With the increasing adoption of cloud–edge collaborative computing in delay-sensitive applications,sleep control of edge nodes has become a key approach to reducing operational energy consumption.However,existing sch...With the increasing adoption of cloud–edge collaborative computing in delay-sensitive applications,sleep control of edge nodes has become a key approach to reducing operational energy consumption.However,existing schemes have not balanced energy efficiency and performance under edge node sleep control and still lack a joint optimization mechanism for computation offloading and resource allocation.This paper tackles the problem of optimizing energy-efficient computation offloading and resource allocation(CORA)in cloud-edge collaborative computing systems,where edge servers can dynamically enter sleep mode to reduce power consumption.We model the problem as a mixed-integer nonlinear programming formulation,with the objective of minimizing a weighted sum of overall task latency and the cumulative energy consumption of all IoT devices and edge servers.To handle the hybrid nature of discrete and continuous decision variables and the complex system dynamics,we reformulate the problem for each device as a Markov Decision Process and develop a deep deterministic policy gradient with multi-agent algorithm tailored for such hybrid action spaces.Simulation results show that the proposed CORA strategy achieves superior performance compared to three benchmark schemes with reduced latency and energy consumption.展开更多
With the rapid development of power Internet of Things(IoT)scenarios such as smart factories and smart homes,numerous intelligent terminal devices and real-time interactive applications impose higher demands on comput...With the rapid development of power Internet of Things(IoT)scenarios such as smart factories and smart homes,numerous intelligent terminal devices and real-time interactive applications impose higher demands on computing latency and resource supply efficiency.Multi-access edge computing technology deploys cloud computing capabilities at the network edge;constructs distributed computing nodes and multi-access systems and offers infrastructure support for services with low latency and high reliability.Existing research relies on a strong assumption that the environmental state is fully observable and fails to thoroughly consider the continuous time-varying features of edge server load fluctuations,leading to insufficient adaptability of the model in a heterogeneous dynamic environment.Thus,this paper establishes a framework for end-edge collaborative task offloading based on a partially observable Markov decision-making process(POMDP)and proposes a method for end-edge collaborative task offloading in heterogeneous scenarios.It achieves time-series modeling of the historical load characteristics of edge servers and endows the agent with the ability to be aware of the load in dynamic environmental states.Moreover,by dynamically assessing the exploration value of historical trajectories in the central trajectory pool and adjusting the sample weight distribution,directional exploration and strategy optimization of high-value trajectories are realized.Experimental results indicate that the proposed method exhibits distinct advantages compared with existing methods in terms of average delay and task failure rate and also verifies the method’s robustness in a dynamic environment.展开更多
The limited onboard cache and computing resources significantly constrain the computational service capabilities of individual edge satellites in hotspot regions.To address this challenge,we propose a twotier cloud-ed...The limited onboard cache and computing resources significantly constrain the computational service capabilities of individual edge satellites in hotspot regions.To address this challenge,we propose a twotier cloud-edge computing architecture that organizes edge satellites and their associated ground clouds into multiple collaborative domains.Within each domain,we formulate a joint optimization problem for computation offloading and service downloading under the constraints of edge satellites’service deployment and caching space,aiming to minimize the sum of weighted energy consumption and latency.The originally non-convex problem is transformed into a more tractable convex optimization formulation through variable relaxation.Subsequently,we develop an alternating direction method of multipliers(ADMM)-based distributed optimization framework that enables cooperative decision-making among domain satellites for the optimization of computational offloading,service downloading,and service deleting variables.Additionally,we propose an innovative binary variable recovery algorithm that ensures feasible conversion from continuous solutions to discrete decision variables while preserving constraint satisfaction.Extensive simulations demonstrate that our approach achieves lower task execution cost and packet loss rate compared with benchmarks.展开更多
Memristors have emerged as a transformative technology in the realm of electronic devices,offering unique advantages such as fast switching speeds,low power consumption,and the ability to sensor-memory-compute.The app...Memristors have emerged as a transformative technology in the realm of electronic devices,offering unique advantages such as fast switching speeds,low power consumption,and the ability to sensor-memory-compute.The applications span across non-volatile memory,neuromorphic computing,hardware security,and beyond,prompting memristors to become a versatile solution for next-generation computing and data storage systems.Despite enormous potential of memristors,the transition from laboratory prototypes to large-scale applications is challenging in terms of material stability,device reproducibility,and array scalability.This review systematically explores recent advancements in high-performance memristor technologies,focusing on performance enhancement strategies through material engineering,structural design,pulse protocol optimization,and algorithm control.We provide an in-depth analysis of key performance metrics tailored to specific applications,including non-volatile memory,neuromorphic computing,and hardware security.Furthermore,we propose a co-design framework that integrates device-level optimizations with operational-level improvements,aiming to bridge the gap between theoretical models and practical implementations.展开更多
This review examines current approaches to real-time decision-making and task optimization in Internet of Things systems through the application of machine learning models deployed at the network edge.Existing literat...This review examines current approaches to real-time decision-making and task optimization in Internet of Things systems through the application of machine learning models deployed at the network edge.Existing literature shows that edge-based distributed intelligence reduces cloud dependency.It addresses transmission latency,device energy use,and bandwidth limits.Recent optimization strategies employ dynamic task offloading mechanisms to determine optimal workload placement across local devices and edge servers without centralized coordination.Empirical findings from the literature indicate performance improvements with latency reductions of approximately 32.8%and energy efficiency gains of 27.4%compared to conventional cloud-centric models.However,critical gaps remain in current methodologies.Most studies focus on static network topologies and do not adequately address load balancing across multiple edge nodes.Security vulnerabilities during task transmission are underexplored,and privacy considerations for sensitive data remain insufficiently integrated into existing frameworks.Task caching strategies and fault tolerance mechanisms require further investigation in highly dynamic environments.The ability of existing approaches to handle large-scale deployments and complex edge-cloud collaborative scenarios has not been thoroughly validated.This review synthesizes current progress while identifying fundamental challenges that must be resolved for practical deployment in time-sensitive applications spanning smart manufacturing,autonomous systems,and healthcare monitoring.Future work should prioritize robust security integration,efficient load distribution,and scalability across heterogeneous edge infrastructures.展开更多
Unmanned Aerial Vehicles(UAVs)are increasingly deployed across military and civilian domains due to their operational flexibility,low maintenance costs,and high mobility.With the growing complexity of UAV applications...Unmanned Aerial Vehicles(UAVs)are increasingly deployed across military and civilian domains due to their operational flexibility,low maintenance costs,and high mobility.With the growing complexity of UAV applications and tasks,robust support from computing power networks is essential.These networks,acting as resource integration paradigms,furnish UAVs with pooled resources to tackle extensive computational demands.In this paper,we develop a framework for trading computing power resources,modeling the transaction process through a three-stage Stackelberg game to facilitate sequential decision-making.We theoretically demonstrate the existence of a Nash equilibrium and introduce a Dynamic Game Reinforcement algorithm to identify optimal strategies.Our experimental results affirm the framework's efficacy and the superior performance of our algorithm.Additionally,we explore how variables like UAV quantity and network congestion influence the market dynamics of the computing power network.展开更多
Organic electrochemical transistor(OECT)devices demonstrate great promising potential for reservoir computing(RC)systems,but their lack of tunable dynamic characteristics limits their application in multi-temporal sca...Organic electrochemical transistor(OECT)devices demonstrate great promising potential for reservoir computing(RC)systems,but their lack of tunable dynamic characteristics limits their application in multi-temporal scale tasks.In this study,we report an OECT-based neuromorphic device with tunable relaxation time(τ)by introducing an additional vertical back-gate electrode into a planar structure.The dual-gate design enablesτreconfiguration from 93 to 541 ms.The tunable relaxation behaviors can be attributed to the combined effects of planar-gate induced electrochemical doping and back-gateinduced electrostatic coupling,as verified by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy analysis.Furthermore,we used theτ-tunable OECT devices as physical reservoirs in the RC system for intelligent driving trajectory prediction,achieving a significant improvement in prediction accuracy from below 69%to 99%.The results demonstrate that theτ-tunable OECT shows a promising candidate for multi-temporal scale neuromorphic computing applications.展开更多
The numerical manifold method,extensively utilized in numerical computations,faces significant challenges in generating complex manifold elements,particularly for three-dimensional applications.To overcome this challe...The numerical manifold method,extensively utilized in numerical computations,faces significant challenges in generating complex manifold elements,particularly for three-dimensional applications.To overcome this challenge,the meshfree numerical manifold method is developed by integrating the moving least-squares method into the numerical manifold method,effectively bypassing the need for meshing complex geometric objects.However,the implementation of the moving least-squares method introduces computational efficiency issues.To mitigate these,parallel computing methods have been incorporated,resulting in a tenfold increase in the speed of assembling the stiffness matrix with central processing unit parallelism,and a twentyfold increase with graphics processing unit parallelism.The static mechanical system equations for the meshfree numerical manifold method are derived using the Galerkin method.The method’s effectiveness and accuracy are then validated through a series of numerical experiments.The experiments demonstrated that the meshfree numerical manifold method achieves a high precision with minimal nodes and integration points.Additionally,positioning nodes outside the domain significantly improves computational accuracy at the boundaries.展开更多
In the cloud-edge collaborative network,advanced persistent threats(APTs)pose a serious security risk to critical network assets.Although network deception defense can mislead attackers’cognition,its effectiveness de...In the cloud-edge collaborative network,advanced persistent threats(APTs)pose a serious security risk to critical network assets.Although network deception defense can mislead attackers’cognition,its effectiveness depends on dynamically selecting appropriate rotation timings of the deception defense.However,the deployment of deception resources and state updates is not completed instantaneously,and existing methods ignore the state transition delay and the dynamic interaction between the attackers and defenders during the real attack and defense process.To address this,we propose a deception defense timing selection method based on the time-delayed FlipIt game.Firstly,a network state evolution model integrating state transition delay is constructed,and the dynamic transfer process between node states is characterized by a set of delay differential equations.Secondly,a cloud-edge collaborative defense architecture is designed.On this basis,a time-delayed FlipIt game model(TD-FlipIt)is established,and the gate control mechanism is introduced to formalize the defense cooling period as a constraint for the rotation action of deception resources.Subsequently,we use the multi-agent deep deterministic policy gradient(MADDPG)algorithm to solve the rotation strategy for deception defense timing.Experimental results show that the proposed method can effectively optimize the selection of defense timing,ensuring defense effectiveness while reducing resource consumption,and providing effective support for defense in the cloud-edge collaborative environment.展开更多
Integrated silicon photonics has emerged as a transformative technology for post-Moore’s law computing,offering intrinsic advantages of high bandwidth,ultralow latency and low energy consumption that far exceed tradi...Integrated silicon photonics has emerged as a transformative technology for post-Moore’s law computing,offering intrinsic advantages of high bandwidth,ultralow latency and low energy consumption that far exceed traditional electronic computing architectures[1−4].As artificial intelligence(AI)models continue to grow in complexity and scale,the demand for high-speed,energy-efficient computing has spurred intensive research into photonic computing as a promising alternative to electronic accelerators[5−7].Matrix multiply−accumulate(MAC)operations,the core of deep learning and combinatorial optimization algorithms,are particularly amenable to photonic implementation,as light enables parallel multiplication and accumulation with minimal data movement[8,9].However,the practical application of photonic computing has long been hindered by critical challenges including large-scale integration of photonic components,electro-optical co-packaging,guaranteed computation accuracy of analog photonic systems,and compatibility with mainstream AI models and algorithms[10,11].展开更多
Introduction.With the rapid development of transformer-based large language models(LLMs)and deep neural networks(DNNs),the demand for both high computational throughput and massive memory capacity has grown exponentia...Introduction.With the rapid development of transformer-based large language models(LLMs)and deep neural networks(DNNs),the demand for both high computational throughput and massive memory capacity has grown exponentially[1-4].In response,the 2D/3D hybrid integration of computing-centric computing-in-memory(CIM)and memory-centric in-ear-memory computing(INMC)circuits has emerged as a transformative technology.Unlike conventional von Neumann architectures,these memory-computing hybrid designs offer systematic advantages including high energy efficiency,high memory bandwidth,and sufficient on-device memory capacity[1-13].展开更多
Neuromorphic devices have garnered significant attention as potential building blocks for energy-efficient hardware systems owing to their capacity to emulate the computational efficiency of the brain.In this regard,r...Neuromorphic devices have garnered significant attention as potential building blocks for energy-efficient hardware systems owing to their capacity to emulate the computational efficiency of the brain.In this regard,reservoir computing(RC)framework,which leverages straightforward training methods and efficient temporal signal processing,has emerged as a promising scheme.While various physical reservoir devices,including ferroelectric,optoelectronic,and memristor-based systems,have been demonstrated,many still face challenges related to compatibility with mainstream complementary metal oxide semiconductor(CMOS)integration processes.This study introduced a silicon-based schottky barrier metal-oxide-semiconductor field effect transistor(SB-MOSFET),which was fabricated under low thermal budget and compatible with back-end-of-line(BEOL).The device demonstrated short-term memory characteristics,facilitated by the modulation of schottky barriers and charge trapping.Utilizing these characteristics,a RC system for temporal data processing was constructed,and its performance was validated in a 5×4 digital classification task,achieving an accuracy exceeding 98%after 50 training epochs.Furthermore,the system successfully processed temporal signal in waveform classification and prediction tasks using time-division multiplexing.Overall,the SB-MOSFET's high compatibility with CMOS technology provides substantial advantages for large-scale integration,enabling the development of energy-efficient reservoir computing hardware.展开更多
The development of bio-inspired neural systems has emerged as a transformative approach to overcome the limitations of von Neumann architecture,replicating the remarkable energy efficiency and unified sensory-processi...The development of bio-inspired neural systems has emerged as a transformative approach to overcome the limitations of von Neumann architecture,replicating the remarkable energy efficiency and unified sensory-processing capabilities of biological neurons.In this work,we present a monolithic neuromorphic platform utilizing cascaded single-walled carbon nanotube thin-film transistors(SWCNT TFTs)that integrate Mini-light-emitting diodes(Mini-LEDs)with optoelectronic synaptic transistors,achieving synergistic optoelectronic integration.The SWCNT TFTs exhibit dual functionality:(1)as highly stable active-matrix drivers(>1000 operational cycles)enabling precise Mini-LED grayscale modulation,and(2)as efficient optoelectronic synaptic devices.Fabricated at wafer-scale with micrometer feature sizes,these devices demonstrate exceptional performance metrics,including low operating voltages(±1 V),high on/off ratios(106),near-ideal subthreshold swing(78 mV·dec-1),and precise Mini-LED current regulation(10-8A-10-4A)under 25 Hz pulsed gate operation.The optoelectronic synaptic devices based on organic-semiconductor heterojunction formed between poly(3,3”’-didodecyl quaterthiophene)(PQT-12)and semiconducting SWCNTs enable broadband photoresponses(365 nm-710 nm)through efficient charge transport,driven by TFT-controlled Mini-LED pulses.The implemented bio-inspired visual system successfully emulates fundamental synaptic functionalities,exhibiting excitatory postsynaptic currents(EPSC),short-term potentiation(STP),and long-term potentiation(LTP).Notably,we demonstrate system-level functionality through a five-layer convolutional neural network,achieving 92.02%accuracy on MNIST classification,while the monolithic integration establishes a biomimetic closed-loop“electrical-optical-electrical”pathway that faithfully simulates complete biological synaptic operation.This pioneering cascade of electronic,photonic,and optoelectronic components represents a significant advancement toward high-density,energy-efficient neuromorphic computing.展开更多
The rapid expansion of artificial intelligence has led to significant challenges in energy consumption and computational efficiency.To address these issues,the exploration and development of all-optical controlled(AOC...The rapid expansion of artificial intelligence has led to significant challenges in energy consumption and computational efficiency.To address these issues,the exploration and development of all-optical controlled(AOC)synaptic devices represents a promising leap forward in neuromorphic computing,offering potential solutions to the inherent limitations of traditional von Neumann architectures.AOC synaptic devices,utilizing exclusively optical signals to emulate bidirectional modulation of synaptic weights,bypass the complexity and additional energy costs associated with conventional electrical or electro-optical hybrid signals.This review articulates the underlying framework and fundamental motivations for studying AOC synapses,while systematically reviewing current research progress.We particularly highlight the synergistic relationships among physical mechanisms,material behaviors,and device architectures,as well as neuromorphic computing based on optical writing and optical erasing of information.By systematically interpreting these multidimensional correlations,we propose scalable and reproducible strategies for device design.This work will certainly herald a substantial direction of AOC synapses,providing an ideal platform for exploring neuromorphic computing for artificial intelligence.展开更多
The edge deployment of artificial intelligence has driven the exploitation of compact,energy-efficient information processing systems that integrate sensing,memory,and multi-task processing functions.However,conventio...The edge deployment of artificial intelligence has driven the exploitation of compact,energy-efficient information processing systems that integrate sensing,memory,and multi-task processing functions.However,conventional vision systems suffer from significant energyime overhead,extra hardware costs,and an unaffordable algorithm.Herein,we demonstrate an in-sensor computing system employing reconfigurable optoelectronic transistors(ROETs)for multi-task learning.These transistors exhibit reconfigurable volatile and nonvolatile characteristics under both optical and electrical stimuli.Capitalizing on this reconfigurability,we establish an in-sensor reservoir computing(RC)system operating in multi-signal modes:volatile dynamics function as the reservoir,whereas nonvolatile properties configure the readout layer.The abundant optoelectronic reservoir states display exceptional feature separability and prolonged stability in the ambient atmosphere.Such a reliable RC system successfully achieves multi-task processing of images.Notably,under the optoelectronic coordination mode,it effectively alleviates feature degradation while sustaining consistently high recognition accuracy.Furthermore,the system exhibits remarkable dynamic information processing capabilities,achieving recognition accuracies of 89.02%for dynamic gestures and 96.04%for moving vehicles recognition,respectively.Supplemental functionalities,including light adaptation and image sharpening,are also implemented.This work presents a configurable multimodal platform featuring a flexible in-sensor reservoir computing architecture,providing a potential solution for efficient multi-task processing.展开更多
Computing Power Network(CPN)is a new paradigm that integrates communication,computing,and storage resources to provide services for tasks.However,tasks composed of non-independent subtasks have a preference for the re...Computing Power Network(CPN)is a new paradigm that integrates communication,computing,and storage resources to provide services for tasks.However,tasks composed of non-independent subtasks have a preference for the resources required at each stage,which increases the difficulty of heterogeneous resource allocation and reduces the latency performance of CPN services.Motivated by this,this paper jointly optimizes the full-service cycle of tasks,including transmission,task partitioning,and offloading.First,the transmission bandwidth is dynamically configured based on delay sensitivity of tasks.Second,with the real-time information from edge resource clusters and state resource clusters in the network,the optimal partitioning for a computation task is derived.Third,personalized resource allocation schemes are customized for computation and storage tasks respectively.Finally,the impact of resource parameter configuration on the latency violation probability of CPN is revealed.Moreover,compared with the benchmark schemes,our proposed scheme reduces the network latency violation probability by up to 1.17×in the same network setting.展开更多
The rapid growth of artificial intelligence,ubiquitous sensing,and edge computing is exposing fundamental limitations of conventional von Neumann architectures,in which the physical separation of sensing,memory,and co...The rapid growth of artificial intelligence,ubiquitous sensing,and edge computing is exposing fundamental limitations of conventional von Neumann architectures,in which the physical separation of sensing,memory,and computation leads to excessive data movement,high energy consumption,and latency.As transistor scaling slows in the post-Moore era,architectural innovation has become essential to sustain progress in intelligent systems.In-sensor-memory computing(ISMC)addresses these challenges by co-locating perception,storage,and computation within unified device and system architectures,enabling in situ signal processing,mixed-signal computation,and event-driven intelligence at the data source.Recent advances in memristive and ferroelectric devices,low-dimensional and multifunctional materials,three-dimensional heterogeneous integration,and neuromorphic architectures have significantly expanded the functional scope of ISMC platforms.In parallel,the co-evolution of algorithms—including spiking neural networks,reservoir computing,and neuromorphic compilers—has facilitated the translation of device-level advantages into system-level performance.This perspective surveys the technological foundations,architectural trends,and emerging applications of ISMC,examines global industry-academia-research(IAR)collaboration,and outlines key challenges related to variability,reliability,scalability,and benchmarking.Collectively,ISMC is positioned as a post-von Neumann hardware paradigm for energy-efficient,distributed intelligence.展开更多
Scientific computing has become a cornerstone of modern scientific discovery and engineering innovation.With the rapid advancement of computational power and numerical algorithms,problems that were once analytically i...Scientific computing has become a cornerstone of modern scientific discovery and engineering innovation.With the rapid advancement of computational power and numerical algorithms,problems that were once analytically intractable can now be studied through accurate simulations and large-scale numerical experiments.Scientific computing provides a bridge between mathematical theory,computational algorithms,and real-world engineering applications,enabling researchers to model complex phenomena such as fluid flow,structural deformation,wave propagation,stochastic processes,and nonlinear dynamical systems.The special issue entitled“Scientific Computing and Its Application to Engineering Problems”was conceived to bring together high-quality research contributions that demonstrate the role of computational mathematics in solving challenging engineering problems.The issue highlights both theoretical advances in numerical methods and their practical deployment in real-world engineering scenarios,with emphasis on robustness,computational efficiency,stability,and scalability.展开更多
Ferroelectric hafnium-oxide(HfO2)films have revitalized interest in brain-inspired hardware because of their high scalability,compatibility with complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor(CMOS)processes,and suitability f...Ferroelectric hafnium-oxide(HfO2)films have revitalized interest in brain-inspired hardware because of their high scalability,compatibility with complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor(CMOS)processes,and suitability for three-dimensional(3D)architectures.This review first analyses the origin,deposition routes,and performance of hafnia-based devices,including ferroelectric field-effect transistor,ferroelectric tunnelling junction and ferroelectric capacitor.As artificial intelligence(AI)continues to advance,the demand for higher memory density becomes increasingly critical.This review presents hafnia-based devices and arrays in both planar and 3D architectures.In 3D structures,the review discusses the principal integration constraints—back-end-of-line(BEOL)-compatible crystallization,conformal atomic layer deposition(ALD)with controlled phase and defects in high-aspect-ratio features,and cross-layer stress together with layer-to-layer variability/disturbance,which collectively determine stackable scalability and influence energy efficiency and training stability,thereby pointing toward compact,energy-efficient,and scalable 3D neuromorphic hardware based on hafnia ferroelectrics.展开更多
Electric Vehicles(EVs)have developed into a complex ecosystem that includes many technical components such as task offloading on mobile devices,the Internet of Vehicles(IoV),and smart grids.Moreover,Edge Computing(EC)...Electric Vehicles(EVs)have developed into a complex ecosystem that includes many technical components such as task offloading on mobile devices,the Internet of Vehicles(IoV),and smart grids.Moreover,Edge Computing(EC)is a technique that relocates applications and services closer to end-users.This computing paradigm has been extensively adopted across many scenarios,effectively reducing the load on the cloud computing infrastructure and centralized server facilities.EVs are closely related to EC in many aspects since electric vehicles are typically supported by modern communication and Artificial Intelligence(AI)technologies,such as,sensor networks,computation offloading,autonomous systems,and blockchain.However,the diversity and heterogeneity of edge devices have raised many security and privacy concerns in electric vehicles,and some complex EC scenarios make addressing these issues even more challenging.In this paper,we provide a comprehensive review of the security and privacy concerns raised by EC in EVs.First,we elaborate on the development,characteristics,and applications of EC in EVs.Next,we describe the typical architectures used to ensure the security and privacy of EC in EVs.Then,we analyze the risks and challenges related to the security and privacy of EC in EVs,focusing on several significant scenarios(e.g.,offloading,the IoV,and smart grids).We also discuss current research progress on the security and privacy,covering methodologies,architectures,algorithms,insights,and performance.Finally,we discuss several future challenges and issues regarding the security and privacy of EC in EVs.展开更多
基金supported by the Science and Technology Development Fund,Macao SAR,Macao,China(Project no.0068/2023/RIB3 and 0062/2024/RIA1).
摘要With the increasing adoption of cloud–edge collaborative computing in delay-sensitive applications,sleep control of edge nodes has become a key approach to reducing operational energy consumption.However,existing schemes have not balanced energy efficiency and performance under edge node sleep control and still lack a joint optimization mechanism for computation offloading and resource allocation.This paper tackles the problem of optimizing energy-efficient computation offloading and resource allocation(CORA)in cloud-edge collaborative computing systems,where edge servers can dynamically enter sleep mode to reduce power consumption.We model the problem as a mixed-integer nonlinear programming formulation,with the objective of minimizing a weighted sum of overall task latency and the cumulative energy consumption of all IoT devices and edge servers.To handle the hybrid nature of discrete and continuous decision variables and the complex system dynamics,we reformulate the problem for each device as a Markov Decision Process and develop a deep deterministic policy gradient with multi-agent algorithm tailored for such hybrid action spaces.Simulation results show that the proposed CORA strategy achieves superior performance compared to three benchmark schemes with reduced latency and energy consumption.
基金funded by the State Grid Corporation Science and Technology Project“Research and Application of Key Technologies for Integrated Sensing and Computing for Intelligent Operation of Power Grid”(Grant No.5700-202318596A-3-2-ZN).
摘要With the rapid development of power Internet of Things(IoT)scenarios such as smart factories and smart homes,numerous intelligent terminal devices and real-time interactive applications impose higher demands on computing latency and resource supply efficiency.Multi-access edge computing technology deploys cloud computing capabilities at the network edge;constructs distributed computing nodes and multi-access systems and offers infrastructure support for services with low latency and high reliability.Existing research relies on a strong assumption that the environmental state is fully observable and fails to thoroughly consider the continuous time-varying features of edge server load fluctuations,leading to insufficient adaptability of the model in a heterogeneous dynamic environment.Thus,this paper establishes a framework for end-edge collaborative task offloading based on a partially observable Markov decision-making process(POMDP)and proposes a method for end-edge collaborative task offloading in heterogeneous scenarios.It achieves time-series modeling of the historical load characteristics of edge servers and endows the agent with the ability to be aware of the load in dynamic environmental states.Moreover,by dynamically assessing the exploration value of historical trajectories in the central trajectory pool and adjusting the sample weight distribution,directional exploration and strategy optimization of high-value trajectories are realized.Experimental results indicate that the proposed method exhibits distinct advantages compared with existing methods in terms of average delay and task failure rate and also verifies the method’s robustness in a dynamic environment.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant 62371098.
摘要The limited onboard cache and computing resources significantly constrain the computational service capabilities of individual edge satellites in hotspot regions.To address this challenge,we propose a twotier cloud-edge computing architecture that organizes edge satellites and their associated ground clouds into multiple collaborative domains.Within each domain,we formulate a joint optimization problem for computation offloading and service downloading under the constraints of edge satellites’service deployment and caching space,aiming to minimize the sum of weighted energy consumption and latency.The originally non-convex problem is transformed into a more tractable convex optimization formulation through variable relaxation.Subsequently,we develop an alternating direction method of multipliers(ADMM)-based distributed optimization framework that enables cooperative decision-making among domain satellites for the optimization of computational offloading,service downloading,and service deleting variables.Additionally,we propose an innovative binary variable recovery algorithm that ensures feasible conversion from continuous solutions to discrete decision variables while preserving constraint satisfaction.Extensive simulations demonstrate that our approach achieves lower task execution cost and packet loss rate compared with benchmarks.
基金supported by the National Key R&D Project from the Minister of Science and Technology(2024YFA1211500)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.62304130,62405158 and 62574123)+1 种基金the Shanghai youth science and technology star project(24QA2702800)Shanghai Key Laboratory of Chips and Systems for Intelligent Connected Vehicle。
摘要Memristors have emerged as a transformative technology in the realm of electronic devices,offering unique advantages such as fast switching speeds,low power consumption,and the ability to sensor-memory-compute.The applications span across non-volatile memory,neuromorphic computing,hardware security,and beyond,prompting memristors to become a versatile solution for next-generation computing and data storage systems.Despite enormous potential of memristors,the transition from laboratory prototypes to large-scale applications is challenging in terms of material stability,device reproducibility,and array scalability.This review systematically explores recent advancements in high-performance memristor technologies,focusing on performance enhancement strategies through material engineering,structural design,pulse protocol optimization,and algorithm control.We provide an in-depth analysis of key performance metrics tailored to specific applications,including non-volatile memory,neuromorphic computing,and hardware security.Furthermore,we propose a co-design framework that integrates device-level optimizations with operational-level improvements,aiming to bridge the gap between theoretical models and practical implementations.
摘要This review examines current approaches to real-time decision-making and task optimization in Internet of Things systems through the application of machine learning models deployed at the network edge.Existing literature shows that edge-based distributed intelligence reduces cloud dependency.It addresses transmission latency,device energy use,and bandwidth limits.Recent optimization strategies employ dynamic task offloading mechanisms to determine optimal workload placement across local devices and edge servers without centralized coordination.Empirical findings from the literature indicate performance improvements with latency reductions of approximately 32.8%and energy efficiency gains of 27.4%compared to conventional cloud-centric models.However,critical gaps remain in current methodologies.Most studies focus on static network topologies and do not adequately address load balancing across multiple edge nodes.Security vulnerabilities during task transmission are underexplored,and privacy considerations for sensitive data remain insufficiently integrated into existing frameworks.Task caching strategies and fault tolerance mechanisms require further investigation in highly dynamic environments.The ability of existing approaches to handle large-scale deployments and complex edge-cloud collaborative scenarios has not been thoroughly validated.This review synthesizes current progress while identifying fundamental challenges that must be resolved for practical deployment in time-sensitive applications spanning smart manufacturing,autonomous systems,and healthcare monitoring.Future work should prioritize robust security integration,efficient load distribution,and scalability across heterogeneous edge infrastructures.
基金supported by Xiong’an New Area Science and Technology Innovation Special Project(Research on Multi granularity Traffic System Simulation and Collaborative Control Technology for Narrow Road and Dense Network in Xiong’an New Area)No.2022XAGG0126funded by the science and technology project of SGCC(State Grid Corporation of China):Research on Key Technologies and Applications of Intelligent Edge Computing for Transmission Line Defect Sensing(5700-202318309A-1-1-ZN)。
摘要Unmanned Aerial Vehicles(UAVs)are increasingly deployed across military and civilian domains due to their operational flexibility,low maintenance costs,and high mobility.With the growing complexity of UAV applications and tasks,robust support from computing power networks is essential.These networks,acting as resource integration paradigms,furnish UAVs with pooled resources to tackle extensive computational demands.In this paper,we develop a framework for trading computing power resources,modeling the transaction process through a three-stage Stackelberg game to facilitate sequential decision-making.We theoretically demonstrate the existence of a Nash equilibrium and introduce a Dynamic Game Reinforcement algorithm to identify optimal strategies.Our experimental results affirm the framework's efficacy and the superior performance of our algorithm.Additionally,we explore how variables like UAV quantity and network congestion influence the market dynamics of the computing power network.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China under Grant 2022YFB3608300in part by the National Nature Science Foundation of China(NSFC)under Grants 62404050,U2341218,62574056,62204052。
摘要Organic electrochemical transistor(OECT)devices demonstrate great promising potential for reservoir computing(RC)systems,but their lack of tunable dynamic characteristics limits their application in multi-temporal scale tasks.In this study,we report an OECT-based neuromorphic device with tunable relaxation time(τ)by introducing an additional vertical back-gate electrode into a planar structure.The dual-gate design enablesτreconfiguration from 93 to 541 ms.The tunable relaxation behaviors can be attributed to the combined effects of planar-gate induced electrochemical doping and back-gateinduced electrostatic coupling,as verified by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy analysis.Furthermore,we used theτ-tunable OECT devices as physical reservoirs in the RC system for intelligent driving trajectory prediction,achieving a significant improvement in prediction accuracy from below 69%to 99%.The results demonstrate that theτ-tunable OECT shows a promising candidate for multi-temporal scale neuromorphic computing applications.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.42272338 and 41902275)China Railway Tunnel Group Co.,Ltd.(Grant No.CZ02-08)+4 种基金Sichuan Transportation Science and Technology Program(Grant No.2018-ZL-02)Department of Transportation of Zhejiang Province(Grant No.202213)China Railway First Survey and Design Institute Group Co.,Ltd.(Grant No.2022KY53ZD(CYH)-10)Chongqing Institute of Geology and Mineral Resources(Grant No.TICG-K2024001)Special Project for Performance Incentive and Guidance of Scientific Research Institutions in Chongqing(Grant No.CSTB2023JXJL-YFX0006).
摘要The numerical manifold method,extensively utilized in numerical computations,faces significant challenges in generating complex manifold elements,particularly for three-dimensional applications.To overcome this challenge,the meshfree numerical manifold method is developed by integrating the moving least-squares method into the numerical manifold method,effectively bypassing the need for meshing complex geometric objects.However,the implementation of the moving least-squares method introduces computational efficiency issues.To mitigate these,parallel computing methods have been incorporated,resulting in a tenfold increase in the speed of assembling the stiffness matrix with central processing unit parallelism,and a twentyfold increase with graphics processing unit parallelism.The static mechanical system equations for the meshfree numerical manifold method are derived using the Galerkin method.The method’s effectiveness and accuracy are then validated through a series of numerical experiments.The experiments demonstrated that the meshfree numerical manifold method achieves a high precision with minimal nodes and integration points.Additionally,positioning nodes outside the domain significantly improves computational accuracy at the boundaries.
基金supported in part by the National Key Research and Development Program of China under Grants 2024YFB2906704 and 2023YFB2903902in part by the State Key Laboratory of Advanced Communication Networks underGrant FFX24641X028in part by the Science and Technology Innovation Leading Talents Subsidy Project of Central Plains under Grant 244200510038.
摘要In the cloud-edge collaborative network,advanced persistent threats(APTs)pose a serious security risk to critical network assets.Although network deception defense can mislead attackers’cognition,its effectiveness depends on dynamically selecting appropriate rotation timings of the deception defense.However,the deployment of deception resources and state updates is not completed instantaneously,and existing methods ignore the state transition delay and the dynamic interaction between the attackers and defenders during the real attack and defense process.To address this,we propose a deception defense timing selection method based on the time-delayed FlipIt game.Firstly,a network state evolution model integrating state transition delay is constructed,and the dynamic transfer process between node states is characterized by a set of delay differential equations.Secondly,a cloud-edge collaborative defense architecture is designed.On this basis,a time-delayed FlipIt game model(TD-FlipIt)is established,and the gate control mechanism is introduced to formalize the defense cooling period as a constraint for the rotation action of deception resources.Subsequently,we use the multi-agent deep deterministic policy gradient(MADDPG)algorithm to solve the rotation strategy for deception defense timing.Experimental results show that the proposed method can effectively optimize the selection of defense timing,ensuring defense effectiveness while reducing resource consumption,and providing effective support for defense in the cloud-edge collaborative environment.
基金support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(92573205,62235011,62505309,62535015)the Beijing Nova Program(20230484321)+2 种基金the Beijing Natural Science Foundation(4254116)the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(2025M77082,2025T180231)the Postdoctoral Fellowship Program of CPSF(GZC20250559).
摘要Integrated silicon photonics has emerged as a transformative technology for post-Moore’s law computing,offering intrinsic advantages of high bandwidth,ultralow latency and low energy consumption that far exceed traditional electronic computing architectures[1−4].As artificial intelligence(AI)models continue to grow in complexity and scale,the demand for high-speed,energy-efficient computing has spurred intensive research into photonic computing as a promising alternative to electronic accelerators[5−7].Matrix multiply−accumulate(MAC)operations,the core of deep learning and combinatorial optimization algorithms,are particularly amenable to photonic implementation,as light enables parallel multiplication and accumulation with minimal data movement[8,9].However,the practical application of photonic computing has long been hindered by critical challenges including large-scale integration of photonic components,electro-optical co-packaging,guaranteed computation accuracy of analog photonic systems,and compatibility with mainstream AI models and algorithms[10,11].
基金supported by NSFC grant 62522403,92264203,92464202,and 92464302the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities。
摘要Introduction.With the rapid development of transformer-based large language models(LLMs)and deep neural networks(DNNs),the demand for both high computational throughput and massive memory capacity has grown exponentially[1-4].In response,the 2D/3D hybrid integration of computing-centric computing-in-memory(CIM)and memory-centric in-ear-memory computing(INMC)circuits has emerged as a transformative technology.Unlike conventional von Neumann architectures,these memory-computing hybrid designs offer systematic advantages including high energy efficiency,high memory bandwidth,and sufficient on-device memory capacity[1-13].
基金supported in part by the Chinese Academy of Sciences(No.XDA0330302)NSFC program(No.22127901)。
摘要Neuromorphic devices have garnered significant attention as potential building blocks for energy-efficient hardware systems owing to their capacity to emulate the computational efficiency of the brain.In this regard,reservoir computing(RC)framework,which leverages straightforward training methods and efficient temporal signal processing,has emerged as a promising scheme.While various physical reservoir devices,including ferroelectric,optoelectronic,and memristor-based systems,have been demonstrated,many still face challenges related to compatibility with mainstream complementary metal oxide semiconductor(CMOS)integration processes.This study introduced a silicon-based schottky barrier metal-oxide-semiconductor field effect transistor(SB-MOSFET),which was fabricated under low thermal budget and compatible with back-end-of-line(BEOL).The device demonstrated short-term memory characteristics,facilitated by the modulation of schottky barriers and charge trapping.Utilizing these characteristics,a RC system for temporal data processing was constructed,and its performance was validated in a 5×4 digital classification task,achieving an accuracy exceeding 98%after 50 training epochs.Furthermore,the system successfully processed temporal signal in waveform classification and prediction tasks using time-division multiplexing.Overall,the SB-MOSFET's high compatibility with CMOS technology provides substantial advantages for large-scale integration,enabling the development of energy-efficient reservoir computing hardware.
基金supported by the Natural Science Foundation of China(62274174)National Key Research and Development Program of China(2020YFA0714700)+2 种基金Basic Research Program of Jiangsu(BK20232009)a fellowship from the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(2023M742559)the Cooperation Project of Vacuum Interconnect Research Facility(NANO-X)of Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics,Chinese Academy of Sciences(F2208)。
摘要The development of bio-inspired neural systems has emerged as a transformative approach to overcome the limitations of von Neumann architecture,replicating the remarkable energy efficiency and unified sensory-processing capabilities of biological neurons.In this work,we present a monolithic neuromorphic platform utilizing cascaded single-walled carbon nanotube thin-film transistors(SWCNT TFTs)that integrate Mini-light-emitting diodes(Mini-LEDs)with optoelectronic synaptic transistors,achieving synergistic optoelectronic integration.The SWCNT TFTs exhibit dual functionality:(1)as highly stable active-matrix drivers(>1000 operational cycles)enabling precise Mini-LED grayscale modulation,and(2)as efficient optoelectronic synaptic devices.Fabricated at wafer-scale with micrometer feature sizes,these devices demonstrate exceptional performance metrics,including low operating voltages(±1 V),high on/off ratios(106),near-ideal subthreshold swing(78 mV·dec-1),and precise Mini-LED current regulation(10-8A-10-4A)under 25 Hz pulsed gate operation.The optoelectronic synaptic devices based on organic-semiconductor heterojunction formed between poly(3,3”’-didodecyl quaterthiophene)(PQT-12)and semiconducting SWCNTs enable broadband photoresponses(365 nm-710 nm)through efficient charge transport,driven by TFT-controlled Mini-LED pulses.The implemented bio-inspired visual system successfully emulates fundamental synaptic functionalities,exhibiting excitatory postsynaptic currents(EPSC),short-term potentiation(STP),and long-term potentiation(LTP).Notably,we demonstrate system-level functionality through a five-layer convolutional neural network,achieving 92.02%accuracy on MNIST classification,while the monolithic integration establishes a biomimetic closed-loop“electrical-optical-electrical”pathway that faithfully simulates complete biological synaptic operation.This pioneering cascade of electronic,photonic,and optoelectronic components represents a significant advancement toward high-density,energy-efficient neuromorphic computing.
基金supported by the Zhejiang Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China(No.LZ24E020001)。
摘要The rapid expansion of artificial intelligence has led to significant challenges in energy consumption and computational efficiency.To address these issues,the exploration and development of all-optical controlled(AOC)synaptic devices represents a promising leap forward in neuromorphic computing,offering potential solutions to the inherent limitations of traditional von Neumann architectures.AOC synaptic devices,utilizing exclusively optical signals to emulate bidirectional modulation of synaptic weights,bypass the complexity and additional energy costs associated with conventional electrical or electro-optical hybrid signals.This review articulates the underlying framework and fundamental motivations for studying AOC synapses,while systematically reviewing current research progress.We particularly highlight the synergistic relationships among physical mechanisms,material behaviors,and device architectures,as well as neuromorphic computing based on optical writing and optical erasing of information.By systematically interpreting these multidimensional correlations,we propose scalable and reproducible strategies for device design.This work will certainly herald a substantial direction of AOC synapses,providing an ideal platform for exploring neuromorphic computing for artificial intelligence.
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.52202156 and 52303306)the support from Anhui Project(Grant No.Z010118169)+3 种基金The University Synergy Innovation Program of Anhui Province(Grant No.GXXT-2022-012)Key Natural Science Research Projects in Colleges and Universities in Anhui Province(Grant No.KJ2021A1088)Scientific Research Project of Colleges and Universities in Anhui Province(Grant No.2022AH050113)Postdoctoral Daily Public Start-Up Funds of Anhui University(Grant No.S202418001/069)。
摘要The edge deployment of artificial intelligence has driven the exploitation of compact,energy-efficient information processing systems that integrate sensing,memory,and multi-task processing functions.However,conventional vision systems suffer from significant energyime overhead,extra hardware costs,and an unaffordable algorithm.Herein,we demonstrate an in-sensor computing system employing reconfigurable optoelectronic transistors(ROETs)for multi-task learning.These transistors exhibit reconfigurable volatile and nonvolatile characteristics under both optical and electrical stimuli.Capitalizing on this reconfigurability,we establish an in-sensor reservoir computing(RC)system operating in multi-signal modes:volatile dynamics function as the reservoir,whereas nonvolatile properties configure the readout layer.The abundant optoelectronic reservoir states display exceptional feature separability and prolonged stability in the ambient atmosphere.Such a reliable RC system successfully achieves multi-task processing of images.Notably,under the optoelectronic coordination mode,it effectively alleviates feature degradation while sustaining consistently high recognition accuracy.Furthermore,the system exhibits remarkable dynamic information processing capabilities,achieving recognition accuracies of 89.02%for dynamic gestures and 96.04%for moving vehicles recognition,respectively.Supplemental functionalities,including light adaptation and image sharpening,are also implemented.This work presents a configurable multimodal platform featuring a flexible in-sensor reservoir computing architecture,providing a potential solution for efficient multi-task processing.
基金supported in part by the Chongqing Postgraduate Research and Innovation Project(CYB22250)National Natural Science Foundation of China(62271096,U20A20157)+2 种基金Natural Science Foundation of Chongqing-China(CSTB2023NSCQ-LZX0134,CSTB2024NSCQ-LZX0124)University Innovation Research Group of Chongqing(CXQT20017)Youth Innovation Group Support Program of ICE Discipline of CQUPT(SCIE-QN-2022-04)。
摘要Computing Power Network(CPN)is a new paradigm that integrates communication,computing,and storage resources to provide services for tasks.However,tasks composed of non-independent subtasks have a preference for the resources required at each stage,which increases the difficulty of heterogeneous resource allocation and reduces the latency performance of CPN services.Motivated by this,this paper jointly optimizes the full-service cycle of tasks,including transmission,task partitioning,and offloading.First,the transmission bandwidth is dynamically configured based on delay sensitivity of tasks.Second,with the real-time information from edge resource clusters and state resource clusters in the network,the optimal partitioning for a computation task is derived.Third,personalized resource allocation schemes are customized for computation and storage tasks respectively.Finally,the impact of resource parameter configuration on the latency violation probability of CPN is revealed.Moreover,compared with the benchmark schemes,our proposed scheme reduces the network latency violation probability by up to 1.17×in the same network setting.
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China[Grant No.6250030237]the Shanghai Natural Science Foundation[Grant No.25ZR1402023]Shanghai Research Center for Silicon Carbide Power Devices Engineering&Technology Project[Grant No.19DZ2253400]。
摘要The rapid growth of artificial intelligence,ubiquitous sensing,and edge computing is exposing fundamental limitations of conventional von Neumann architectures,in which the physical separation of sensing,memory,and computation leads to excessive data movement,high energy consumption,and latency.As transistor scaling slows in the post-Moore era,architectural innovation has become essential to sustain progress in intelligent systems.In-sensor-memory computing(ISMC)addresses these challenges by co-locating perception,storage,and computation within unified device and system architectures,enabling in situ signal processing,mixed-signal computation,and event-driven intelligence at the data source.Recent advances in memristive and ferroelectric devices,low-dimensional and multifunctional materials,three-dimensional heterogeneous integration,and neuromorphic architectures have significantly expanded the functional scope of ISMC platforms.In parallel,the co-evolution of algorithms—including spiking neural networks,reservoir computing,and neuromorphic compilers—has facilitated the translation of device-level advantages into system-level performance.This perspective surveys the technological foundations,architectural trends,and emerging applications of ISMC,examines global industry-academia-research(IAR)collaboration,and outlines key challenges related to variability,reliability,scalability,and benchmarking.Collectively,ISMC is positioned as a post-von Neumann hardware paradigm for energy-efficient,distributed intelligence.
摘要Scientific computing has become a cornerstone of modern scientific discovery and engineering innovation.With the rapid advancement of computational power and numerical algorithms,problems that were once analytically intractable can now be studied through accurate simulations and large-scale numerical experiments.Scientific computing provides a bridge between mathematical theory,computational algorithms,and real-world engineering applications,enabling researchers to model complex phenomena such as fluid flow,structural deformation,wave propagation,stochastic processes,and nonlinear dynamical systems.The special issue entitled“Scientific Computing and Its Application to Engineering Problems”was conceived to bring together high-quality research contributions that demonstrate the role of computational mathematics in solving challenging engineering problems.The issue highlights both theoretical advances in numerical methods and their practical deployment in real-world engineering scenarios,with emphasis on robustness,computational efficiency,stability,and scalability.
基金supported by Next-generation Intelligence Semiconductor R&D Program through the National Research Foundation of Korea(NRF)funded by the Korea government(MSIT)(RS-2023-00258227)by K-CHIPS(RS-202400405179,24048-15TC)funded by the Ministry of Trade,Industry&Energy(MOTIE,Korea)supported by Samsung Electronics Company Ltd.(IO20121508198-01)
摘要Ferroelectric hafnium-oxide(HfO2)films have revitalized interest in brain-inspired hardware because of their high scalability,compatibility with complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor(CMOS)processes,and suitability for three-dimensional(3D)architectures.This review first analyses the origin,deposition routes,and performance of hafnia-based devices,including ferroelectric field-effect transistor,ferroelectric tunnelling junction and ferroelectric capacitor.As artificial intelligence(AI)continues to advance,the demand for higher memory density becomes increasingly critical.This review presents hafnia-based devices and arrays in both planar and 3D architectures.In 3D structures,the review discusses the principal integration constraints—back-end-of-line(BEOL)-compatible crystallization,conformal atomic layer deposition(ALD)with controlled phase and defects in high-aspect-ratio features,and cross-layer stress together with layer-to-layer variability/disturbance,which collectively determine stackable scalability and influence energy efficiency and training stability,thereby pointing toward compact,energy-efficient,and scalable 3D neuromorphic hardware based on hafnia ferroelectrics.
基金supported by the National Key R&D Program of China under grant No.2022YFF0902500the National Natural Science Foundation of China under grant No.92367103 and No.62472338the Open Foundation of Yunnan Key Laboratory of Software Engineering under grant No.2023SE301。
摘要Electric Vehicles(EVs)have developed into a complex ecosystem that includes many technical components such as task offloading on mobile devices,the Internet of Vehicles(IoV),and smart grids.Moreover,Edge Computing(EC)is a technique that relocates applications and services closer to end-users.This computing paradigm has been extensively adopted across many scenarios,effectively reducing the load on the cloud computing infrastructure and centralized server facilities.EVs are closely related to EC in many aspects since electric vehicles are typically supported by modern communication and Artificial Intelligence(AI)technologies,such as,sensor networks,computation offloading,autonomous systems,and blockchain.However,the diversity and heterogeneity of edge devices have raised many security and privacy concerns in electric vehicles,and some complex EC scenarios make addressing these issues even more challenging.In this paper,we provide a comprehensive review of the security and privacy concerns raised by EC in EVs.First,we elaborate on the development,characteristics,and applications of EC in EVs.Next,we describe the typical architectures used to ensure the security and privacy of EC in EVs.Then,we analyze the risks and challenges related to the security and privacy of EC in EVs,focusing on several significant scenarios(e.g.,offloading,the IoV,and smart grids).We also discuss current research progress on the security and privacy,covering methodologies,architectures,algorithms,insights,and performance.Finally,we discuss several future challenges and issues regarding the security and privacy of EC in EVs.