Fountain codes are considered to be a promising coding technique in underwater acoustic communication(UAC) which is challenged with the unique propagation features of the underwater acoustic channel and the harsh ma...Fountain codes are considered to be a promising coding technique in underwater acoustic communication(UAC) which is challenged with the unique propagation features of the underwater acoustic channel and the harsh marine environment. And Luby transform(LT) codes are the first codes fully realizing the digital fountain concept. However, in conventional LT encoding/decoding algorithms, due to the imperfect coverage(IC) of input symbols and short cycles in the generator matrix, stopping sets would occur and terminate the decoding. Thus, the recovery probability is reduced,high coding overhead is required and decoding delay is increased.These issues would be disadvantages while applying LT codes in underwater acoustic communication. Aimed at solving those issues, novel encoding/decoding algorithms are proposed. First,a doping and non-uniform selecting(DNS) encoding algorithm is proposed to solve the IC and the generation of short cycles problems. And this can reduce the probability of stopping sets occur during decoding. Second, a hybrid on the fly Gaussian elimination and belief propagation(OFG-BP) decoding algorithm is designed to reduce the decoding delay and efficiently utilize the information of stopping sets. Comparisons via Monte Carlo simulation confirm that the proposed schemes could achieve better overall decoding performances in comparison with conventional schemes.展开更多
The Beijing-Hangzhou Grand Canal carries a wealth of Chinese cultural symbols,showing the lifestyle and wisdom of working people through ages.The preservation and inheritance of its intangible cultural heritage can he...The Beijing-Hangzhou Grand Canal carries a wealth of Chinese cultural symbols,showing the lifestyle and wisdom of working people through ages.The preservation and inheritance of its intangible cultural heritage can help to evoke cultural memories and cultural identification of the Canal and build cultural confidence.This paper applies Stuart Hall’s encoding/decoding theory to analyze the dissemination of intangible heritage tourism culture.On the basis of a practical study of the villages along the Beijing-Hangzhou Grand Canal,this paper analyses the problems in the transmission of its intangible cultural heritage and proposes specific methods to solve them in four processes,encoding,decoding,communication,and secondary encoding,in order to propose references for the transmission of intangible heritage culture at home and abroad.展开更多
Tea has a history of thousands of years in China and it plays an important role in the working-life and daily life of people.Tea culture rich in connotation is an important part of Chinese traditional culture,and its ...Tea has a history of thousands of years in China and it plays an important role in the working-life and daily life of people.Tea culture rich in connotation is an important part of Chinese traditional culture,and its existence and development are also of great significance to the diversified development of world culture.Based on Stuart Hall’s encoding/decoding theory,this paper analyzes the problems in the spreading of Chinese tea in and out of the country and provides solutions from the perspective of encoding,communication,and decoding.It is expected to provide a reference for the domestic and international dissemination of Chinese tea culture.展开更多
Discriminative region localization and efficient feature encoding are crucial for fine-grained object recognition.However,existing data augmentation methods struggle to accurately locate discriminative regions in comp...Discriminative region localization and efficient feature encoding are crucial for fine-grained object recognition.However,existing data augmentation methods struggle to accurately locate discriminative regions in complex backgrounds,small target objects,and limited training data,leading to poor recognition.Fine-grained images exhibit“small inter-class differences,”and while second-order feature encoding enhances discrimination,it often requires dual Convolutional Neural Networks(CNN),increasing training time and complexity.This study proposes a model integrating discriminative region localization and efficient second-order feature encoding.By ranking feature map channels via a fully connected layer,it selects high-importance channels to generate an enhanced map,accurately locating discriminative regions.Cropping and erasing augmentations further refine recognition.To improve efficiency,a novel second-order feature encoding module generates an attention map from the fourth convolutional group of Residual Network 50 layers(ResNet-50)and multiplies it with features from the fifth group,producing second-order features while reducing dimensionality and training time.Experiments on Caltech-University of California,San Diego Birds-200-2011(CUB-200-2011),Stanford Car,and Fine-Grained Visual Classification of Aircraft(FGVC Aircraft)datasets show state-of-the-art accuracy of 88.9%,94.7%,and 93.3%,respectively.展开更多
Remote sensing object detection aims to identify and localize specific targets in satellite or aerial imagery.Spiking Neural Networks(SNNs),benefiting from their implicit feedback-based and event-driven brain-inspired...Remote sensing object detection aims to identify and localize specific targets in satellite or aerial imagery.Spiking Neural Networks(SNNs),benefiting from their implicit feedback-based and event-driven brain-inspired dynamics,offer a promising solution to alleviate the high energy consumption of conventional ANN-based detection models.However,existing SNN-based approaches for remote sensing object detection—particularly for small,arbitrarily rotated objects—are still in their infancy and suffer from a substantial performance gap compared with ANN counterparts.In this work,we draw inspiration from the hierarchical sparse perception mechanisms of biological vision and integrate dynamic receptive field modulation into the encoding stage,proposing a high-precision spiking object detection framework tailored for remote sensing image.Specifically,we design a Hierarchical Feedback-based Gaussian Encoding(HFG)scheme,in which the parameters of Gaussian kernels are dynamically adjusted through spike-triggered top-down feedback connections.This mechanism enables the encoding process to adaptively respond to complex geometric variations of remote sensing objects,including rotation and scale changes.Based on the proposed encoding strategy,we develop DGRDet(Dynamic Gaussian Receptive Field Encoding-based Spiking Neural Networks for Remote Sensing Object Detection),a directly trained deep SNN detector for remote sensing image.Extensive evaluations on the large-scale public DOTA dataset demonstrate that DGRDet achieves competitive detection accuracy,outperforming existing SNN-based object detection methods.Moreover,compared with ANN models of comparable detection performance,DGRDet reduces spike activity by 81.31%and requires only 0.12%of the inference energy consumption,achieving a favorable balance between detection accuracy,efficiency,and energy efficiency.展开更多
Transformers have become the dominant architecture for sequence modeling in natural language processing;however,their effectiveness critically depends on how positional information is encoded.Conventional positional e...Transformers have become the dominant architecture for sequence modeling in natural language processing;however,their effectiveness critically depends on how positional information is encoded.Conventional positional encodings,while effective,may have limited structural flexibility for capturing complex global sequence relationships.Recent quantum-inspired approaches have sought to address this limitation,yetmany either oversimplify quantum principles or introduce substantial computational or hardware overhead.We introduce a novel Quantum Fourier Transform(QFT)-inspired positional encoding scheme for transformers,motivated by the structured frequency representation of the QFT.Unlike prior approaches that either emulate quantum operations superficially or require complex circuit constructions,the proposed method provides a learnable hybrid encoding that preserves quantuminspired structure while remaining aligned with hardware-efficient circuit primitives and structurally compatible with future near-term quantum implementations.Experiments on WikiText-103 indicate that the proposed encoding achieves competitive perplexity,improved robustness to input scrambling,and stable training behavior relative to alternative quantum-inspired baselines under the evaluated settings.Preliminary circuit-level simulations further suggest favorable noise resilience of the associated encoding primitives.These findings support the potential utility of incorporating quantum-inspired design principles into deep learning architectures and provide a foundation for future exploration at the interface of quantum computing and transformer-based natural language processing(NLP).展开更多
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma(PDAC)has long been regarded as a prototypical immune-cold tumor because of its dense desmoplastic stroma,limited cytotoxic lymphocyte infiltration,and poor response to immunotherapy.Ho...Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma(PDAC)has long been regarded as a prototypical immune-cold tumor because of its dense desmoplastic stroma,limited cytotoxic lymphocyte infiltration,and poor response to immunotherapy.However,this definition is increasingly insufficient.Recent advances in single-cell sequencing,T-cell receptor(TCR)and B-cell receptor(BCR)repertoire profiling,single-cell immune receptor sequencing,three-dimensional(3D)genome technologies,spatial transcriptomics,spatial proteomics,and artificial intelligence(AI)-assisted data integration suggest that immune failure in PDAC is not merely a consequence of reduced immune effector cell abundance(1,2).展开更多
Aiming at the poor performance of the parity check(PC) aided adaptive successive cancellation list(PC-ASCL) decoding algorithm because the PC code in the polar code can only verify odd errors, an optimized parity chec...Aiming at the poor performance of the parity check(PC) aided adaptive successive cancellation list(PC-ASCL) decoding algorithm because the PC code in the polar code can only verify odd errors, an optimized parity check(OPC) code which can verify all odd errors as well as the half even errors is proposed. The OPC code is used to improve the PC-ASCL decoding algorithm, thus an OPC aided ASCL(OPC-ASCL) decoding algorithm is proposed. In the coding stage, the algorithm divides the information sequence into multiple segments, and places an OPC code at the end of each segment to verify the current information sequence, and places a cyclic redundancy check code at the end of the entire information sequence to verify the entire information sequence. In the decoding stage, the algorithm uses the OPC-ASCL decoder to decode. Simulation results show that compared to the PC-ASCL decoding algorithm, the OPC-ASCL decoding algorithm can reduce the complexity and obtain the certain performance gain.展开更多
The development of non-invasive brain-computer interfaces(BCIs)relies on multidisciplinary integration across neuroscience,artificial intelligence,flexible electronics,and systems engineering.Recent advances in deep l...The development of non-invasive brain-computer interfaces(BCIs)relies on multidisciplinary integration across neuroscience,artificial intelligence,flexible electronics,and systems engineering.Recent advances in deep learning have significantly improved the accuracy and robustness of neural signal decoding.Parallel progress in electrode design—particularly through the use of flexible and stretchable materials like nanostructured conductors and novel fabrication strategies—has enhanced wearability and operational stability.Nevertheless,key challenges persist,including individual variability,biocompatibility limitations,and susceptibility to interference in complex environments.Further validation and optimization are needed to address gaps in generalization capability,long-term reliability,and real-world operational robustness.This review systematically examines the representative progress in neural decoding algorithms and flexible bioelectronic platforms over the past decade,highlighting key design principles,material innovations,and integration strategies that are poised to advance non-invasive BCI capabilities.It also discusses the importance of multimodal data fusion,hardware-software co-optimization,and closed-loop control strategies.Furthermore,the review discusses the application potential and associated engineering challenges of this technology in clinical rehabilitation and industrial translation,aiming to provide a reference for advancing non-invasive BCIs toward practical and scalable deployment.展开更多
Understanding how birds perceive and recognize visual objects remains a fundamental question in neuroscience.The entopallium,a key node in the avian tectofugal pathway,has long been implicated in complex visual proces...Understanding how birds perceive and recognize visual objects remains a fundamental question in neuroscience.The entopallium,a key node in the avian tectofugal pathway,has long been implicated in complex visual processing,yet its internal functional architecture remains incompletely understood.In this study,neuronal activity in the pigeon entopallium was systematically mapped using controlled visual stimuli that independently varied in color,shape,and motion.Recordings revealed marked hue selectivity that remained invariant across luminance levels,pronounced orientation tuning in response to shape stimuli,and robust direction selectivity for moving stimuli.Spatial mapping further revealed distinct functional segregation,with color-selective neurons localized anteroventrally,shape-selective neurons dorsally,and motion-selective neurons posteriorly.At the same time,partial overlap among these response classes was observed,with a subset of neurons exhibiting joint tuning across stimulus dimensions,suggesting an organizational scheme characterized by regional specialization and partial cross-feature integration.Notably,entopallium neurons exhibited a moderate level of visual feature integration and shared important functional properties with early to intermediate stages of mammalian visual processing.Together,these findings establish the entopallium as a major site for multidimensional visual analysis in birds and provide evidence for convergent principles underlying the evolution of complex visual systems across vertebrates.展开更多
In this work,we propose a multi-attempt successive cancellation list(MA-SCL)decoder for polar codes that achieves identical error-correction performance to standard SCL decoding while reducing average complexity.Unlik...In this work,we propose a multi-attempt successive cancellation list(MA-SCL)decoder for polar codes that achieves identical error-correction performance to standard SCL decoding while reducing average complexity.Unlike CRC-aided SCL,the proposed MA-SCL progressively restarts decoding with increasing list sizes and reuses information from previous attempts.This design eliminates the need for outer CRC codes.The decoder features dynamic searchspace pruning and an early stopping criterion based on path metrics.Simulations show MA-SCL matches SCL performance with lower average complexity,particularly for short polar-like codes with reed-muller(RM)rate profiles and dynamic frozen constraints.Compared to existing adaptive decoders,MA-SCL offers implementation advantages by eliminating the need for stack-/heap management while providing relatively stable latency bounds(1×to|Λ|×SCL latency).展开更多
In order to make the information transmission more efficient and reliable in a digital communication channel with limited capacity, various encoding-decoding techniques have been proposed and widely applied in many br...In order to make the information transmission more efficient and reliable in a digital communication channel with limited capacity, various encoding-decoding techniques have been proposed and widely applied in many branches of the signal processing including digital communications, data compression,information encryption, etc. Recently, due to its promising application potentials in the networked systems(NSs), the analysis and synthesis issues of the NSs under various encoding-decoding schemes have stirred some research attention. However, because of the network-enhanced complexity caused by the limited network resources, it poses new challenges to the design of suitable encoding-decoding procedures to meet certain control or filtering performance for the NSs. In this survey paper, our aim is to present a comprehensive review of the encoding-decodingbased control and filtering problems for different types of NSs.First, some basic introduction with respect to the coding-decoding mechanism is presented in terms of its engineering insights,specific properties and theoretical formulations. Then, the recent representative research progress in the design of the encodingdecoding protocols for various control and filtering problems is discussed. Some possible further research topics are finally outlined for the encoding-decoding-based NSs.展开更多
Brain encoding and decoding via functional magnetic resonance imaging(fMRI)are two important aspects of visual perception neuroscience.Although previous researchers have made significant advances in brain encoding and...Brain encoding and decoding via functional magnetic resonance imaging(fMRI)are two important aspects of visual perception neuroscience.Although previous researchers have made significant advances in brain encoding and decoding models,existing methods still require improvement using advanced machine learning techniques.For example,traditional methods usually build the encoding and decoding models separately,and are prone to overfitting on a small dataset.In fact,effectively unifying the encoding and decoding procedures may allow for more accurate predictions.In this paper,we first review the existing encoding and decoding methods and discuss the potential advantages of a“bidirectional”modeling strategy.Next,we show that there are correspondences between deep neural networks and human visual streams in terms of the architecture and computational rules.Furthermore,deep generative models(e.g.,variational autoencoders(VAEs)and generative adversarial networks(GANs))have produced promising results in studies on brain encoding and decoding.Finally,we propose that the dual learning method,which was originally designed for machine translation tasks,could help to improve the performance of encoding and decoding models by leveraging large-scale unpaired data.展开更多
This study proposes a deep learning-based method termed frequency-flexible chemical exchange saturation transfer(CEST)imaging network(FlexCENT),which enables robust CEST quantification across variable frequency offset...This study proposes a deep learning-based method termed frequency-flexible chemical exchange saturation transfer(CEST)imaging network(FlexCENT),which enables robust CEST quantification across variable frequency offset schemes without requiring retraining.FlexCENT integrates frequency offset encoding with a three-dimensional(3D)U-Net to process CEST images and frequency offsets as inputs and predict Lorentzian parameters of the 4-pool model(water,MT,APT,rNOE),including B0 inhomogeneity.By transforming frequency offsets into a continuous spectral feature representation,the frequency offset encoding allows FlexCENT to generalize to unseen frequency offset schemes.Trained on synthetic data generated from the 4-pool Lorentzian model,FlexCENT was validated through numerical simulations,tumor-bearing mouse experiments,and a human brain experiment,alongside comparisons with 4-pool Lorentzian fitting,DeepCEST,and LKAN networks.The results demonstrate that FlexCENT successfully quantified CEST parameters across all experiments,maintaining consistent performance under varying frequency offset conditions without retraining.It exhibited superior noise robustness in numerical simulations and enhanced anatomical delineation in vivo parametric mapping compared to other methods.In conclusion,by combining spectral information with spatial information,FlexCENT provides an efficient,flexible,and robust quantitative approach for CEST imaging.It significantly enhance the quantification capability and clinical potential of CEST imaging.展开更多
Increasing research has focused on semantic communication,the goal of which is to convey accurately the meaning instead of transmitting symbols from the sender to the receiver.In this paper,we design a novel encoding ...Increasing research has focused on semantic communication,the goal of which is to convey accurately the meaning instead of transmitting symbols from the sender to the receiver.In this paper,we design a novel encoding and decoding semantic communication framework,which adopts the semantic information and the contextual correlations between items to optimize the performance of a communication system over various channels.On the sender side,the average semantic loss caused by the wrong detection is defined,and a semantic source encoding strategy is developed to minimize the average semantic loss.To further improve communication reliability,a decoding strategy that utilizes the semantic and the context information to recover messages is proposed in the receiver.Extensive simulation results validate the superior performance of our strategies over state-of-the-art semantic coding and decoding policies on different communication channels.展开更多
Drought stands as the foremost abiotic constraint on global crop productivity.With climate change increasing the frequency and severity of drought events,a paradigm shift toward faster,more predictive,and mechanistica...Drought stands as the foremost abiotic constraint on global crop productivity.With climate change increasing the frequency and severity of drought events,a paradigm shift toward faster,more predictive,and mechanistically informed breeding is urgently required.This review synthesizes current advances to propose a connected'pixels-to-genes-to-fields'framework,integrating early drought phenotyping,causal gene discovery,AI-assisted laboratory engineering,and field-scale validation.We first examine how multimodal monitoring platforms,from satellites and UAVs to in-field sensors,coupled with advanced AI models,enable early stress detection and predictive risk mapping.We then distill the complex mechanistic pathways of drought response,spanning perception(e.g.,OSCA,MSL),signaling(ROS,CLE-ABA),stomatal regulation,and epigenetic memory,into structured biological priors.These priors,we argue,are crucial for guiding graph-based AI in identifying high-confidence genetic intervention points.At the field scale,we survey strategies where AI integrates genotype,environment,and phenomics data to model genotype-by-environment interactions and optimize trials via digital twins.At the laboratory scale,we summarize the role of AI in accelerating the design-build-test cycle through precision CRISPR design,synthetic expression engineering,and automated phenotyping.Finally,we highlight critical translational challenges,emphasizing the need for standardized data sharing,explainable AI,and responsible governance to bridge these innovations into the development of scalable,drought-resilient crop varieties.展开更多
Dear editor,This letter focuses on the encoding-decoding-based recursive filtering problem for a class of fractional-order systems.For the purpose of protecting security of the wireless communication network,a dynamic...Dear editor,This letter focuses on the encoding-decoding-based recursive filtering problem for a class of fractional-order systems.For the purpose of protecting security of the wireless communication network,a dynamic-quantization-based encoding-decoding mechanism is introduced to encrypt the transmitted measurement.Specifically,the measurement outputs are first encoded by the encoder into codewords which are then transmitted over the wireless communication network.After received by the decoder,the codewords are decoded and then sent to the filter.In light of the mathematical properties of truncated Gaussian distribution,the variance of the encoding-decoding-induced error between the decoded measurement and the real measurement is derived.An upper bound on the filtering error covariance is first obtained based on the variance of the encoding-decoding-induced error.Then,the minimal upper bound is derived by choosing proper filter gain.Finally,the efficiency and superiority of the proposed algorithm are verified through a simulation example.展开更多
Numerous neuropsychiatric disorders are characterized by significant impairments in decision-making function.These include impulsive decision-making in attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder(ADHD)[1],excessive risk-...Numerous neuropsychiatric disorders are characterized by significant impairments in decision-making function.These include impulsive decision-making in attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder(ADHD)[1],excessive risk-taking during manic episodes in bipolar disorder,and the distorted prioritization observed in substance use disorders.Decisionmaking involves reflecting on the outcomes of past actions and weighing the potential consequences of future actions.In this complex balancing process,mesolimbic dopamine influences reward value assessment,the strength of motivation,and the initiation of action[2].展开更多
Cardiovascular diseases(CVDs)remain the leading global cause of death,but their progression often remains clinically silent until acute events occur.Early warning signs frequently appear as subtle hemodynamic deviatio...Cardiovascular diseases(CVDs)remain the leading global cause of death,but their progression often remains clinically silent until acute events occur.Early warning signs frequently appear as subtle hemodynamic deviations,including changes in pulse-wave morphology,blood pressure(BP)dynamics,vascular stiffness,cardiac output surrogates,and tissue perfusion[1].展开更多
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(61371099)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities of China(HEUCF150812/150810)
摘要Fountain codes are considered to be a promising coding technique in underwater acoustic communication(UAC) which is challenged with the unique propagation features of the underwater acoustic channel and the harsh marine environment. And Luby transform(LT) codes are the first codes fully realizing the digital fountain concept. However, in conventional LT encoding/decoding algorithms, due to the imperfect coverage(IC) of input symbols and short cycles in the generator matrix, stopping sets would occur and terminate the decoding. Thus, the recovery probability is reduced,high coding overhead is required and decoding delay is increased.These issues would be disadvantages while applying LT codes in underwater acoustic communication. Aimed at solving those issues, novel encoding/decoding algorithms are proposed. First,a doping and non-uniform selecting(DNS) encoding algorithm is proposed to solve the IC and the generation of short cycles problems. And this can reduce the probability of stopping sets occur during decoding. Second, a hybrid on the fly Gaussian elimination and belief propagation(OFG-BP) decoding algorithm is designed to reduce the decoding delay and efficiently utilize the information of stopping sets. Comparisons via Monte Carlo simulation confirm that the proposed schemes could achieve better overall decoding performances in comparison with conventional schemes.
基金supported by the National Social Science Fund Project (No.20BH151).
摘要The Beijing-Hangzhou Grand Canal carries a wealth of Chinese cultural symbols,showing the lifestyle and wisdom of working people through ages.The preservation and inheritance of its intangible cultural heritage can help to evoke cultural memories and cultural identification of the Canal and build cultural confidence.This paper applies Stuart Hall’s encoding/decoding theory to analyze the dissemination of intangible heritage tourism culture.On the basis of a practical study of the villages along the Beijing-Hangzhou Grand Canal,this paper analyses the problems in the transmission of its intangible cultural heritage and proposes specific methods to solve them in four processes,encoding,decoding,communication,and secondary encoding,in order to propose references for the transmission of intangible heritage culture at home and abroad.
摘要Tea has a history of thousands of years in China and it plays an important role in the working-life and daily life of people.Tea culture rich in connotation is an important part of Chinese traditional culture,and its existence and development are also of great significance to the diversified development of world culture.Based on Stuart Hall’s encoding/decoding theory,this paper analyzes the problems in the spreading of Chinese tea in and out of the country and provides solutions from the perspective of encoding,communication,and decoding.It is expected to provide a reference for the domestic and international dissemination of Chinese tea culture.
基金supported,in part,by the National Nature Science Foundation of China under Grant 62272236,62376128 and 62306139the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province under Grant BK20201136,BK20191401.
摘要Discriminative region localization and efficient feature encoding are crucial for fine-grained object recognition.However,existing data augmentation methods struggle to accurately locate discriminative regions in complex backgrounds,small target objects,and limited training data,leading to poor recognition.Fine-grained images exhibit“small inter-class differences,”and while second-order feature encoding enhances discrimination,it often requires dual Convolutional Neural Networks(CNN),increasing training time and complexity.This study proposes a model integrating discriminative region localization and efficient second-order feature encoding.By ranking feature map channels via a fully connected layer,it selects high-importance channels to generate an enhanced map,accurately locating discriminative regions.Cropping and erasing augmentations further refine recognition.To improve efficiency,a novel second-order feature encoding module generates an attention map from the fourth convolutional group of Residual Network 50 layers(ResNet-50)and multiplies it with features from the fifth group,producing second-order features while reducing dimensionality and training time.Experiments on Caltech-University of California,San Diego Birds-200-2011(CUB-200-2011),Stanford Car,and Fine-Grained Visual Classification of Aircraft(FGVC Aircraft)datasets show state-of-the-art accuracy of 88.9%,94.7%,and 93.3%,respectively.
基金funded by the National Key R&D Program of China Grant No.2022YFB4500900.
摘要Remote sensing object detection aims to identify and localize specific targets in satellite or aerial imagery.Spiking Neural Networks(SNNs),benefiting from their implicit feedback-based and event-driven brain-inspired dynamics,offer a promising solution to alleviate the high energy consumption of conventional ANN-based detection models.However,existing SNN-based approaches for remote sensing object detection—particularly for small,arbitrarily rotated objects—are still in their infancy and suffer from a substantial performance gap compared with ANN counterparts.In this work,we draw inspiration from the hierarchical sparse perception mechanisms of biological vision and integrate dynamic receptive field modulation into the encoding stage,proposing a high-precision spiking object detection framework tailored for remote sensing image.Specifically,we design a Hierarchical Feedback-based Gaussian Encoding(HFG)scheme,in which the parameters of Gaussian kernels are dynamically adjusted through spike-triggered top-down feedback connections.This mechanism enables the encoding process to adaptively respond to complex geometric variations of remote sensing objects,including rotation and scale changes.Based on the proposed encoding strategy,we develop DGRDet(Dynamic Gaussian Receptive Field Encoding-based Spiking Neural Networks for Remote Sensing Object Detection),a directly trained deep SNN detector for remote sensing image.Extensive evaluations on the large-scale public DOTA dataset demonstrate that DGRDet achieves competitive detection accuracy,outperforming existing SNN-based object detection methods.Moreover,compared with ANN models of comparable detection performance,DGRDet reduces spike activity by 81.31%and requires only 0.12%of the inference energy consumption,achieving a favorable balance between detection accuracy,efficiency,and energy efficiency.
基金Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University for funding this research work through the project number(PSAU/2025/01/35090).
摘要Transformers have become the dominant architecture for sequence modeling in natural language processing;however,their effectiveness critically depends on how positional information is encoded.Conventional positional encodings,while effective,may have limited structural flexibility for capturing complex global sequence relationships.Recent quantum-inspired approaches have sought to address this limitation,yetmany either oversimplify quantum principles or introduce substantial computational or hardware overhead.We introduce a novel Quantum Fourier Transform(QFT)-inspired positional encoding scheme for transformers,motivated by the structured frequency representation of the QFT.Unlike prior approaches that either emulate quantum operations superficially or require complex circuit constructions,the proposed method provides a learnable hybrid encoding that preserves quantuminspired structure while remaining aligned with hardware-efficient circuit primitives and structurally compatible with future near-term quantum implementations.Experiments on WikiText-103 indicate that the proposed encoding achieves competitive perplexity,improved robustness to input scrambling,and stable training behavior relative to alternative quantum-inspired baselines under the evaluated settings.Preliminary circuit-level simulations further suggest favorable noise resilience of the associated encoding primitives.These findings support the potential utility of incorporating quantum-inspired design principles into deep learning architectures and provide a foundation for future exploration at the interface of quantum computing and transformer-based natural language processing(NLP).
基金supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.82541012 and No.82571996)。
摘要Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma(PDAC)has long been regarded as a prototypical immune-cold tumor because of its dense desmoplastic stroma,limited cytotoxic lymphocyte infiltration,and poor response to immunotherapy.However,this definition is increasingly insufficient.Recent advances in single-cell sequencing,T-cell receptor(TCR)and B-cell receptor(BCR)repertoire profiling,single-cell immune receptor sequencing,three-dimensional(3D)genome technologies,spatial transcriptomics,spatial proteomics,and artificial intelligence(AI)-assisted data integration suggest that immune failure in PDAC is not merely a consequence of reduced immune effector cell abundance(1,2).
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.U21A20447 and 61971079)。
摘要Aiming at the poor performance of the parity check(PC) aided adaptive successive cancellation list(PC-ASCL) decoding algorithm because the PC code in the polar code can only verify odd errors, an optimized parity check(OPC) code which can verify all odd errors as well as the half even errors is proposed. The OPC code is used to improve the PC-ASCL decoding algorithm, thus an OPC aided ASCL(OPC-ASCL) decoding algorithm is proposed. In the coding stage, the algorithm divides the information sequence into multiple segments, and places an OPC code at the end of each segment to verify the current information sequence, and places a cyclic redundancy check code at the end of the entire information sequence to verify the entire information sequence. In the decoding stage, the algorithm uses the OPC-ASCL decoder to decode. Simulation results show that compared to the PC-ASCL decoding algorithm, the OPC-ASCL decoding algorithm can reduce the complexity and obtain the certain performance gain.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China for Distinguished Young Scholars(62325403)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(62504103 and 82002454)+4 种基金the Basic Research Program of Jiangsu(BK20251214)the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province(BK20230498)the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation under Grant Number 2025T180143 and 2025M770547the Medical Scientific Research Project of Jiangsu Health Commission(ZD2021011)the Jiangsu Funding Program for Excellent Postdoctoral Talent(2024ZB427)。
摘要The development of non-invasive brain-computer interfaces(BCIs)relies on multidisciplinary integration across neuroscience,artificial intelligence,flexible electronics,and systems engineering.Recent advances in deep learning have significantly improved the accuracy and robustness of neural signal decoding.Parallel progress in electrode design—particularly through the use of flexible and stretchable materials like nanostructured conductors and novel fabrication strategies—has enhanced wearability and operational stability.Nevertheless,key challenges persist,including individual variability,biocompatibility limitations,and susceptibility to interference in complex environments.Further validation and optimization are needed to address gaps in generalization capability,long-term reliability,and real-world operational robustness.This review systematically examines the representative progress in neural decoding algorithms and flexible bioelectronic platforms over the past decade,highlighting key design principles,material innovations,and integration strategies that are poised to advance non-invasive BCI capabilities.It also discusses the importance of multimodal data fusion,hardware-software co-optimization,and closed-loop control strategies.Furthermore,the review discusses the application potential and associated engineering challenges of this technology in clinical rehabilitation and industrial translation,aiming to provide a reference for advancing non-invasive BCIs toward practical and scalable deployment.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(62206253)China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(2024M752934)。
摘要Understanding how birds perceive and recognize visual objects remains a fundamental question in neuroscience.The entopallium,a key node in the avian tectofugal pathway,has long been implicated in complex visual processing,yet its internal functional architecture remains incompletely understood.In this study,neuronal activity in the pigeon entopallium was systematically mapped using controlled visual stimuli that independently varied in color,shape,and motion.Recordings revealed marked hue selectivity that remained invariant across luminance levels,pronounced orientation tuning in response to shape stimuli,and robust direction selectivity for moving stimuli.Spatial mapping further revealed distinct functional segregation,with color-selective neurons localized anteroventrally,shape-selective neurons dorsally,and motion-selective neurons posteriorly.At the same time,partial overlap among these response classes was observed,with a subset of neurons exhibiting joint tuning across stimulus dimensions,suggesting an organizational scheme characterized by regional specialization and partial cross-feature integration.Notably,entopallium neurons exhibited a moderate level of visual feature integration and shared important functional properties with early to intermediate stages of mammalian visual processing.Together,these findings establish the entopallium as a major site for multidimensional visual analysis in birds and provide evidence for convergent principles underlying the evolution of complex visual systems across vertebrates.
基金supported by the 2025 Start-up Research Fund(Grant No.JIH2333002Y)from Fudan Universitysupported in part by the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities+3 种基金the Yangtze River Delta Science and Technology Innovation Community Joint Research(Basic Research)Project under Grant BK20244006111 project BP0719010STCSM 22DZ2229005supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China Grant No.62595745
摘要In this work,we propose a multi-attempt successive cancellation list(MA-SCL)decoder for polar codes that achieves identical error-correction performance to standard SCL decoding while reducing average complexity.Unlike CRC-aided SCL,the proposed MA-SCL progressively restarts decoding with increasing list sizes and reuses information from previous attempts.This design eliminates the need for outer CRC codes.The decoder features dynamic searchspace pruning and an early stopping criterion based on path metrics.Simulations show MA-SCL matches SCL performance with lower average complexity,particularly for short polar-like codes with reed-muller(RM)rate profiles and dynamic frozen constraints.Compared to existing adaptive decoders,MA-SCL offers implementation advantages by eliminating the need for stack-/heap management while providing relatively stable latency bounds(1×to|Λ|×SCL latency).
基金supported in part by the Royal Society of the UK,the Nationa Natural Science,Foundation of China(61329301,61374039)the Program for Capability Construction of Shanghai Provincial Universities(15550502500)the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation of Germany
摘要In order to make the information transmission more efficient and reliable in a digital communication channel with limited capacity, various encoding-decoding techniques have been proposed and widely applied in many branches of the signal processing including digital communications, data compression,information encryption, etc. Recently, due to its promising application potentials in the networked systems(NSs), the analysis and synthesis issues of the NSs under various encoding-decoding schemes have stirred some research attention. However, because of the network-enhanced complexity caused by the limited network resources, it poses new challenges to the design of suitable encoding-decoding procedures to meet certain control or filtering performance for the NSs. In this survey paper, our aim is to present a comprehensive review of the encoding-decodingbased control and filtering problems for different types of NSs.First, some basic introduction with respect to the coding-decoding mechanism is presented in terms of its engineering insights,specific properties and theoretical formulations. Then, the recent representative research progress in the design of the encodingdecoding protocols for various control and filtering problems is discussed. Some possible further research topics are finally outlined for the encoding-decoding-based NSs.
基金This work was supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2018YFC2001302)National Natural Science Foundation of China(91520202)+2 种基金Chinese Academy of Sciences Scientific Equipment Development Project(YJKYYQ20170050)Beijing Municipal Science and Technology Commission(Z181100008918010)Youth Innovation Promotion Association of Chinese Academy of Sciences,and Strategic Priority Research Program of Chinese Academy of Sciences(XDB32040200).
摘要Brain encoding and decoding via functional magnetic resonance imaging(fMRI)are two important aspects of visual perception neuroscience.Although previous researchers have made significant advances in brain encoding and decoding models,existing methods still require improvement using advanced machine learning techniques.For example,traditional methods usually build the encoding and decoding models separately,and are prone to overfitting on a small dataset.In fact,effectively unifying the encoding and decoding procedures may allow for more accurate predictions.In this paper,we first review the existing encoding and decoding methods and discuss the potential advantages of a“bidirectional”modeling strategy.Next,we show that there are correspondences between deep neural networks and human visual streams in terms of the architecture and computational rules.Furthermore,deep generative models(e.g.,variational autoencoders(VAEs)and generative adversarial networks(GANs))have produced promising results in studies on brain encoding and decoding.Finally,we propose that the dual learning method,which was originally designed for machine translation tasks,could help to improve the performance of encoding and decoding models by leveraging large-scale unpaired data.
基金supported by National Key R&D Program of China[grant number 2023YFA1607502]National Natural Science Foundation of China[grant numbers 12375291,82071913]Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation[grant number 2024A1515011262].
摘要This study proposes a deep learning-based method termed frequency-flexible chemical exchange saturation transfer(CEST)imaging network(FlexCENT),which enables robust CEST quantification across variable frequency offset schemes without requiring retraining.FlexCENT integrates frequency offset encoding with a three-dimensional(3D)U-Net to process CEST images and frequency offsets as inputs and predict Lorentzian parameters of the 4-pool model(water,MT,APT,rNOE),including B0 inhomogeneity.By transforming frequency offsets into a continuous spectral feature representation,the frequency offset encoding allows FlexCENT to generalize to unseen frequency offset schemes.Trained on synthetic data generated from the 4-pool Lorentzian model,FlexCENT was validated through numerical simulations,tumor-bearing mouse experiments,and a human brain experiment,alongside comparisons with 4-pool Lorentzian fitting,DeepCEST,and LKAN networks.The results demonstrate that FlexCENT successfully quantified CEST parameters across all experiments,maintaining consistent performance under varying frequency offset conditions without retraining.It exhibited superior noise robustness in numerical simulations and enhanced anatomical delineation in vivo parametric mapping compared to other methods.In conclusion,by combining spectral information with spatial information,FlexCENT provides an efficient,flexible,and robust quantitative approach for CEST imaging.It significantly enhance the quantification capability and clinical potential of CEST imaging.
基金supported in part by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant No.61931020,U19B2024,62171449,62001483in part by the science and technology innovation Program of Hunan Province under Grant No.2021JJ40690。
摘要Increasing research has focused on semantic communication,the goal of which is to convey accurately the meaning instead of transmitting symbols from the sender to the receiver.In this paper,we design a novel encoding and decoding semantic communication framework,which adopts the semantic information and the contextual correlations between items to optimize the performance of a communication system over various channels.On the sender side,the average semantic loss caused by the wrong detection is defined,and a semantic source encoding strategy is developed to minimize the average semantic loss.To further improve communication reliability,a decoding strategy that utilizes the semantic and the context information to recover messages is proposed in the receiver.Extensive simulation results validate the superior performance of our strategies over state-of-the-art semantic coding and decoding policies on different communication channels.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32271913)the National Tropical Agriculture Science and Technology Innovation Project for the Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences(CATAS202617)the Project of State Key Laboratory of Tropical Crop Breeding(NKLTCBZRJJ6).
摘要Drought stands as the foremost abiotic constraint on global crop productivity.With climate change increasing the frequency and severity of drought events,a paradigm shift toward faster,more predictive,and mechanistically informed breeding is urgently required.This review synthesizes current advances to propose a connected'pixels-to-genes-to-fields'framework,integrating early drought phenotyping,causal gene discovery,AI-assisted laboratory engineering,and field-scale validation.We first examine how multimodal monitoring platforms,from satellites and UAVs to in-field sensors,coupled with advanced AI models,enable early stress detection and predictive risk mapping.We then distill the complex mechanistic pathways of drought response,spanning perception(e.g.,OSCA,MSL),signaling(ROS,CLE-ABA),stomatal regulation,and epigenetic memory,into structured biological priors.These priors,we argue,are crucial for guiding graph-based AI in identifying high-confidence genetic intervention points.At the field scale,we survey strategies where AI integrates genotype,environment,and phenomics data to model genotype-by-environment interactions and optimize trials via digital twins.At the laboratory scale,we summarize the role of AI in accelerating the design-build-test cycle through precision CRISPR design,synthetic expression engineering,and automated phenotyping.Finally,we highlight critical translational challenges,emphasizing the need for standardized data sharing,explainable AI,and responsible governance to bridge these innovations into the development of scalable,drought-resilient crop varieties.
基金supported in part by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(U21A2019,61873058,61933007,62103095)the Hainan Province Science and Technology Special Fund(ZDYF2022SHFZ105)+1 种基金the Natural Science Foundation of Heilongjiang Province of China(LH2021F005)the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation of Germany。
摘要Dear editor,This letter focuses on the encoding-decoding-based recursive filtering problem for a class of fractional-order systems.For the purpose of protecting security of the wireless communication network,a dynamic-quantization-based encoding-decoding mechanism is introduced to encrypt the transmitted measurement.Specifically,the measurement outputs are first encoded by the encoder into codewords which are then transmitted over the wireless communication network.After received by the decoder,the codewords are decoded and then sent to the filter.In light of the mathematical properties of truncated Gaussian distribution,the variance of the encoding-decoding-induced error between the decoded measurement and the real measurement is derived.An upper bound on the filtering error covariance is first obtained based on the variance of the encoding-decoding-induced error.Then,the minimal upper bound is derived by choosing proper filter gain.Finally,the efficiency and superiority of the proposed algorithm are verified through a simulation example.
基金supported by the grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(82404599)the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation-funded project(2025T180963).
摘要Numerous neuropsychiatric disorders are characterized by significant impairments in decision-making function.These include impulsive decision-making in attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder(ADHD)[1],excessive risk-taking during manic episodes in bipolar disorder,and the distorted prioritization observed in substance use disorders.Decisionmaking involves reflecting on the outcomes of past actions and weighing the potential consequences of future actions.In this complex balancing process,mesolimbic dopamine influences reward value assessment,the strength of motivation,and the initiation of action[2].
基金upported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(62574131)Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(YG2025ZD18)+1 种基金the Shanghai Municipal Health Commission(2024ZZ2002)the Innovative Research Team of high-level local universities in Shanghai.
摘要Cardiovascular diseases(CVDs)remain the leading global cause of death,but their progression often remains clinically silent until acute events occur.Early warning signs frequently appear as subtle hemodynamic deviations,including changes in pulse-wave morphology,blood pressure(BP)dynamics,vascular stiffness,cardiac output surrogates,and tissue perfusion[1].