and power integrity.It analyzes the influence of these factors on signal processing performance and discusses corresponding technical approaches.In addition,the paper addresses representative applications in 5G communications,automotive radar,and medical imaging systems.Future research directions in high-frequency analog integrated circuit design are also discussed.展开更多
摘要This Special Topic of the Journal of Semiconductors(JoS)features expanded versions of key articles presented at the 2025 IEEE International Conference on Integrated Circuits Technologies and Applications(ICTA),which was held in Macao,China,from October 22 to 24,2025.IEEE ICTA is an IEEE flagship conference in the field of integrated circuits(IC)in China,which provides a communication platform for sharing the state-of-the-art techniques from experts in the field of ICs.Among the 146 papers presented at ICTA 2025,the Technical Program Committee and the Award Committee have selected 3 high-quality articles for recommending to the Special Topic of JoS,covering the technical fields of RF,medical neural interface,and vision sensing ICs.
基金the support from the National Key Research and Development Program of MOST of China(Grant No.2022YFA1405400)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.12274290 and 12522406)+2 种基金the Innovation Program for Quantum Science and Technology(Grant No.2021ZD0301902)the support from the Quantum Science and Technology-National Science and Technology Major Project(Grant No.2023ZD0300200)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities。
摘要Matchgates and Clifford circuits are two types of quantum circuits which can be efficiently simulated classically,though the underlying reasons are quite different.Matchgates are essentially the single particle basis transformations in the Majorana fermion representation,which can be easily handled classically,while the Clifford circuits can be efficiently simulated using the tableau method according to the Gottesman–Knill theorem.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.62004051)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities of China(No.HIT.NSRIF.2020022,No.2022FRFK060010)+2 种基金the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(No.2020M670909)the Heilongjiang Postdoctoral Science Foundation(No.LBH-Z19017)the National Key Technologies R&D Program of China(No.2019YFA0705203)。
摘要The advent of SnO2materials has significantly revolutionized semiconductor gas sensors.However,their high working temperature,sluggish responseecovery velocities,poor sensitivities,and baseline drift are still essentials factor impeding their applications in advanced sensing devices.Owing to the improved receptor,transducer,and utility factor function,constructing heterostructures substantially enhances the gas-sensitive properties of single material.Although many works on SnO2materials have been summarized in some excellent reviews,a comprehensive overview of SnO2materials from the underlying gas-sensitive mechanisms to material design to applications combined with back-end detection circuits is missing.Herein,a comprehensive review is presented on the state-of-art of SnO2-baesed p-n heterostructures and applications of the combination of back-end detection circuits and devices.The microscopic regulation mechanism of p-n heterojunctions on improved gas-sensitive properties is investigated in depth.Some representative composites are discussed,including SnO2composited with metal oxides,two-dimensional materials,and conductive polymers.Additionally,the particular emphasis is given to the detection circuits used in semiconductor gas sensors.Finally,the current challenges are summarized,and perspectives on future opportunities are presented.This work aims to advance the evolution of high-performance sensitive nanomaterials and detection circuits,and render them promising in miniaturized and integrated gas sensors.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.62471126)the Jiangsu Frontier Technology Research and Development Plan(Grant No.BF2025066)+2 种基金the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(Grant No.2242022k60001)the Jiangsu Funding Program for Excellent Postdoctoral Talent(Grant No.2022ZB139)the Natural Science Foundation of the Higher Education Institutions of Jiangsu Province(Grant No.102024097).
摘要The output prediction of quantum circuits is a formidably challenging task imperative in developing quantum devices.Motivated by the natural graph representation of quantum circuits,this paper proposes a Graph Neural Networks(GNNs)-based framework to predict the output expectation values of quantum circuits under noisy and noiseless conditions and compare the performance of different parameterized quantum circuits(PQCs).We construct datasets under noisy and noiseless conditions using a non-parameterized quantum gate set to predict circuit expectation values.The node feature vectors for GNNs are specifically designed to include noise information.In our simulations,we compare the prediction performance of GNNs in both noisy and noiseless conditions against Convolutional Neural Networks(CNNs)on the same dataset and their qubit scalability.GNNs demonstrate superior prediction accuracy across diverse conditions.Subsequently,we utilize the parameterized quantum gate set to construct noisy PQCs and compute the ground state energy of hydrogen molecules using the Variational Quantum Eigensolver(VQE).We propose two schemes:the Indirect Comparison scheme,which involves directly predicting the ground state energy and subsequently comparing circuit performances,and the Direct Comparison scheme,which directly predicts the relative performance of the two circuits.Simulation results indicate that the Direct Comparison scheme significantly outperforms the Indirect Comparison scheme by an average of 36.2%on the same dataset,providing a new and effective perspective for using GNNs to predict the overall properties of PQCs,specifically by focusing on their performance differences.
基金supported by a grant from the National Research Foundation of Korea funded by the Korean government(RS-2024-00409969).
摘要A specialized sympathetic-eosinophil circuit in stress-induced inflammation.Psychological stress is widely recognized as an important aggravating factor in atopic dermatitis(AD)[1],yet the biological pathways that translate central stress perception into peripheral inflammation remain unclear.Tian et al.[2]identified a specialized neuroimmune circuit in which prodynorphin-expressing(Pdyn+)sympathetic neurons regulated eosinophil-mediated skin inflammation under stressful conditions.
基金supported by Major Research Plan of the National Natural Science Foundation of China(92468203)National Natural Science Foundation(NSFC)of China(82372362)Natural Science Foundation of Fujian Province(2022J06003)and Project of Xiamen Cell Therapy Research(Grant No.3502Z20214001).
摘要The nervous system has emerged as a multi-scale regulator of bone biology,integrating central neural circuits with peripheral innervation to control skeletal homeostasis and repair.While bone remodeling is classically described as being governed by coupling between bone formation and resorption,neural signaling provides an additional hierarchical layer that links organismlevel cues to local skeletal stem/progenitor cell niches.This review presents a mechanistic framework for the neuro–bone regulatory network across three hierarchical levels.First,we examine central regulation,in which hypothalamic circuits integrate hormonal and metabolic signals via circumventricular organs to modulate endocrine outputs such as parathyroid hormone(PTH),thereby establishing circadian rhythms and systemic control of bone metabolism.Second,we analyze peripheral neural communication,where sensory inputs triggered by injury or inflammation,along with autonomic efferent signaling,includingβ-adrenergic pathways,directly influence osteolineage and stromal cells.These signals recalibrate cellular metabolic states,differentiation programs,and regenerative responses,linking pain perception with tissue repair mechanisms.Third,we investigate the bone marrow niche,where distinct subtypes of nerve fibers release a diverse array of neurotransmitters and or neuromodulators that shape the microenvironment of skeletal stem and progenitor cells(SSPCs)as well as downstream osteoprogenitors,thereby regulating proliferation,lineage commitment,and quiescence.Collectively,these findings delineate an integrated model of neural regulation of bone spanning central,peripheral,and local niche levels,providing a foundation for testable hypotheses in neuro-osteobiology.
基金supported in part by The Science and Technology Development Fund,Macao SAR(0001/2025/NRP,0149/2022/A3,0005/2024/RIC)the University of Macao(MYRG-GRG2025-00025-IME)。
摘要The relentless advancement of the artificial intelligence of things,automotive electronics,and high-performance computing has tightened the design requirements for fundamental analog blocks.Consequently,recent circuit innovations at ISSCC 2026—spanning from mature 180 nm planar processes to advanced 2 nm gate-all-around nodes—focus on providing robust,high-precision"ancillary"circuits under increasingly stringent power,area,and error budgets.
基金supported and funded by the Deanship of Scientific Research at Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University(IMSIU)(grant number IMSIU-DDRSP2604).
摘要Spatial reasoning,defined as the ability to infer and compose relations among entities—is fundamental to geoinformatics applications such as spatial querying and map understanding.However,existing works such as Bidirectional Encoder Representations from Transformers(BERT)-based spatial Question Answering(QA)models and neuro-symbolic models rely on dataset-specific patterns,leading to shortcut learning,where reliance on superficial lexical cues rather than true relational understanding.Recent Large Language Models(LLMs)-based works,including fine-tuning and Chain-of-Thought(CoT)prompting,partially alleviate shortcut learning but remain limited by non-causal reasoning,where predictions depend on spurious correlations rather than stable relational structure.To address these limitations,we propose Causal Inference and Reasoning via Compact sUbnetwork IdenTification(CIRCUIT-X),motivated by the hypothesis that spatial reasoning in LLMs is governed by compact causal parameter subsets(a.k.a causal circuits).CIRCUIT-X operates in two stages:(i)Causal Importance Estimation(Stage Ⅰ)via structured interventions to mitigate shortcut learning,and(ii)Minimal Circuit Discovery(Stage Ⅱ)via structured pruning to mitigate non-causal reasoning.Empirically,CIRCUIT-X achieves up to 91%accuracy on SPAtial Reasoning on Textual Question Answering(SPARTQA)and 87%on StepGame,outperforming State-of-the-Art(SOTA)methods while improving intervention robustness by up to+11%and causal consistency by up to+16%.Therefore,it retains up to 96%of full-model performance using only 3%–6%of active parameters,while demonstrating strong robustness under cross-domain transfer with improvements of up to+10%in accuracy and substantially higher intervention stability under distribution shifts.
基金the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation for the support under the projects PID2023-146037OB-C21 and PID2023-146037OB-C22 funded by MICIU/AEI/10.13039/501100011033Pablo de Olavide University for funding the project PPI2505.
摘要Hybrid classical-quantum architectures have emerged as a practical response to the data and compute demands of modern deep learning,since a pretrained classical backbone can carry the feature extraction while a compact quantum head provides the trainable component.Quantum transfer learning is the most active instance of this idea.However,existing quantum transfer learning pipelines have been evaluated in isolation,typically on a single software framework and without a structured treatment of noise or statistical significance,which makes it difficult to assess how this paradigm contributes over fair classical baselines.A methodological benchmark for quantum transfer learning is proposed in this paper.The benchmark couples a common set of frozen pretrained convolutional backbones to several classical and quantum classification heads,implemented in both PennyLane and Qiskit,so that the contribution of nonlinearity,software framework,and quantum component can be analyzed separately.The benchmark has been applied to heterogeneous image datasets covering medical,biological,industrial,and general-vision domains,and most configurations have been executed in three environments:ideal simulation,noisy emulation calibrated on IBM Heron r2 and real IBM quantum hardware.Complementary analyses isolate the contribution of individual noise channels,examine scalability with qubit count and circuit depth and assess the presence of barren plateaus.Statistical reliability is ensured through multiple random seeds and pairwise Wilcoxon signed-rank tests,providing the first controlled cross-framework assessment of quantum transfer learning under calibrated noise and on real hardware.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(52125201)Beijing Natural Science Foundation(Z240025),and China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(2024M751613).
摘要Fibre electronics is redefining the role of conventional fibres,extending them from textile substrates for wearing and weaving to functional carriers for energy,sensing,display,and information processing.Remarkable advances have recently been achieved in fibre-based energy harvesting,energy storage,sensing,and display technologies[1],[2],[3],[4].
摘要Exogenous neural stem cell transplantation has become one of the most promising treatment methods for chronic stroke.Recent studies have shown that most ischemia-reperfusion model rats recover spontaneously after injury,which limits the ability to observe long-term behavioral recovery.Here,we used a severe stroke rat model with 150 minutes of ischemia,which produced severe behavioral deficiencies that persisted at 12 weeks,to study the therapeutic effect of neural stem cells on neural restoration in chronic stroke.Our study showed that stroke model rats treated with human neural stem cells had long-term sustained recovery of motor function,reduced infarction volume,long-term human neural stem cell survival,and improved local inflammatory environment and angiogenesis.We also demonstrated that transplanted human neural stem cells differentiated into mature neurons in vivo,formed stable functional synaptic connections with host neurons,and exhibited the electrophysiological properties of functional mature neurons,indicating that they replaced the damaged host neurons.The findings showed that human fetal-derived neural stem cells had long-term effects for neurological recovery in a model of severe stroke,which suggests that human neural stem cells-based therapy may be effective for repairing damaged neural circuits in stroke patients.
摘要This Special Topic of the Journal of Semiconductors(JOS)features expanded versions of key articles presented at the 2024 IEEE International Conference on Integrated Circuits Technologies and Applications(ICTA),which was held in Hangzhou,Zhejiang,China,from October 25 to 27,2024.
摘要This paper proposes two types of passive auxiliary injection circuits(PAICs)that enable pulse tripling in three parallel-connected rectifiers,addressing the limitation of pulse multiplication to a factor of 2.The proposed design combined three rectifier units with two PAICs consisting of a delta/star transformer and nine auxiliary diodes.By further integrating the PAICs with conventional topologies such as 3-pulse star,6-pulse star,6-pulse bridge,18-pulse star,and 18-pulse bridge rectifiers,we constructed 9-pulse star,18-pulse star,18-pulse bridge,54-pulse star,and 54-pulse bridge configurations,respectively.The validation in MATLAB/Simulink demonstrated that these configurations achieved a threefold increase in both output-voltage pulses and input-current steps without the need for complex phase-shifting transformers.Moreover,the total harmonic distortion of the input current was significantly reduced,with values of 12.63%,3.66%,3.43%,2.24%,and 1.90% for the respective designed rectifiers.To the best of our knowledge,this is the first demonstration of a passive pulse-tripling circuit for three parallelconnected rectifiers,offering a simple solution for high-current industrial applications.
基金supported by NIH/NIMH grant R01MH111619(to SQ),R21AG078700(to SQ)Institute of Mental Health Research(IMHR,Level 1 funding,to SQ and DF)institution startup fund from The University of Arizona(to SQ)。
摘要Loss of synapse and functional connectivity in brain circuits is associated with aging and neurodegeneration,however,few molecular mechanisms are known to intrinsically promote synaptogenesis or enhance synapse function.We have previously shown that MET receptor tyrosine kinase in the developing cortical circuits promotes dendritic growth and dendritic spine morphogenesis.To investigate whether enhancing MET in adult cortex has synapse regenerating potential,we created a knockin mouse line,in which the human MET gene expression and signaling can be turned on in adult(10–12 months)cortical neurons through doxycycline-containing chow.We found that similar to the developing brain,turning on MET signaling in the adult cortex activates small GTPases and increases spine density in prefrontal projection neurons.These findings are further corroborated by increased synaptic activity and transient generation of immature silent synapses.Prolonged MET signaling resulted in an increasedα-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid/N-methyl-Daspartate(AMPA/NMDA)receptor current ratio,indicative of enhanced synaptic function and connectivity.Our data reveal that enhancing MET signaling could be an interventional approach to promote synaptogenesis and preserve functional connectivity in the adult brain.These findings may have implications for regenerative therapy in aging and neurodegeneration conditions.
基金supported by the Zhejiang Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China(No.LD25A050002)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.12375021)the National Key Research and Development Program of China(No.2022YFA1404203).
摘要Quantum many-body systems lie at the heart of modern fundamental physics.The study of these systems has revealed a plethora of fascinating phenomena,such as quantum thermalization,many-body localization,and quantum many-body scars.This review provides a comprehensive overview of the recent advances in understanding quantum many-body scars and non-ergodic dynamics in quantum systems on superconducting-circuit platforms,ranging from theoretical mechanisms and effective models to experimental observations.
摘要This article proposes a multi-tiered fault detection system for series-connected lithium-ion battery modules.Improper use of batteries can lead to electrolyte decomposition,resulting in the formation of lithium dendrites.These dendrites may pierce the separator,leading to the failure of the insulation layer between electrodes and causing micro short circuits.When a micro short circuit occurs,the electrolyte typically undergoes exothermic reactions,leading to thermal runaway and posing a safety risk to users.Relying solely on temperature-based judgment mechanisms within the battery management system often results in delayed intervention.To address this issue,the article develops a multi-tiered fault detection algorithm for series-connected lithium-ion batteries.This algorithm can effectively diagnose micro short circuits,aging,and normal batteries using minimal battery data,thereby improving diagnostic accuracy and enhancing the flexibility of fault detection.Simulations and experiments conducted under various levels of micro short circuits validate the effectiveness of the algorithm,demonstrating its ability to distinguish between short-circuited,aged,and normal batteries under different conditions.This technology can be applied to electric vehicles and energy storage systems,enabling early warnings to ensure safety and prevent thermal runaway.
基金Project supported by the Science,Technology and Innovation Commission of Shenzhen Municipality(Grant No.KQTD20210811090049034)the Innovation Program for Quantum Science and Technology(Grant No.2021ZD0301703)。
摘要With the rapid scaling of superconducting quantum processors,electronic control systems relying on commercial off-the-shelf instruments face critical bottlenecks in signal density,power consumption,and crosstalk mitigation.Here we present a custom dual-channel direct current(DC)source module(QPower)dedicated to large-scale superconducting quantum processors.The module delivers a voltage range of±7 V with 200 m A maximum current per channel,while achieving the following key performance benchmarks:noise spectral density of√Hz at 10 k Hz,output ripple<500μVppwithin 20 MHz bandwidth,and long-term voltage drift<5μVpp over 12 hours.Integrated into the control electronics of a 66-qubit quantum processor,QPower enables qubit coherence time of T1=87.6μs and Ramsey dephasing time of T2=5.1μs,with qubit resonance frequency drift constrained to±40 k Hz during 12-hour operation.This modular design is compact in size and efficient in energy consumption,providing a scalable DC source solution for intermediate-scale quantum processors with stringent noise and stability requirements,with potential extensions to other quantum hardware platforms and precision measurement systems.
摘要With the rapid development of electronic information engineering,high-speed digital circuits have been increasingly widely applied in various fields.In high-speed digital circuits,signal integrity is prone to interference from various external factors,leading to issues such as signal distortion or degradation of system performance.Based on this,this paper conducts research on the optimization strategies for signal integrity of high-speed digital circuits in electronic information engineering.It deeply analyzes the importance of high-speed digital circuits,elaborates on the challenges they face and the specific manifestations of signal integrity issues,and proposes a series of optimization strategies in electronic information engineering.The aim is to improve the signal integrity of highspeed digital circuits and provide theoretical support and practical guidance for the development of related fields.
基金supported by start-up capital of Ningbo Eastern Institute of technology。
摘要The relentless down-scaling of electronics grands the modern integrated circuits(ICs)with the high speed,low power dissipation and low cost,fulfilling diverse demands of modern life.Whereas,with the semiconductor industry entering into sub-10 nm technology nodes,degrading device performance and increasing power consumption give rise to insurmountable roadblocks confronted by modern ICs that need to be conquered to sustain the Moore law's life.Bulk semiconductors like prevalent Si are plagued by seriously degraded carrier mobility as thickness thinning down to sub-5 nm,which is imperative to maintain sufficient gate electrostatic controllability to combat the increasingly degraded short channel effects.Nowadays,the emergence of two-dimensional(2D)materials opens up new gateway to eschew the hurdles laid in front of the scaling trend of modern IC,mainly ascribed to their ultimately atomic thickness,capability to maintain carrier mobility with thickness thinning down,dangling-bonds free surface,wide bandgaps tunability and feasibility to constitute diverse heterostructures.Blossoming breakthroughs in discrete electronic device,such as contact engineering,dielectric integration and vigorous channel-length scaling,or large circuits arrays,as boosted yields,improved variations and full-functioned processor fabrication,based on 2D materials have been achieved nowadays,facilitating 2D materials to step under the spotlight of IC industry to be treated as the most potential future successor or complementary counterpart of incumbent Si to further sustain the down-scaling of modern IC.
摘要This paper focuses on high-frequency analog signal processing in integrated circuits,encompassing key aspects such as electromagnetic wave propagation in semiconductor media,device modeling,circuit architecture,noise modeling,and power integrity.It analyzes the influence of these factors on signal processing performance and discusses corresponding technical approaches.In addition,the paper addresses representative applications in 5G communications,automotive radar,and medical imaging systems.Future research directions in high-frequency analog integrated circuit design are also discussed.