Unmanned aerial vehicles(UAVs),due to their adaptable mobility and various applications,including supporting communication infrastructure,monitoring,and rescue,are becoming increasingly valuable,making them a valuable...Unmanned aerial vehicles(UAVs),due to their adaptable mobility and various applications,including supporting communication infrastructure,monitoring,and rescue,are becoming increasingly valuable,making them a valuable addition to emergency communication networks.Even though cell-free massive multiple-input multiple-output(CF-mMIMO)networks provide high communication data rates,their immobility makes it difficult to maintain quality network continuity in emergency,unpredictable,and congested areas where users’equipment is located.To mitigate this challenge,the integration of aerial access points(AAPs)into CF-mMIMO networks is proposed by using the multi-agent deep deterministic policy gradient(MADDPG)framework,which teaches several UAVs to jointly learn the best deployment plans by estimating user distributions and traffic demand trends on invitations to provide tremendous dynamic coverage,increased spectral efficiency(SE),and throughput maximization.The predictive component framework utilizes a long short-term memory(LSTM)network model incorporating concepts of learning,association,movement,and service provision for temporal traffic forecasting,thereby ensuring proactive UAV positioning before coverage holes emerge.Our extensive simulation results demonstrate that the MADDPG-based throughput deployment strategy achieves approximately 45 Gbps for 50 UAVs,the SE for downlink and uplink of 10.2 bps/Hz and 15.2 bps/Hz,respectively,and the minimal transmit power of 3.5 kJ as compared with the multi-agent soft actorcritic(MASAC)method,traditional heuristic-LSTM,and single-agent reinforcement learning approaches.展开更多
The Industrial Internet of Things(IIoT)is increasingly vulnerable to sophisticated cyber threats,particularly zero-day attacks that exploit unknown vulnerabilities and evade traditional security measures.To address th...The Industrial Internet of Things(IIoT)is increasingly vulnerable to sophisticated cyber threats,particularly zero-day attacks that exploit unknown vulnerabilities and evade traditional security measures.To address this critical challenge,this paper proposes a dynamic defense framework named Zero-day-aware Stackelberg Game-based Multi-Agent Distributed Deep Deterministic Policy Gradient(ZSG-MAD3PG).The framework integrates Stackelberg game modeling with the Multi-Agent Distributed Deep Deterministic Policy Gradient(MAD3PG)algorithm and incorporates defensive deception(DD)strategies to achieve adaptive and efficient protection.While conventional methods typically incur considerable resource overhead and exhibit higher latency due to static or rigid defensive mechanisms,the proposed ZSG-MAD3PG framework mitigates these limitations through multi-stage game modeling and adaptive learning,enabling more efficient resource utilization and faster response times.The Stackelberg-based architecture allows defenders to dynamically optimize packet sampling strategies,while attackers adjust their tactics to reach rapid equilibrium.Furthermore,dynamic deception techniques reduce the time required for the concealment of attacks and the overall system burden.A lightweight behavioral fingerprinting detection mechanism further enhances real-time zero-day attack identification within industrial device clusters.ZSG-MAD3PG demonstrates higher true positive rates(TPR)and lower false alarm rates(FAR)compared to existing methods,while also achieving improved latency,resource efficiency,and stealth adaptability in IIoT zero-day defense scenarios.展开更多
Autonomous driving has witnessed rapid advancement;however,ensuring safe and efficient driving in intricate scenarios remains a critical challenge.In particular,traffic roundabouts bring a set of challenges to autonom...Autonomous driving has witnessed rapid advancement;however,ensuring safe and efficient driving in intricate scenarios remains a critical challenge.In particular,traffic roundabouts bring a set of challenges to autonomous driving due to the unpredictable entry and exit of vehicles,susceptibility to traffic flow bottlenecks,and imperfect data in perceiving environmental information,rendering them a vital issue in the practical application of autonomous driving.To address the traffic challenges,this work focused on complex roundabouts with multi-lane and proposed a Perception EnhancedDeepDeterministic Policy Gradient(PE-DDPG)for AutonomousDriving in the Roundabouts.Specifically,themodel incorporates an enhanced variational autoencoder featuring an integrated spatial attention mechanism alongside the Deep Deterministic Policy Gradient framework,enhancing the vehicle’s capability to comprehend complex roundabout environments and make decisions.Furthermore,the PE-DDPG model combines a dynamic path optimization strategy for roundabout scenarios,effectively mitigating traffic bottlenecks and augmenting throughput efficiency.Extensive experiments were conducted with the collaborative simulation platform of CARLA and SUMO,and the experimental results show that the proposed PE-DDPG outperforms the baseline methods in terms of the convergence capacity of the training process,the smoothness of driving and the traffic efficiency with diverse traffic flow patterns and penetration rates of autonomous vehicles(AVs).Generally,the proposed PE-DDPGmodel could be employed for autonomous driving in complex scenarios with imperfect data.展开更多
Deep deterministic policy gradient(DDPG)has been proved to be effective in optimizing particle swarm optimization(PSO),but whether DDPG can optimize multi-objective discrete particle swarm optimization(MODPSO)remains ...Deep deterministic policy gradient(DDPG)has been proved to be effective in optimizing particle swarm optimization(PSO),but whether DDPG can optimize multi-objective discrete particle swarm optimization(MODPSO)remains to be determined.The present work aims to probe into this topic.Experiments showed that the DDPG can not only quickly improve the convergence speed of MODPSO,but also overcome the problem of local optimal solution that MODPSO may suffer.The research findings are of great significance for the theoretical research and application of MODPSO.展开更多
Unmanned Aerial Vehicle(UAV)plays a prominent role in various fields,and autonomous navigation is a crucial component of UAV intelligence.Deep Reinforcement Learning(DRL)has expanded the research avenues for addressin...Unmanned Aerial Vehicle(UAV)plays a prominent role in various fields,and autonomous navigation is a crucial component of UAV intelligence.Deep Reinforcement Learning(DRL)has expanded the research avenues for addressing challenges in autonomous navigation.Nonetheless,challenges persist,including getting stuck in local optima,consuming excessive computations during action space exploration,and neglecting deterministic experience.This paper proposes a noise-driven enhancement strategy.In accordance with the overall learning phases,a global noise control method is designed,while a differentiated local noise control method is developed by analyzing the exploration demands of four typical situations encountered by UAV during navigation.Both methods are integrated into a dual-model for noise control to regulate action space exploration.Furthermore,noise dual experience replay buffers are designed to optimize the rational utilization of both deterministic and noisy experience.In uncertain environments,based on the Twin Delay Deep Deterministic Policy Gradient(TD3)algorithm with Long Short-Term Memory(LSTM)network and Priority Experience Replay(PER),a Noise-Driven Enhancement Priority Memory TD3(NDE-PMTD3)is developed.We established a simulation environment to compare different algorithms,and the performance of the algorithms is analyzed in various scenarios.The training results indicate that the proposed algorithm accelerates the convergence speed and enhances the convergence stability.In test experiments,the proposed algorithm successfully and efficiently performs autonomous navigation tasks in diverse environments,demonstrating superior generalization results.展开更多
Deep Reinforcement Learning(DRL)offers a powerful,model-free,and data-driven approach for the navigation and control of Autonomous Surface Vessels(ASVs).The primary challenge,however,lies in the extensive training req...Deep Reinforcement Learning(DRL)offers a powerful,model-free,and data-driven approach for the navigation and control of Autonomous Surface Vessels(ASVs).The primary challenge,however,lies in the extensive training required for an agent to converge to an effective policy within a complex simulation,leading to significant computational overhead.This paper presents a multi-stage training framework that uses Transfer Learning to pass knowledge between different simulation models,resulting in a highly robust DRL controller for ASVs.The proposed framework utilizes the Deep Deterministic Policy Gradient(DDPG)algorithm to develop the data-driven controller.First,a foundational policy is efficiently learned using a simplified first-order Nomoto dynamics and second-order Nomoto dynamics,which captures the fundamental vessel dynamics.This pre-trained policy is then transferred to a complex,nonlinear Manoeuvring Modelling Group(MMG)model,significantly accelerating training convergence.Subsequently,the agent is fine-tuned within the MMG simulation with environmental disturbances.The models are evaluated on various trajectories during testing to ensure robust performance.The accuracy of the DRL controller is assessed by measuring heading error(eψ)and cross-track error(ye).A traditional Proportional-Integral-Derivative(PID)controller is implemented and compared to benchmark the DRL controller's effectiveness,to highlight the relative advantages and limitations of each approach.展开更多
To address real-time path planning requirements for multi-unmanned aerial vehicle(multi-UAV)collaboration in environments,this study proposes an improved multi-agent deep deterministic policy gradient algorithm with p...To address real-time path planning requirements for multi-unmanned aerial vehicle(multi-UAV)collaboration in environments,this study proposes an improved multi-agent deep deterministic policy gradient algorithm with prioritized experience replay(PER-MADDPG).By designing a multi-dimensional state representation incorporating relative positions,velocity vectors,and obstacle distance fields,we construct a composite reward function integrating safe obstacle avoidance,formation maintenance,and energy efficiency for environment perception and multiobjective collaborative optimization.The prioritized experience replay mechanism dynamically adjusts sampling weights based on temporal difference(TD)errors,enhancing learning efficiency for high-value samples.Simulation experiments demonstrate that our method generates real-time collaborative paths in 3D complex obstacle environments,reducing training time by 25.3%and 16.8%compared to traditional MADDPG and multi-agent twin delayed deep deterministic policy gradient(MATD3)algorithms respectively,while achieving smaller path length variances among UAVs.Results validate the effectiveness of prioritized experience replay in multi-agent collaborative decision-making.展开更多
The emergence of Unmanned Aerial Vehicle(UAV)-enabled Wireless Energy Transfer(WET)and Simultaneous Wireless Information and Power Transfer(SWIPT)technology provide a promising solution to overcome the energy sustaina...The emergence of Unmanned Aerial Vehicle(UAV)-enabled Wireless Energy Transfer(WET)and Simultaneous Wireless Information and Power Transfer(SWIPT)technology provide a promising solution to overcome the energy sustainability limitations of traditional harvesting-reliant sensor networks.However,in large-scale Battery-free SWIPT-enabled Sensor Networks(BSSN)characterized by sparse node distribution and heterogeneous energy consumption and harvesting rates,employing a single UAV for energy replenishment often suffers from insufficient operation continuity and low charging efficiency.To overcome these challenges,a Multi-UAV Collaborative Energy Charging for BSSN Based on Multi-Agent Deep Deterministic Policy Gradient(MCEC-MADDPG)is proposed in this paper.Specifically,we construct a collaborative one-to-one precision energy supply model where UAVs hover directly above specific nodes to achieve power transmission without complex beamforming requirements.To achieve collaborative scheduling among multiple UAVs in wide-area dynamic environments,the energy replenishment problem is first formulated as a Partially Observable Markov Decision Process(POMDP).Subsequently,the Centralized Training with Decentralized Execution(CTDE)architecture of the MADDPG algorithm is leveraged to solve this POMDP,which effectively tackles the non-stationarity challenge inherent in multi-agent environments.Simulation results demonstrate that MCEC-MADDPG exhibits superior performance in terms of convergence speed and stability.It enables the adaptive emergence of spatial-division collaborative strategies,significantly enhances the average residual energy of the network,and elevates the node survival rate to nearly 90%.Compared with Deep Deterministic Policy Gradient(DDPG),the traditional static Partition-Greedy method,the heuristic K-Means algorithm and the dynamic Two-Layer task allocation strategy,the proposed approach demonstrates substantial advantages.展开更多
Low earth orbit(LEO)satellites with wide coverage can carry the mobile edge computing(MEC)servers with powerful computing capabilities to form the LEO satellite edge computing system,providing computing services for t...Low earth orbit(LEO)satellites with wide coverage can carry the mobile edge computing(MEC)servers with powerful computing capabilities to form the LEO satellite edge computing system,providing computing services for the global ground users.In this paper,the computation offloading problem and resource allocation problem are formulated as a mixed integer nonlinear program(MINLP)problem.This paper proposes a computation offloading algorithm based on deep deterministic policy gradient(DDPG)to obtain the user offloading decisions and user uplink transmission power.This paper uses the convex optimization algorithm based on Lagrange multiplier method to obtain the optimal MEC server resource allocation scheme.In addition,the expression of suboptimal user local CPU cycles is derived by relaxation method.Simulation results show that the proposed algorithm can achieve excellent convergence effect,and the proposed algorithm significantly reduces the system utility values at considerable time cost compared with other algorithms.展开更多
摘要Unmanned aerial vehicles(UAVs),due to their adaptable mobility and various applications,including supporting communication infrastructure,monitoring,and rescue,are becoming increasingly valuable,making them a valuable addition to emergency communication networks.Even though cell-free massive multiple-input multiple-output(CF-mMIMO)networks provide high communication data rates,their immobility makes it difficult to maintain quality network continuity in emergency,unpredictable,and congested areas where users’equipment is located.To mitigate this challenge,the integration of aerial access points(AAPs)into CF-mMIMO networks is proposed by using the multi-agent deep deterministic policy gradient(MADDPG)framework,which teaches several UAVs to jointly learn the best deployment plans by estimating user distributions and traffic demand trends on invitations to provide tremendous dynamic coverage,increased spectral efficiency(SE),and throughput maximization.The predictive component framework utilizes a long short-term memory(LSTM)network model incorporating concepts of learning,association,movement,and service provision for temporal traffic forecasting,thereby ensuring proactive UAV positioning before coverage holes emerge.Our extensive simulation results demonstrate that the MADDPG-based throughput deployment strategy achieves approximately 45 Gbps for 50 UAVs,the SE for downlink and uplink of 10.2 bps/Hz and 15.2 bps/Hz,respectively,and the minimal transmit power of 3.5 kJ as compared with the multi-agent soft actorcritic(MASAC)method,traditional heuristic-LSTM,and single-agent reinforcement learning approaches.
基金funded in part by the Humanities and Social Sciences Planning Foundation of Ministry of Education of China under Grant No.24YJAZH123National Undergraduate Innovation and Entrepreneurship Training Program of China under Grant No.202510347069the Huzhou Science and Technology Planning Foundation under Grant No.2023GZ04.
摘要The Industrial Internet of Things(IIoT)is increasingly vulnerable to sophisticated cyber threats,particularly zero-day attacks that exploit unknown vulnerabilities and evade traditional security measures.To address this critical challenge,this paper proposes a dynamic defense framework named Zero-day-aware Stackelberg Game-based Multi-Agent Distributed Deep Deterministic Policy Gradient(ZSG-MAD3PG).The framework integrates Stackelberg game modeling with the Multi-Agent Distributed Deep Deterministic Policy Gradient(MAD3PG)algorithm and incorporates defensive deception(DD)strategies to achieve adaptive and efficient protection.While conventional methods typically incur considerable resource overhead and exhibit higher latency due to static or rigid defensive mechanisms,the proposed ZSG-MAD3PG framework mitigates these limitations through multi-stage game modeling and adaptive learning,enabling more efficient resource utilization and faster response times.The Stackelberg-based architecture allows defenders to dynamically optimize packet sampling strategies,while attackers adjust their tactics to reach rapid equilibrium.Furthermore,dynamic deception techniques reduce the time required for the concealment of attacks and the overall system burden.A lightweight behavioral fingerprinting detection mechanism further enhances real-time zero-day attack identification within industrial device clusters.ZSG-MAD3PG demonstrates higher true positive rates(TPR)and lower false alarm rates(FAR)compared to existing methods,while also achieving improved latency,resource efficiency,and stealth adaptability in IIoT zero-day defense scenarios.
基金supported in part by the projects of the National Natural Science Foundation of China(62376059,41971340)Fujian Provincial Department of Science and Technology(2023XQ008,2023I0024,2021Y4019),Fujian Provincial Department of Finance(GY-Z230007,GYZ23012)Fujian Key Laboratory of Automotive Electronics and Electric Drive(KF-19-22001).
摘要Autonomous driving has witnessed rapid advancement;however,ensuring safe and efficient driving in intricate scenarios remains a critical challenge.In particular,traffic roundabouts bring a set of challenges to autonomous driving due to the unpredictable entry and exit of vehicles,susceptibility to traffic flow bottlenecks,and imperfect data in perceiving environmental information,rendering them a vital issue in the practical application of autonomous driving.To address the traffic challenges,this work focused on complex roundabouts with multi-lane and proposed a Perception EnhancedDeepDeterministic Policy Gradient(PE-DDPG)for AutonomousDriving in the Roundabouts.Specifically,themodel incorporates an enhanced variational autoencoder featuring an integrated spatial attention mechanism alongside the Deep Deterministic Policy Gradient framework,enhancing the vehicle’s capability to comprehend complex roundabout environments and make decisions.Furthermore,the PE-DDPG model combines a dynamic path optimization strategy for roundabout scenarios,effectively mitigating traffic bottlenecks and augmenting throughput efficiency.Extensive experiments were conducted with the collaborative simulation platform of CARLA and SUMO,and the experimental results show that the proposed PE-DDPG outperforms the baseline methods in terms of the convergence capacity of the training process,the smoothness of driving and the traffic efficiency with diverse traffic flow patterns and penetration rates of autonomous vehicles(AVs).Generally,the proposed PE-DDPGmodel could be employed for autonomous driving in complex scenarios with imperfect data.
摘要Deep deterministic policy gradient(DDPG)has been proved to be effective in optimizing particle swarm optimization(PSO),but whether DDPG can optimize multi-objective discrete particle swarm optimization(MODPSO)remains to be determined.The present work aims to probe into this topic.Experiments showed that the DDPG can not only quickly improve the convergence speed of MODPSO,but also overcome the problem of local optimal solution that MODPSO may suffer.The research findings are of great significance for the theoretical research and application of MODPSO.
基金the Collaborative Innovation Project of Shanghai,China for the financial support。
摘要Unmanned Aerial Vehicle(UAV)plays a prominent role in various fields,and autonomous navigation is a crucial component of UAV intelligence.Deep Reinforcement Learning(DRL)has expanded the research avenues for addressing challenges in autonomous navigation.Nonetheless,challenges persist,including getting stuck in local optima,consuming excessive computations during action space exploration,and neglecting deterministic experience.This paper proposes a noise-driven enhancement strategy.In accordance with the overall learning phases,a global noise control method is designed,while a differentiated local noise control method is developed by analyzing the exploration demands of four typical situations encountered by UAV during navigation.Both methods are integrated into a dual-model for noise control to regulate action space exploration.Furthermore,noise dual experience replay buffers are designed to optimize the rational utilization of both deterministic and noisy experience.In uncertain environments,based on the Twin Delay Deep Deterministic Policy Gradient(TD3)algorithm with Long Short-Term Memory(LSTM)network and Priority Experience Replay(PER),a Noise-Driven Enhancement Priority Memory TD3(NDE-PMTD3)is developed.We established a simulation environment to compare different algorithms,and the performance of the algorithms is analyzed in various scenarios.The training results indicate that the proposed algorithm accelerates the convergence speed and enhances the convergence stability.In test experiments,the proposed algorithm successfully and efficiently performs autonomous navigation tasks in diverse environments,demonstrating superior generalization results.
摘要Deep Reinforcement Learning(DRL)offers a powerful,model-free,and data-driven approach for the navigation and control of Autonomous Surface Vessels(ASVs).The primary challenge,however,lies in the extensive training required for an agent to converge to an effective policy within a complex simulation,leading to significant computational overhead.This paper presents a multi-stage training framework that uses Transfer Learning to pass knowledge between different simulation models,resulting in a highly robust DRL controller for ASVs.The proposed framework utilizes the Deep Deterministic Policy Gradient(DDPG)algorithm to develop the data-driven controller.First,a foundational policy is efficiently learned using a simplified first-order Nomoto dynamics and second-order Nomoto dynamics,which captures the fundamental vessel dynamics.This pre-trained policy is then transferred to a complex,nonlinear Manoeuvring Modelling Group(MMG)model,significantly accelerating training convergence.Subsequently,the agent is fine-tuned within the MMG simulation with environmental disturbances.The models are evaluated on various trajectories during testing to ensure robust performance.The accuracy of the DRL controller is assessed by measuring heading error(eψ)and cross-track error(ye).A traditional Proportional-Integral-Derivative(PID)controller is implemented and compared to benchmark the DRL controller's effectiveness,to highlight the relative advantages and limitations of each approach.
基金supported by the open project of National Key Laboratory of Air-Based Information Perception and Fusion(No.202462)。
摘要To address real-time path planning requirements for multi-unmanned aerial vehicle(multi-UAV)collaboration in environments,this study proposes an improved multi-agent deep deterministic policy gradient algorithm with prioritized experience replay(PER-MADDPG).By designing a multi-dimensional state representation incorporating relative positions,velocity vectors,and obstacle distance fields,we construct a composite reward function integrating safe obstacle avoidance,formation maintenance,and energy efficiency for environment perception and multiobjective collaborative optimization.The prioritized experience replay mechanism dynamically adjusts sampling weights based on temporal difference(TD)errors,enhancing learning efficiency for high-value samples.Simulation experiments demonstrate that our method generates real-time collaborative paths in 3D complex obstacle environments,reducing training time by 25.3%and 16.8%compared to traditional MADDPG and multi-agent twin delayed deep deterministic policy gradient(MATD3)algorithms respectively,while achieving smaller path length variances among UAVs.Results validate the effectiveness of prioritized experience replay in multi-agent collaborative decision-making.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.62461041)the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangxi Province(Grant No.20224BAB212016)the China Scholarship Council(Grant No.202106825021).
摘要The emergence of Unmanned Aerial Vehicle(UAV)-enabled Wireless Energy Transfer(WET)and Simultaneous Wireless Information and Power Transfer(SWIPT)technology provide a promising solution to overcome the energy sustainability limitations of traditional harvesting-reliant sensor networks.However,in large-scale Battery-free SWIPT-enabled Sensor Networks(BSSN)characterized by sparse node distribution and heterogeneous energy consumption and harvesting rates,employing a single UAV for energy replenishment often suffers from insufficient operation continuity and low charging efficiency.To overcome these challenges,a Multi-UAV Collaborative Energy Charging for BSSN Based on Multi-Agent Deep Deterministic Policy Gradient(MCEC-MADDPG)is proposed in this paper.Specifically,we construct a collaborative one-to-one precision energy supply model where UAVs hover directly above specific nodes to achieve power transmission without complex beamforming requirements.To achieve collaborative scheduling among multiple UAVs in wide-area dynamic environments,the energy replenishment problem is first formulated as a Partially Observable Markov Decision Process(POMDP).Subsequently,the Centralized Training with Decentralized Execution(CTDE)architecture of the MADDPG algorithm is leveraged to solve this POMDP,which effectively tackles the non-stationarity challenge inherent in multi-agent environments.Simulation results demonstrate that MCEC-MADDPG exhibits superior performance in terms of convergence speed and stability.It enables the adaptive emergence of spatial-division collaborative strategies,significantly enhances the average residual energy of the network,and elevates the node survival rate to nearly 90%.Compared with Deep Deterministic Policy Gradient(DDPG),the traditional static Partition-Greedy method,the heuristic K-Means algorithm and the dynamic Two-Layer task allocation strategy,the proposed approach demonstrates substantial advantages.
基金supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China No.62231012Natural Science Foundation for Outstanding Young Scholars of Heilongjiang Province under Grant YQ2020F001Heilongjiang Province Postdoctoral General Foundation under Grant AUGA4110004923.
摘要Low earth orbit(LEO)satellites with wide coverage can carry the mobile edge computing(MEC)servers with powerful computing capabilities to form the LEO satellite edge computing system,providing computing services for the global ground users.In this paper,the computation offloading problem and resource allocation problem are formulated as a mixed integer nonlinear program(MINLP)problem.This paper proposes a computation offloading algorithm based on deep deterministic policy gradient(DDPG)to obtain the user offloading decisions and user uplink transmission power.This paper uses the convex optimization algorithm based on Lagrange multiplier method to obtain the optimal MEC server resource allocation scheme.In addition,the expression of suboptimal user local CPU cycles is derived by relaxation method.Simulation results show that the proposed algorithm can achieve excellent convergence effect,and the proposed algorithm significantly reduces the system utility values at considerable time cost compared with other algorithms.