With the acceleration of the aging population and the increasingly prominent contradiction between the supply and demand of medical resources,the field of clinical nursing is also facing new challenges and opportuniti...With the acceleration of the aging population and the increasingly prominent contradiction between the supply and demand of medical resources,the field of clinical nursing is also facing new challenges and opportunities.Embodied Intelligence(EI)is a cutting-edge branch of artificial intelligence,emphasizing that intelligent agents achieve the unity of cognition and action through dynamic interaction between physical carriers and the environment,which has injected vivid vitality into the development of clinical nursing robots.Based on this,this paper will briefly analyze the core connotation and technical characteristics of embodied intelligence,as well as the application scenarios of nursing robots in the field of clinical nursing,and look forward to the application prospects of nursing robots in the field of clinical nursing under the background of embodied intelligence,aiming to promote the deep integration of embodied intelligence technology and the field of clinical nursing.展开更多
Simulation platforms are pivotal to robotics research and have greatly advanced the development of the robotics field.Traditional robotic simulation tools such as Webots[1],Gazebo[2],and V-REP(now Coppelia Sim)[3]have...Simulation platforms are pivotal to robotics research and have greatly advanced the development of the robotics field.Traditional robotic simulation tools such as Webots[1],Gazebo[2],and V-REP(now Coppelia Sim)[3]have notably contributed to the field by supporting kinematic and dynamic model-based research.However,as artificial intelligence and robotics converge ever more closely,robotics research has entered the era of embodied intelligence,rendering traditional robotic simulation platforms inadequate for current research needs.展开更多
The integration of embodied intelligence into physical environments marks a new frontier in the evolution of intelligent systems.While the Internet of Things(IoT)connects devices and Artificial Intelligence of Things(...The integration of embodied intelligence into physical environments marks a new frontier in the evolution of intelligent systems.While the Internet of Things(IoT)connects devices and Artificial Intelligence of Things(AIoT)embeds intelligence into them,we argue that a further conceptual leap is required—one that enables the composition of intelligence itself through real-world embodiment,interaction,and evolution.We introduce the paradigm of Embodied Intelligence of Things(EIoT)as a foundational framework for distributed,physically grounded intelligent systems.EIoT systems are structured across three essential dimensions:Enacted,where devices are transformed into embodied agents;Engaged,where agents interact opportunistically based on physical and contextual constraints;and Evolutionary,where intelligence adapts and self-organizes through continuous experience.We further outline a developmental trajectory for EIoT based on the openness of perception and decision spaces,providing a conceptual map from tightly constrained agents to fully autonomous and adaptive systems.This work aims to establish EIoT as a core architectural and theoretical direction for future embodied intelligent systems.展开更多
THE power industrial control system(power ICS)is thecore infrastructure that ensures the safe,stable,and efficient operation of power systems.Its architecture typi-cally adopts a hierarchical and partitioned end-edge-...THE power industrial control system(power ICS)is thecore infrastructure that ensures the safe,stable,and efficient operation of power systems.Its architecture typi-cally adopts a hierarchical and partitioned end-edge-cloud collaborative design.However,the large-scale integration ofdistributed renewable energy resources,coupled with the extensivedeployment of sensing and communication devices,has resulted inthe new-type power system characterized by dynamic complexityand high uncertainty[1]-[4].展开更多
Against the backdrop of the booming market of embodied intelligence,the inherent infringement risks warrant heightened vigilance.Characterized by the concealment and unpredictability of its actions,traditional tort li...Against the backdrop of the booming market of embodied intelligence,the inherent infringement risks warrant heightened vigilance.Characterized by the concealment and unpredictability of its actions,traditional tort liability rules face multiple challenges,including establishing tortious facts,selecting imputation principles for liable entities,determining causation,and identifying defenses.In the era of human-machine symbiosis,tort law should further undergo a transformation in its underlying logic across three dimensions:emphasizing distributive justice,establishing the independence of the preventive function,and integrating harmony as an objective.Consequently,the reconstruction of tort liability rules should involve:appropriately lowering the standard of proof for tortious facts;applying existing product liability rules to producers and sellers while refining the standards for identifying'defects',applying a presumption of fault principle to users and clarifying their duty of care;addressing the difficulty in establishing causation through a joint liability approach;and strictly determining victim fault and intent while moderately weakening the application of the victim consent rule.展开更多
As artificial intelligence(AI)transitions from the virtual to the physical realm,embodied intelligence equips agents with real-time interaction and feedback capabilities.Within the closed-loop‘perception-decision-exe...As artificial intelligence(AI)transitions from the virtual to the physical realm,embodied intelligence equips agents with real-time interaction and feedback capabilities.Within the closed-loop‘perception-decision-execution’paradigm,environmental pressure feedback governs action decisions,while concurrent actions dynamically reshape perception.Consequently,adaptive and precise perception serves as the cornerstone of embodied intelligence.Flexible pressure sensors are pivotal in enabling tactile perceptions,translating subtle mechanical stimuli into measurable electrical signals via intrinsic electromechanical coupling mechanisms.This functionality allows intelligent systems to discern physical properties such as texture,shape and composition.This review systematically summarizes the mechanics-guided design of flexible pressure sensors,bridging multiscale electromechanical coupling behaviors with diverse tactile perception applications.It begins by elucidating the fundamental transduction mechanisms,including capacitive,piezoresistive,piezoelectric,and triboelectric,alongside theoretical advances in regulating electromechanical behaviors.Subsequently,it discusses fabrication techniques,emphasizing how microstructural design influences sensitivity,stability,and dynamic responses.Finally,it addresses the integration of high-performance pressure sensors with AI for tactile-enabled embodied intelligence,advanced perception and adaptive control.Looking ahead,interdisciplinary collaboration across mechanics,material science,and computer science is essential to unravel persistent challenges in electromechanical coupling and propel the development of multifunctional tactile sensory systems.展开更多
Autonomous surgery offers potential to enhance consistency,improve patient safety,reduce differences in surgeon performance,shorten training periods,and decrease dependency on human resources.Autonomy levels for medic...Autonomous surgery offers potential to enhance consistency,improve patient safety,reduce differences in surgeon performance,shorten training periods,and decrease dependency on human resources.Autonomy levels for medical robotics are no autonomy,robot assistance,task autonomy,conditional autonomy,high autonomy,and full autonomy.1 Currently,task and conditional autonomy have been achieved in laparoscopic and intracavitary surgery.展开更多
Autonomous driving depends on successful interactions among humans,vehicles,and roads.However,people often lack an understanding of autonomous vehicle(AV)behaviours and decisions.Moreover,AVs have difficulty aligning ...Autonomous driving depends on successful interactions among humans,vehicles,and roads.However,people often lack an understanding of autonomous vehicle(AV)behaviours and decisions.Moreover,AVs have difficulty aligning with human intentions in their interactions.To overcome the obstacles associated with the absence of interactive intelligence,especially in complex and uncertain environments,we introduce the concept of embodied interactive intelligence towards autonomous driving(EIIAD),which establishes representation and learning methods aligned with the physical world,enhancing human-machine integration.Building on this concept,we propose an end-to-end unified constrained vehicle environment interaction(UniCVE)model,which involves the construction of an end-to-end perception-cognition-behaviour closed-loop feedback paradigm and continuous learning through accumulated split driving scenarios.This model realizes interaction cognition through networks designed for pedestrians and vehicles,and it unifies the cognition as a value network of AVs to generate socially compatible behaviours.The UniCVE model is implemented on Dongfeng autonomous buses,which have successfully travelled 22 thousand kilometres and completed 45 thousand navigation tasks in Xiong’an New Area,China,demonstrating its general applicability in various driving scenarios.In addition,we highlight the high-level interactive intelligence of the UniCVE model in selected simulated complex interaction scenarios,demonstrating that it makes AVs more intelligent,more reliable,and more attuned to human relationships.Furthermore,the UniCVE model’s capacity for self-learning and self-growth allows it to infinitely approximate true intelligence,even with limited experience.展开更多
The Chinese equivalent of Cambridge Dictionary’s Word of the Year was an-nounced in December 2025.Near the top of language magazine Yaowen Jiaozi's list of defining phrases was"embodied intelligence"(ju...The Chinese equivalent of Cambridge Dictionary’s Word of the Year was an-nounced in December 2025.Near the top of language magazine Yaowen Jiaozi's list of defining phrases was"embodied intelligence"(jushen hineng in Chinese).展开更多
Embodied intelligence emphasizes the synergy between body,mind,and environment,offering a powerful framework for building more adaptive and interactive intelligent systems.Over the past decade,rapid advancements in ar...Embodied intelligence emphasizes the synergy between body,mind,and environment,offering a powerful framework for building more adaptive and interactive intelligent systems.Over the past decade,rapid advancements in artificial intelligence have driven remarkable achievements in perception,planning,and control tasks,particularly through the rise of deep learning.However,embodied intelligence–the integration of AI with a physical body interacting in real environments–remains a relatively underexplored frontier.Unlike disembodied systems that rely solely on static datasets,embodied agents learn through real-time interaction with their surroundings,leveraging perception-action loops to adaptively understand and manipulate the world.Inspired by human cognition,embodied intelligence emphasizes learning by doing,thereby offering the potential to generalize knowledge across tasks,environments,and sensorimotor experiences.展开更多
Embodied intelligence represents a new paradigm for the cross-integration development of artificial intelli⁃gence.By endowing AI with a"physical body",it enables interaction with the real world,allowing AI t...Embodied intelligence represents a new paradigm for the cross-integration development of artificial intelli⁃gence.By endowing AI with a"physical body",it enables interaction with the real world,allowing AI to move beyond digital environments into the physical realm and demonstrate intelligence that simulates or even surpasses human capa⁃bilities.Although embodied artificial intelligence demonstrates substantial potential in the realm of invention and cre⁃ation,there remain challenges in obtaining patent authorization for its generated technical solutions,specifically con⁃cerning subject,object,and market aspects.To address these issues,the feasibility of the subject should be demon⁃strated from the perspective of embodied cognition theory,while the object should be justified from a techno-centric standpoint.Subsequently,a regulatory framework for the patentability of technical solutions generated by embodied in⁃telligence should be proposed.First,a more inclusive subject framework should be established,recognizing embodied artificial intelligence as an inventor alongside humans,thereby affirming a coexistent"inventor"identity.Second,pat⁃ent rights should be assigned to developers of embodied artificial intelligence,referencing the rights distribution para⁃digm under employment relationships.Third,the criteria for patent eligibility and the"three-aspect"examination stan⁃dards should be refined.Finally,mechanisms for optimizing the implementation of rights and risk prevention should be developed.展开更多
Background As a key bridge connecting artificial intelligence and the physical world, embodied intelligence, by virtue of the real-time interaction, dynamic learning, and autonomous decision-making capabilities of int...Background As a key bridge connecting artificial intelligence and the physical world, embodied intelligence, by virtue of the real-time interaction, dynamic learning, and autonomous decision-making capabilities of intelligent agents with the environment, is rapidly penetrating into various scenarios such as industrial production, service industries, and family life.展开更多
Background As a key bridge connecting artificial intelligence and the physical world, embodied intelligence, by virtue of the real-time interaction, dynamic learning, and autonomous decision-making capabilities of int...Background As a key bridge connecting artificial intelligence and the physical world, embodied intelligence, by virtue of the real-time interaction, dynamic learning, and autonomous decision-making capabilities of intelligent agents with the environment, is rapidly penetrating into various scenarios such as industrial production, service industries, and family life. The application of embodied intelligence technology has greatly improved production efficiency and life convenience. However, as the coupling between embodied intelligence systems and the physical world becomes increasingly close, their security issues have become more prominent. Such systems integrate hardware components such as sensors, processors, and actuators, as well as software modules such as perception algorithms, decision models, and control programs. In complex and dynamic environments, security vulnerabilities in any link may trigger a chain reaction.展开更多
Embodied AI systems(e.g.,autonomous vehicles,service robots,and LLM-driven interactive agents)are rapidly transitioning from controlled environments to safety-critical real-world deployments.Unlike disembodied AI,fail...Embodied AI systems(e.g.,autonomous vehicles,service robots,and LLM-driven interactive agents)are rapidly transitioning from controlled environments to safety-critical real-world deployments.Unlike disembodied AI,failures in embodied intelligence lead to irreversible physical consequences,raising fundamental questions about security,safety,and reliability.While existing research predominantly analyzes embodied AI through the lenses of Large Language Model(LLM)vulnerabilities or classical Cyber–Physical System(CPS)failures,this survey argues that these perspectives are individually insufficient to explain many observed breakdowns in modern embodied systems.We posit that a significant class of failures arises from embodiment-induced system-level mismatches,rather than from isolated model flaws or traditional CPS attacks.Specifically,we identify four core insights that explain why embodied AI is fundamentally harder to secure:(i)semantic correctness does not imply physical safety,as language-level reasoning abstracts away geometry,dynamics,and contact constraints;(ii)identical actions can lead to drastically different outcomes across physical states due to nonlinear dynamics and state uncertainty;(iii)small errors propagate and amplify across tightly coupled perception–decision–action loops;and(iv)safety is not compositional across time or system layers,enabling locally safe decisions to accumulate into globally unsafe behavior.These insights suggest that securing embodied AI requires moving beyond component-level defenses toward system-level reasoning about physical risk,uncertainty,and failure propagation.展开更多
Embodied intelligent systems integrate perception,control,and decision-making within physical agents,and have become a cornerstone of modern aerospace,autonomous driving,and cooperative robotic applications.When opera...Embodied intelligent systems integrate perception,control,and decision-making within physical agents,and have become a cornerstone of modern aerospace,autonomous driving,and cooperative robotic applications.When operating in uncertain and dynamic environments,such systems must address challenges arising from incomplete sensing,unpredictable maneuvers,communication constraints,disturbances,and evolving network structures.展开更多
Embodied Intelligence,which integrates physical interaction capabilities with cognitive computation in real-world scenarios,provides a promising path to achieve Artificial General Intelligence(AGI).Recently,the landsc...Embodied Intelligence,which integrates physical interaction capabilities with cognitive computation in real-world scenarios,provides a promising path to achieve Artificial General Intelligence(AGI).Recently,the landscape of embodied intelligence has grown profoundly,empowering robotics,autonomous driving,intelligent manufacturing,and so on.This paper presents a comprehensive survey on the evolution of embodied intelligence,tracing its journey from philosophical roots to contemporary advancements.We emphasize significant progress in the integration of perceptual,cognitive,and behavioral components,rather than focusing on these elements in isolation.Despite these advancements,several challenges remain,including hardware limitations,model generalization,physical world understanding,multimodal integration,and ethical considerations,which are critical for the development of robust and reliable embodied intelligence systems.To address these challenges,we outline future research directions,emphasizing Large Perception-Cognition-Behavior(PCB)models,physical intelligence,and morphological intelligence.Central to these perspectives is the general agent framework termed as Bcent,which integrates perception,cognition,and behavior dynamics.Bcent aims to enhance the adaptability,robustness,and intelligence of embodied systems,aligning with the ongoing progress in robotics,autonomous systems,healthcare,and more.展开更多
Multi-agent systems(MASs)have demonstrated significant achievements in a wide range of tasks,leveraging their capacity for coordination and adaptation within complex environments.Moreover,the enhancement of their inte...Multi-agent systems(MASs)have demonstrated significant achievements in a wide range of tasks,leveraging their capacity for coordination and adaptation within complex environments.Moreover,the enhancement of their intelligent functionalities is crucial for tackling increasingly challenging tasks.This goal resonates with a paradigm shift within the artificial intelligence(AI)community,from“internet AI”to“embodied AI”,and the MASs with embodied AI are referred to as embodied multi-agent systems(EMASs).An EMAS has the potential to acquire generalized competencies through interactions with environments,enabling it to effectively address a variety of tasks and thereby make a substantial contribution to the quest for artificial general intelligence.Despite the burgeoning interest in this domain,a comprehensive review of EMAS has been lacking.This paper offers analysis and synthesis for EMASs from a control perspective,conceptualizing each embodied agent as an entity equipped with a“brain”for decision and a“body”for environmental interaction.System designs are classified into open-loop,closed-loop,and double-loop categories,and EMAS implementations are discussed.Additionally,the current applications and challenges faced by EMASs are summarized and potential avenues for future research in this field are provided.展开更多
This paper discusses how intelligent machines have replaced humans in tasks requiring,heavy,and repetitive labor,whilst being better suited to the requirements of these jobs.The increased capacity for brute force comp...This paper discusses how intelligent machines have replaced humans in tasks requiring,heavy,and repetitive labor,whilst being better suited to the requirements of these jobs.The increased capacity for brute force computation has facilitated increased collaborative innovation between man and machines.For example,the intelligent farming machines have overcome the confines of computational power,algorithms,and data,and the next generation of intelligent farming machines is expected to interact,learn,and grow autonomously.In the future,in addition to self enhancement,humans are expected to teach machines to learn and work.Scientists and engineers will collaborate with machines to accomplish invention,discovery,and creation.For“embodied intelligence”in the farming machine context,we propose(1)deep learning should be performed iteratively via real-time interactions with the external world;(2)embodied control and self-regulation can ensure coordination between behaviors of machines and their environment;(3)intelligent farming machines are characterized by the ability to interact,learn,and grow autonomously.展开更多
Overhead cranes play a critical role in manufacturing,shipping,and construction industries.To improve operational efficiency and safety,effective anti-swing control is essential for crane automation.Traditional anti-s...Overhead cranes play a critical role in manufacturing,shipping,and construction industries.To improve operational efficiency and safety,effective anti-swing control is essential for crane automation.Traditional anti-swing algorithms often struggle with the non-linearity of system and are incompatible with the existing velocity control interface.In this paper,we propose a novel anti-swing control method for overhead cranes based on embodied intelligence.We implement a conventional anti-swing control algorithm based on trajectory planning and PID controllers to generate demonstration data in simulated environment.Using the collected demonstration data,we apply imitation learning to train an embodied agent in performing anti-swing control.Action chunking with transformer(ACT)algorithm is utilized to enhance the ability of agent to model the mapping between observations and action sequences.In simulation experiments,our proposed method outperforms conventional anti-swing control algorithms in suppressing the maximum transient of payload and eliminating residual swing under similar efficiency.展开更多
Rapid technological advancements are driving embodied intelligent robots from laboratories to real-life applications to serve as a key force reshaping the future way of life.Like many other revolutionary technologies,...Rapid technological advancements are driving embodied intelligent robots from laboratories to real-life applications to serve as a key force reshaping the future way of life.Like many other revolutionary technologies,while sparking utopian visions of the future,the development of embodied intelligence has aroused concerns about safety risks, emotional ethics, and socio-cultural implications.展开更多
摘要With the acceleration of the aging population and the increasingly prominent contradiction between the supply and demand of medical resources,the field of clinical nursing is also facing new challenges and opportunities.Embodied Intelligence(EI)is a cutting-edge branch of artificial intelligence,emphasizing that intelligent agents achieve the unity of cognition and action through dynamic interaction between physical carriers and the environment,which has injected vivid vitality into the development of clinical nursing robots.Based on this,this paper will briefly analyze the core connotation and technical characteristics of embodied intelligence,as well as the application scenarios of nursing robots in the field of clinical nursing,and look forward to the application prospects of nursing robots in the field of clinical nursing under the background of embodied intelligence,aiming to promote the deep integration of embodied intelligence technology and the field of clinical nursing.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.62003188,92248304)the Science and Technology Commission of Shanghai Municipality(Grant No.24511103304)。
摘要Simulation platforms are pivotal to robotics research and have greatly advanced the development of the robotics field.Traditional robotic simulation tools such as Webots[1],Gazebo[2],and V-REP(now Coppelia Sim)[3]have notably contributed to the field by supporting kinematic and dynamic model-based research.However,as artificial intelligence and robotics converge ever more closely,robotics research has entered the era of embodied intelligence,rendering traditional robotic simulation platforms inadequate for current research needs.
摘要The integration of embodied intelligence into physical environments marks a new frontier in the evolution of intelligent systems.While the Internet of Things(IoT)connects devices and Artificial Intelligence of Things(AIoT)embeds intelligence into them,we argue that a further conceptual leap is required—one that enables the composition of intelligence itself through real-world embodiment,interaction,and evolution.We introduce the paradigm of Embodied Intelligence of Things(EIoT)as a foundational framework for distributed,physically grounded intelligent systems.EIoT systems are structured across three essential dimensions:Enacted,where devices are transformed into embodied agents;Engaged,where agents interact opportunistically based on physical and contextual constraints;and Evolutionary,where intelligence adapts and self-organizes through continuous experience.We further outline a developmental trajectory for EIoT based on the openness of perception and decision spaces,providing a conceptual map from tightly constrained agents to fully autonomous and adaptive systems.This work aims to establish EIoT as a core architectural and theoretical direction for future embodied intelligent systems.
基金partially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(62293500,62293505,62233010,62503240)Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province(BK20250679)。
摘要THE power industrial control system(power ICS)is thecore infrastructure that ensures the safe,stable,and efficient operation of power systems.Its architecture typi-cally adopts a hierarchical and partitioned end-edge-cloud collaborative design.However,the large-scale integration ofdistributed renewable energy resources,coupled with the extensivedeployment of sensing and communication devices,has resulted inthe new-type power system characterized by dynamic complexityand high uncertainty[1]-[4].
基金the key projects of the Philosophy and Social Sciences Research supported by the Ministry of Education,entitled Research on Scientific Construction of Data Governance System(No.21JZD036)。
摘要Against the backdrop of the booming market of embodied intelligence,the inherent infringement risks warrant heightened vigilance.Characterized by the concealment and unpredictability of its actions,traditional tort liability rules face multiple challenges,including establishing tortious facts,selecting imputation principles for liable entities,determining causation,and identifying defenses.In the era of human-machine symbiosis,tort law should further undergo a transformation in its underlying logic across three dimensions:emphasizing distributive justice,establishing the independence of the preventive function,and integrating harmony as an objective.Consequently,the reconstruction of tort liability rules should involve:appropriately lowering the standard of proof for tortious facts;applying existing product liability rules to producers and sellers while refining the standards for identifying'defects',applying a presumption of fault principle to users and clarifying their duty of care;addressing the difficulty in establishing causation through a joint liability approach;and strictly determining victim fault and intent while moderately weakening the application of the victim consent rule.
基金the financial support of the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.1247213912572161)+1 种基金the Natural Science Foundation of Shanghai(Grant No.24ZR1471700)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities from Tongji University and Shanghai Gaofeng Project for University Academic Program Development.
摘要As artificial intelligence(AI)transitions from the virtual to the physical realm,embodied intelligence equips agents with real-time interaction and feedback capabilities.Within the closed-loop‘perception-decision-execution’paradigm,environmental pressure feedback governs action decisions,while concurrent actions dynamically reshape perception.Consequently,adaptive and precise perception serves as the cornerstone of embodied intelligence.Flexible pressure sensors are pivotal in enabling tactile perceptions,translating subtle mechanical stimuli into measurable electrical signals via intrinsic electromechanical coupling mechanisms.This functionality allows intelligent systems to discern physical properties such as texture,shape and composition.This review systematically summarizes the mechanics-guided design of flexible pressure sensors,bridging multiscale electromechanical coupling behaviors with diverse tactile perception applications.It begins by elucidating the fundamental transduction mechanisms,including capacitive,piezoresistive,piezoelectric,and triboelectric,alongside theoretical advances in regulating electromechanical behaviors.Subsequently,it discusses fabrication techniques,emphasizing how microstructural design influences sensitivity,stability,and dynamic responses.Finally,it addresses the integration of high-performance pressure sensors with AI for tactile-enabled embodied intelligence,advanced perception and adaptive control.Looking ahead,interdisciplinary collaboration across mechanics,material science,and computer science is essential to unravel persistent challenges in electromechanical coupling and propel the development of multifunctional tactile sensory systems.
基金funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(grant 62525311)the National Key Research and Development Program of China(grant 2025YFC2428700)the Beijing Municipal Natural Science Foundation(grants L232038,L258029,and L252002).
摘要Autonomous surgery offers potential to enhance consistency,improve patient safety,reduce differences in surgeon performance,shorten training periods,and decrease dependency on human resources.Autonomy levels for medical robotics are no autonomy,robot assistance,task autonomy,conditional autonomy,high autonomy,and full autonomy.1 Currently,task and conditional autonomy have been achieved in laparoscopic and intracavitary surgery.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(62371013)the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2023YFF0615800)+1 种基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China-Research Grants Council(NSFC-RGC)Joint Research Scheme(62461160309)the Beijing Natural Science Foundation(L247007).
摘要Autonomous driving depends on successful interactions among humans,vehicles,and roads.However,people often lack an understanding of autonomous vehicle(AV)behaviours and decisions.Moreover,AVs have difficulty aligning with human intentions in their interactions.To overcome the obstacles associated with the absence of interactive intelligence,especially in complex and uncertain environments,we introduce the concept of embodied interactive intelligence towards autonomous driving(EIIAD),which establishes representation and learning methods aligned with the physical world,enhancing human-machine integration.Building on this concept,we propose an end-to-end unified constrained vehicle environment interaction(UniCVE)model,which involves the construction of an end-to-end perception-cognition-behaviour closed-loop feedback paradigm and continuous learning through accumulated split driving scenarios.This model realizes interaction cognition through networks designed for pedestrians and vehicles,and it unifies the cognition as a value network of AVs to generate socially compatible behaviours.The UniCVE model is implemented on Dongfeng autonomous buses,which have successfully travelled 22 thousand kilometres and completed 45 thousand navigation tasks in Xiong’an New Area,China,demonstrating its general applicability in various driving scenarios.In addition,we highlight the high-level interactive intelligence of the UniCVE model in selected simulated complex interaction scenarios,demonstrating that it makes AVs more intelligent,more reliable,and more attuned to human relationships.Furthermore,the UniCVE model’s capacity for self-learning and self-growth allows it to infinitely approximate true intelligence,even with limited experience.
摘要The Chinese equivalent of Cambridge Dictionary’s Word of the Year was an-nounced in December 2025.Near the top of language magazine Yaowen Jiaozi's list of defining phrases was"embodied intelligence"(jushen hineng in Chinese).
摘要Embodied intelligence emphasizes the synergy between body,mind,and environment,offering a powerful framework for building more adaptive and interactive intelligent systems.Over the past decade,rapid advancements in artificial intelligence have driven remarkable achievements in perception,planning,and control tasks,particularly through the rise of deep learning.However,embodied intelligence–the integration of AI with a physical body interacting in real environments–remains a relatively underexplored frontier.Unlike disembodied systems that rely solely on static datasets,embodied agents learn through real-time interaction with their surroundings,leveraging perception-action loops to adaptively understand and manipulate the world.Inspired by human cognition,embodied intelligence emphasizes learning by doing,thereby offering the potential to generalize knowledge across tasks,environments,and sensorimotor experiences.
基金Ministry of Justice of China Funding 22SFB5044:Research on the optimization and governance strategies of intellectual property ecosystem empowered by blockchain technology。
摘要Embodied intelligence represents a new paradigm for the cross-integration development of artificial intelli⁃gence.By endowing AI with a"physical body",it enables interaction with the real world,allowing AI to move beyond digital environments into the physical realm and demonstrate intelligence that simulates or even surpasses human capa⁃bilities.Although embodied artificial intelligence demonstrates substantial potential in the realm of invention and cre⁃ation,there remain challenges in obtaining patent authorization for its generated technical solutions,specifically con⁃cerning subject,object,and market aspects.To address these issues,the feasibility of the subject should be demon⁃strated from the perspective of embodied cognition theory,while the object should be justified from a techno-centric standpoint.Subsequently,a regulatory framework for the patentability of technical solutions generated by embodied in⁃telligence should be proposed.First,a more inclusive subject framework should be established,recognizing embodied artificial intelligence as an inventor alongside humans,thereby affirming a coexistent"inventor"identity.Second,pat⁃ent rights should be assigned to developers of embodied artificial intelligence,referencing the rights distribution para⁃digm under employment relationships.Third,the criteria for patent eligibility and the"three-aspect"examination stan⁃dards should be refined.Finally,mechanisms for optimizing the implementation of rights and risk prevention should be developed.
摘要Background As a key bridge connecting artificial intelligence and the physical world, embodied intelligence, by virtue of the real-time interaction, dynamic learning, and autonomous decision-making capabilities of intelligent agents with the environment, is rapidly penetrating into various scenarios such as industrial production, service industries, and family life.
摘要Background As a key bridge connecting artificial intelligence and the physical world, embodied intelligence, by virtue of the real-time interaction, dynamic learning, and autonomous decision-making capabilities of intelligent agents with the environment, is rapidly penetrating into various scenarios such as industrial production, service industries, and family life. The application of embodied intelligence technology has greatly improved production efficiency and life convenience. However, as the coupling between embodied intelligence systems and the physical world becomes increasingly close, their security issues have become more prominent. Such systems integrate hardware components such as sensors, processors, and actuators, as well as software modules such as perception algorithms, decision models, and control programs. In complex and dynamic environments, security vulnerabilities in any link may trigger a chain reaction.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(U25A20425,62232010,62302266,U23A20302,U24A20244)Quancheng Laboratory Award(QCL20250106)supported by the Key R&D Program of Shandong Province(2025CXPT033).
摘要Embodied AI systems(e.g.,autonomous vehicles,service robots,and LLM-driven interactive agents)are rapidly transitioning from controlled environments to safety-critical real-world deployments.Unlike disembodied AI,failures in embodied intelligence lead to irreversible physical consequences,raising fundamental questions about security,safety,and reliability.While existing research predominantly analyzes embodied AI through the lenses of Large Language Model(LLM)vulnerabilities or classical Cyber–Physical System(CPS)failures,this survey argues that these perspectives are individually insufficient to explain many observed breakdowns in modern embodied systems.We posit that a significant class of failures arises from embodiment-induced system-level mismatches,rather than from isolated model flaws or traditional CPS attacks.Specifically,we identify four core insights that explain why embodied AI is fundamentally harder to secure:(i)semantic correctness does not imply physical safety,as language-level reasoning abstracts away geometry,dynamics,and contact constraints;(ii)identical actions can lead to drastically different outcomes across physical states due to nonlinear dynamics and state uncertainty;(iii)small errors propagate and amplify across tightly coupled perception–decision–action loops;and(iv)safety is not compositional across time or system layers,enabling locally safe decisions to accumulate into globally unsafe behavior.These insights suggest that securing embodied AI requires moving beyond component-level defenses toward system-level reasoning about physical risk,uncertainty,and failure propagation.
摘要Embodied intelligent systems integrate perception,control,and decision-making within physical agents,and have become a cornerstone of modern aerospace,autonomous driving,and cooperative robotic applications.When operating in uncertain and dynamic environments,such systems must address challenges arising from incomplete sensing,unpredictable maneuvers,communication constraints,disturbances,and evolving network structures.
基金supported by the National Science and Technology Major Project of the Ministry of Science and Technology of China(No.2018AAA0102903).
摘要Embodied Intelligence,which integrates physical interaction capabilities with cognitive computation in real-world scenarios,provides a promising path to achieve Artificial General Intelligence(AGI).Recently,the landscape of embodied intelligence has grown profoundly,empowering robotics,autonomous driving,intelligent manufacturing,and so on.This paper presents a comprehensive survey on the evolution of embodied intelligence,tracing its journey from philosophical roots to contemporary advancements.We emphasize significant progress in the integration of perceptual,cognitive,and behavioral components,rather than focusing on these elements in isolation.Despite these advancements,several challenges remain,including hardware limitations,model generalization,physical world understanding,multimodal integration,and ethical considerations,which are critical for the development of robust and reliable embodied intelligence systems.To address these challenges,we outline future research directions,emphasizing Large Perception-Cognition-Behavior(PCB)models,physical intelligence,and morphological intelligence.Central to these perspectives is the general agent framework termed as Bcent,which integrates perception,cognition,and behavior dynamics.Bcent aims to enhance the adaptability,robustness,and intelligence of embodied systems,aligning with the ongoing progress in robotics,autonomous systems,healthcare,and more.
基金supported in part by National Natural Science Foundation of China(62495095,62088101).
摘要Multi-agent systems(MASs)have demonstrated significant achievements in a wide range of tasks,leveraging their capacity for coordination and adaptation within complex environments.Moreover,the enhancement of their intelligent functionalities is crucial for tackling increasingly challenging tasks.This goal resonates with a paradigm shift within the artificial intelligence(AI)community,from“internet AI”to“embodied AI”,and the MASs with embodied AI are referred to as embodied multi-agent systems(EMASs).An EMAS has the potential to acquire generalized competencies through interactions with environments,enabling it to effectively address a variety of tasks and thereby make a substantial contribution to the quest for artificial general intelligence.Despite the burgeoning interest in this domain,a comprehensive review of EMAS has been lacking.This paper offers analysis and synthesis for EMASs from a control perspective,conceptualizing each embodied agent as an entity equipped with a“brain”for decision and a“body”for environmental interaction.System designs are classified into open-loop,closed-loop,and double-loop categories,and EMAS implementations are discussed.Additionally,the current applications and challenges faced by EMASs are summarized and potential avenues for future research in this field are provided.
摘要This paper discusses how intelligent machines have replaced humans in tasks requiring,heavy,and repetitive labor,whilst being better suited to the requirements of these jobs.The increased capacity for brute force computation has facilitated increased collaborative innovation between man and machines.For example,the intelligent farming machines have overcome the confines of computational power,algorithms,and data,and the next generation of intelligent farming machines is expected to interact,learn,and grow autonomously.In the future,in addition to self enhancement,humans are expected to teach machines to learn and work.Scientists and engineers will collaborate with machines to accomplish invention,discovery,and creation.For“embodied intelligence”in the farming machine context,we propose(1)deep learning should be performed iteratively via real-time interactions with the external world;(2)embodied control and self-regulation can ensure coordination between behaviors of machines and their environment;(3)intelligent farming machines are characterized by the ability to interact,learn,and grow autonomously.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.62422311 and 62176152)the Shanghai Committee of Science and Technology,China(No.24TS1413500)。
摘要Overhead cranes play a critical role in manufacturing,shipping,and construction industries.To improve operational efficiency and safety,effective anti-swing control is essential for crane automation.Traditional anti-swing algorithms often struggle with the non-linearity of system and are incompatible with the existing velocity control interface.In this paper,we propose a novel anti-swing control method for overhead cranes based on embodied intelligence.We implement a conventional anti-swing control algorithm based on trajectory planning and PID controllers to generate demonstration data in simulated environment.Using the collected demonstration data,we apply imitation learning to train an embodied agent in performing anti-swing control.Action chunking with transformer(ACT)algorithm is utilized to enhance the ability of agent to model the mapping between observations and action sequences.In simulation experiments,our proposed method outperforms conventional anti-swing control algorithms in suppressing the maximum transient of payload and eliminating residual swing under similar efficiency.
摘要Rapid technological advancements are driving embodied intelligent robots from laboratories to real-life applications to serve as a key force reshaping the future way of life.Like many other revolutionary technologies,while sparking utopian visions of the future,the development of embodied intelligence has aroused concerns about safety risks, emotional ethics, and socio-cultural implications.