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Quantum toric code decoding method based on syndrome-preliminary error fusion module and ResNet architecture 认领 引用
1
作者 Nai-Hua Ji Ping-Li Song +2 位作者 Wei Wang Hui-Qian Sun Hong-Yang Ma 《Chinese Physics B》 SCIE EI CAS CSCD 2026年第6期649-659,共11页
Quantum error correction technology is based on the principle of redundant encoding,encoding logical quantum information into multiple physical qubits to provide important support for the stable operation of quantum c... Quantum error correction technology is based on the principle of redundant encoding,encoding logical quantum information into multiple physical qubits to provide important support for the stable operation of quantum computers.To address the issues of low decoding accuracy and limited feature extraction in quantum error correction,this paper proposes a toric code decoder based on a syndrome-preliminary error fusion module(SPEFM)and a ResNet architecture.This decoder takes full advantage of the correlations between X and Z errors.In the SPEFM,the syndrome and preliminary error predictions are deeply fused,while a unidirectional Swin transformer architecture is incorporated to extract global error features from the syndrome data,signiffiificantly improving both decoding accuracy and computational efffiificiency.In addition,this paper further extracts local error features from the fused features using the deep residual structure of ResNet,enhancing the decoder's ability to capture quantum error patterns.Experimental results show that the decoder is applicable to different code distances(d=4,6,8,10)under the depolarizing noise model.Its bit error rate is lower than that of the minimum weight perfect matching(MWPM)algorithm,and its logical error rate is lower than both the MWPM algorithm and the ResNet18 decoder.Furthermore,the decoding threshold is increased to 0.163,representing a 3.82%improvement over the MWPM algorithm threshold of 0.157. 展开更多
关键词 quantum error correction toric code ResNet Swin transformer
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Global receptive field transformer decoder method on quantum surface code data and syndrome error correction 认领 引用 被引量：1
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作者 Ao-Qing Li Ce-Wen Tian +2 位作者 Xiao-Xuan Xu Hong-Yang Ma Jun-Qing Liang 《Chinese Physics B》 SCIE EI CAS CSCD 2025年第3期267-276,共10页
Quantum computing has the potential to solve complex problems that are inefficiently handled by classical computation.However,the high sensitivity of qubits to environmental interference and the high error rates in cu... Quantum computing has the potential to solve complex problems that are inefficiently handled by classical computation.However,the high sensitivity of qubits to environmental interference and the high error rates in current quantum devices exceed the error correction thresholds required for effective algorithm execution.Therefore,quantum error correction technology is crucial to achieving reliable quantum computing.In this work,we study a topological surface code with a two-dimensional lattice structure that protects quantum information by introducing redundancy across multiple qubits and using syndrome qubits to detect and correct errors.However,errors can occur not only in data qubits but also in syndrome qubits,and different types of errors may generate the same syndromes,complicating the decoding task and creating a need for more efficient decoding methods.To address this challenge,we used a transformer decoder based on an attention mechanism.By mapping the surface code lattice,the decoder performs a self-attention process on all input syndromes,thereby obtaining a global receptive field.The performance of the decoder was evaluated under a phenomenological error model.Numerical results demonstrate that the decoder achieved a decoding accuracy of 93.8%.Additionally,we obtained decoding thresholds of 5%and 6.05%at maximum code distances of 7 and 9,respectively.These results indicate that the decoder used demonstrates a certain capability in correcting noise errors in surface codes. 展开更多
关键词 quantum error correction surface code transformer decoder
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An empirical study on cross-phase code modification behaviors in incremental programming projects 认领 引用
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作者 Jing Jiang Chenhong Ji +1 位作者 Li Zhang Haiyan Yang 《计算机教育》 2026年第6期280-291,共12页
This paper conducts an empirical study on students'code modification behaviors in incremental programming projects by analyzing 40771 code submissions from 371 students through abstract syntax tree(AST)difference ... This paper conducts an empirical study on students'code modification behaviors in incremental programming projects by analyzing 40771 code submissions from 371 students through abstract syntax tree(AST)difference analysis and manual annotation.The study investigates the distribution of code modification types to prior-phase code during iterative development,identifies cross-phase error types,and analyzes refactoring strategies.The findings reveal that error correction and code refactoring constitute the primary types of cross-phase code modifications.Among cross-phase latent errors,special case neglect represents the dominant error type,indicating insufficient coverage of special scenarios in existing test suites.Variable renaming emerges as the most prevalent refactoring behavior,reflecting students'emphasis on code readability.These research findings provide empirical evidence for optimizing incremental curriculum design,improving test cases,and cultivating students'code maintenance capabilities in programming education. 展开更多
关键词 Incremental projects Code modification Error correction Code refactoring Computer science education
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Investigation of Heavy Ion Induced Failure Modes of Flash Memory with Error Correct Code 认领 引用
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作者 CHEN Qiyu LIU Jie +7 位作者 YAO Liwen YAN Xiaoyu JIAO Yang LI Xinyu ZHAI Pengfei YE Bing ZHAO Peixiong SUN Youmei 《原子核物理评论》 CAS CSCD 北大核心 2025年第4期749-756,共8页
The Error Correcting Code(ECC)is one of the most used hardening methods in Flash memory.In this study,the effect of ECC failure modes on memory error cross section has been investigated.The errors are counted in the s... The Error Correcting Code(ECC)is one of the most used hardening methods in Flash memory.In this study,the effect of ECC failure modes on memory error cross section has been investigated.The errors are counted in the situations of ECC function enabled and disabled separately after heavy ion irradiation.The results show that the upset cross section is a constant value in different ion fluences when the ECC function is disabled.With the ECC function enabled,the error cross section increases with the increase of ion fluences because the ECC failure modes lead to the increase in the number of errors.Moreover,all ECC failure modes are simulated,and their probability is calculated separately.The results help to understand the impact of ECC failure modes on Flash memory’s error cross section induced by irradiation.Some possible mitigation approaches are provided in response to this phenomenon. 展开更多
关键词 flash memory single event upset(SEU) heavy ion irradiation error correcting code(ECC) hamming code
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Review of Public-Key Cryptosystem Based on the Error Correcting Code 认领 引用 被引量：1
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作者 LI Zhongyuan QU Chengqin +1 位作者 ZHOU Xueguang ZHUO Lifeng 《Wuhan University Journal of Natural Sciences》 CAS 2014年第6期489-496,共8页
The paper review the public-key cryptosystems based on the error correcting codes such as Goppa code, BCH code, RS code, rank distance code, algebraic geometric code as well as LDPC code, and made the comparative anal... The paper review the public-key cryptosystems based on the error correcting codes such as Goppa code, BCH code, RS code, rank distance code, algebraic geometric code as well as LDPC code, and made the comparative analyses of the merits and drawbacks of them. The cryptosystem based on Goppa code has high security, but can be achieved poor. The cryptosystems based on other error correcting codes have higher performance than Goppa code. But there are still some disadvantages to solve. At last, the paper produce an assumption of the Niederreiter cascade combination cryptosystem based on double public-keys under complex circumstances, which has higher performance and security than the traditional cryptosystems. 展开更多
关键词 error correcting code public-key cryptosystem cascaded code safety
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High Speed Versatile Reed-Solomon Decoder for Correcting Errors and Erasures 认领 引用
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作者 王华 范光荣 +1 位作者 王平勤 匡镜明 《Journal of Beijing Institute of Technology》 EI CAS 2008年第1期81-86,共6页
A new Chien search method for shortened Reed-Solomon （RS） code is proposed, based on this, a versatile RS decoder for correcting both errors and erasures is designed. Compared with the traditional RS decoder, the we... A new Chien search method for shortened Reed-Solomon （RS） code is proposed, based on this, a versatile RS decoder for correcting both errors and erasures is designed. Compared with the traditional RS decoder, the weighted coefficient of the Chien search method is calculated sequentially through the three pipelined stages of the decoder. And therefore, the computation of the errata locator polynomial and errata evaluator polynomial needs to be modified. The versatile RS decoder with minimum distance 21 has been synthesized in the Xilinx Virtex-Ⅱ series field programmable gate array （FPGA） xe2v1000-5 and is used by coneatenated coding system for satellite communication. Results show that the maximum data processing rate can be up to 1.3 Gbit/s. 展开更多
关键词 Reed-Solomon code Berlekamp-Massey algorithm error correction codes versatile Reed-Solomon decoder
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Digital Image Watermarking Based on Mixed Error Correcting Code 认领 引用
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作者 Yonghong Chen Jiancong Chen 《Journal of Information Security》 2012年第2期156-161,共6页
In this paper, we present a novel technique based on a mixed Error Correcting Code(ECC)-the convolutional code and the repetition code to enhance the robustness of the embedded watermark. Before embedding, the binary ... In this paper, we present a novel technique based on a mixed Error Correcting Code(ECC)-the convolutional code and the repetition code to enhance the robustness of the embedded watermark. Before embedding, the binary watermark is scanned to one-dimension sequence and later inputted into the (3, 1, 2) convolutional encoder and (3, 1) repetition encoder frame by frame, which will improve the error correcting capability of decoder. The output code sequence is scanned to some matrixes as the new watermark messages. The watermarking is selected in low frequency band of the Discrete Wavelet Transform (DWT) and therefore it can resist the destruction of image processing. Experimental results are presented to demonstrate that the robustness of a watermark with mixed ECC is much higher than the traditional one just with repetition coding while suffering JPEG lossy compression, salt and pepper noise and center cutting processing. 展开更多
关键词 Error Correcting Code Discrete Wavelet Transform Mixed ECC Watermarking
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Determination of quantum toric error correction code threshold using convolutional neural network decoders 认领 引用 被引量：3
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作者 Hao-Wen Wang Yun-Jia Xue +2 位作者 Yu-Lin Ma Nan Hua Hong-Yang Ma 《Chinese Physics B》 SCIE EI CAS CSCD 2022年第1期136-142,共7页
Quantum error correction technology is an important solution to solve the noise interference generated during the operation of quantum computers.In order to find the best syndrome of the stabilizer code in quantum err... Quantum error correction technology is an important solution to solve the noise interference generated during the operation of quantum computers.In order to find the best syndrome of the stabilizer code in quantum error correction,we need to find a fast and close to the optimal threshold decoder.In this work,we build a convolutional neural network(CNN)decoder to correct errors in the toric code based on the system research of machine learning.We analyze and optimize various conditions that affect CNN,and use the RestNet network architecture to reduce the running time.It is shortened by 30%-40%,and we finally design an optimized algorithm for CNN decoder.In this way,the threshold accuracy of the neural network decoder is made to reach 10.8%,which is closer to the optimal threshold of about 11%.The previous threshold of 8.9%-10.3%has been slightly improved,and there is no need to verify the basic noise. 展开更多
关键词 quantum error correction toric code convolutional neural network(CNN)decoder
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Performance analysis and design of MIMO-OFDM system using concatenated forward error correction codes 认领 引用 被引量：3
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作者 Arun Agarwal Saurabh N.Mehta 《Journal of Central South University》 SCIE EI CAS CSCD 2017年第6期1322-1343,共22页
This work investigates the performance of various forward error correction codes, by which the MIMO-OFDM system is deployed. To ensure fair investigation, the performance of four modulations, namely, binary phase shif... This work investigates the performance of various forward error correction codes, by which the MIMO-OFDM system is deployed. To ensure fair investigation, the performance of four modulations, namely, binary phase shift keying(BPSK), quadrature phase shift keying(QPSK), quadrature amplitude modulation(QAM)-16 and QAM-64 with four error correction codes(convolutional code(CC), Reed-Solomon code(RSC)+CC, low density parity check(LDPC)+CC, Turbo+CC) is studied under three channel models(additive white Guassian noise(AWGN), Rayleigh, Rician) and three different antenna configurations(2×2, 2×4, 4×4). The bit error rate(BER) and the peak signal to noise ratio(PSNR) are taken as the measures of performance. The binary data and the color image data are transmitted and the graphs are plotted for various modulations with different channels and error correction codes. Analysis on the performance measures confirm that the Turbo + CC code in 4×4 configurations exhibits better performance. 展开更多
关键词 bit error rate (BER) convolutional code (CC) forward error correction peak signal to noise ratio (PSNR) Turbo code
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A Comparison of Error Correction Models for Student’s Error Codes Based on Deep Learning 认领 引用 被引量：1
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作者 Tao Lin Jian Wang +2 位作者 Qifan Jian Zhiming Wu Zhenbo Zhang 《计算机教育》 2022年第12期137-142,共6页
Automatically correcting students’code errors using deep learning is an effective way to reduce the burden of teachers and to enhance the effects of students’learning.However,code errors vary greatly,and the adaptab... Automatically correcting students’code errors using deep learning is an effective way to reduce the burden of teachers and to enhance the effects of students’learning.However,code errors vary greatly,and the adaptability of fixing techniques may vary for different types of code errors.How to choose the appropriate methods to fix different types of errors is still an unsolved problem.To this end,this paper first classifies code errors by Java novice programmers based on Delphi analysis,and compares the effectiveness of different deep learning models(CuBERT,GraphCodeBERT and GGNN)fixing different types of errors.The results indicated that the 3 models differed significantly in their classification accuracy on different error codes,while the error correction model based on the Bert structure showed better code correction potential for beginners’codes. 展开更多
关键词 Deep learning Code error correction Code error classification
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Low-overhead fault-tolerant error correction scheme based on quantum stabilizer codes 认领 引用
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作者 Xiu-Bo Chen Li-Yun Zhao +4 位作者 Gang Xu Xing-Bo Pan Si-Yi Chen Zhen-Wen Cheng Yi-Xian Yang 《Chinese Physics B》 SCIE EI CAS CSCD 2022年第4期143-150,共8页
Fault-tolerant error-correction(FTEC)circuit is the foundation for achieving reliable quantum computation and remote communication.However,designing a fault-tolerant error correction scheme with a solid error-correcti... Fault-tolerant error-correction(FTEC)circuit is the foundation for achieving reliable quantum computation and remote communication.However,designing a fault-tolerant error correction scheme with a solid error-correction ability and low overhead remains a significant challenge.In this paper,a low-overhead fault-tolerant error correction scheme is proposed for quantum communication systems.Firstly,syndrome ancillas are prepared into Bell states to detect errors caused by channel noise.We propose a detection approach that reduces the propagation path of quantum gate fault and reduces the circuit depth by splitting the stabilizer generator into X-type and Z-type.Additionally,a syndrome extraction circuit is equipped with two flag qubits to detect quantum gate faults,which may also introduce errors into the code block during the error detection process.Finally,analytical results are provided to demonstrate the fault-tolerant performance of the proposed FTEC scheme with the lower overhead of the ancillary qubits and circuit depth. 展开更多
关键词 fault-tolerant error correction quantum stabilizer code gate fault quantum circuit
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Approximate error correction scheme for three-dimensional surface codes based reinforcement learning 认领 引用
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作者 曲英杰 陈钊 +1 位作者 王伟杰 马鸿洋 《Chinese Physics B》 SCIE EI CAS CSCD 2023年第10期229-240,共12页
Quantum error correction technology is an important method to eliminate errors during the operation of quantum computers.In order to solve the problem of influence of errors on physical qubits,we propose an approximat... Quantum error correction technology is an important method to eliminate errors during the operation of quantum computers.In order to solve the problem of influence of errors on physical qubits,we propose an approximate error correction scheme that performs dimension mapping operations on surface codes.This error correction scheme utilizes the topological properties of error correction codes to map the surface code dimension to three dimensions.Compared to previous error correction schemes,the present three-dimensional surface code exhibits good scalability due to its higher redundancy and more efficient error correction capabilities.By reducing the number of ancilla qubits required for error correction,this approach achieves savings in measurement space and reduces resource consumption costs.In order to improve the decoding efficiency and solve the problem of the correlation between the surface code stabilizer and the 3D space after dimension mapping,we employ a reinforcement learning(RL)decoder based on deep Q-learning,which enables faster identification of the optimal syndrome and achieves better thresholds through conditional optimization.Compared to the minimum weight perfect matching decoding,the threshold of the RL trained model reaches 0.78%,which is 56%higher and enables large-scale fault-tolerant quantum computation. 展开更多
关键词 fault-tolerant quantum computing surface code approximate error correction reinforcement learning
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A Construction of Quantum Error-Locating Codes 认领 引用
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作者 樊继豪 陈汉武 《Communications in Theoretical Physics》 SCIE CAS CSCD 2017年第1期37-40,共4页
We present the construction of quantum error-locating(QEL) codes based on classical error-locating(EL)codes. Similar to classical EL codes, QEL codes lie midway between quantum error-correcting codes and quantum error... We present the construction of quantum error-locating(QEL) codes based on classical error-locating(EL)codes. Similar to classical EL codes, QEL codes lie midway between quantum error-correcting codes and quantum errordetecting codes. Then QEL codes can locate qubit errors within one sub-block of the received qubit symbols but do not need to determine the exact locations of the erroneous qubits. We show that, an e-error-locating code derived from an arbitrary binary cyclic code with generator polynomial g(x), can lead to a QEL code with e error-locating abilities, only if g(x) does not contain the(1 + x)-factor. 展开更多
关键词 quantum error-correcting code error-locating code cyclic code
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Quantum decoder design for subsystem surface code based on multi-head graph attention and edge weighting 认领 引用
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作者 Nai-Hua Ji Hui-Qian Sun +2 位作者 Bo Xiao Ping-Li Song Hong-Yang Ma 《Chinese Physics B》 SCIE EI CAS CSCD 2025年第2期165-176,共12页
Quantum error-correcting codes are essential for fault-tolerant quantum computing,as they effectively detect and correct noise-induced errors by distributing information across multiple physical qubits.The subsystem s... Quantum error-correcting codes are essential for fault-tolerant quantum computing,as they effectively detect and correct noise-induced errors by distributing information across multiple physical qubits.The subsystem surface code with three-qubit check operators demonstrates significant application potential due to its simplified measurement operations and low logical error rates.However,the existing minimum-weight perfect matching(MWPM)algorithm exhibits high computational complexity and lacks flexibility in large-scale systems.Therefore,this paper proposes a decoder based on a graph attention network(GAT),representing error syndromes as undirected graphs with edge weights,and employing a multihead attention mechanism to efficiently aggregate node features and enable parallel computation.Compared to MWPM,the GAT decoder exhibits linear growth in computational complexity,adapts to different quantum code structures,and demonstrates stronger robustness under high physical error rates.The experimental results demonstrate that the proposed decoder achieves an overall accuracy of 89.95%under various small code lattice sizes(L=2,3,4,5),with the logical error rate threshold increasing to 0.0078,representing an improvement of approximately 13.04%compared to the MWPM decoder.This result significantly outperforms traditional methods,showcasing superior performance under small code lattice sizes and providing a more efficient decoding solution for large-scale quantum error correction. 展开更多
关键词 quantum error correction graph attention network subsystem surface code circuit-level noise
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Neural network-based decoding for bias-tailored quantum codes over quantum channels with asymmetric noise 认领 引用
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作者 Jihao Fan Qianhui Zhang +1 位作者 Zhihua Zhang Jun Li 《Communications in Theoretical Physics》 SCIE CAS CSCD 2025年第12期32-42,共11页
To improve the decoding performance of quantum error-correcting codes in asymmetric noise channels,a neural network-based decoding algorithm for bias-tailored quantum codes is proposed.The algorithm consists of a bias... To improve the decoding performance of quantum error-correcting codes in asymmetric noise channels,a neural network-based decoding algorithm for bias-tailored quantum codes is proposed.The algorithm consists of a biased noise model,a neural belief propagation decoder,a convolutional optimization layer,and a multi-objective loss function.The biased noise model simulates asymmetric error generation,providing a training dataset for decoding.The neural network,leveraging dynamic weight learning and a multi-objective loss function,mitigates error degeneracy.Additionally,the convolutional optimization layer enhances early-stage convergence efficiency.Numerical results show that for bias-tailored quantum codes,our decoder performs much better than the belief propagation(BP)with ordered statistics decoding(BP+OSD).Our decoder achieves an order of magnitude improvement in the error suppression compared to higher-order BP+OSD.Furthermore,the decoding threshold of our decoder for surface codes reaches a high threshold of 20%. 展开更多
关键词 quantum error correction quantum channels asymmetric noise neural networkbased decoding bias-tailored quantum codes
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A Quantum Error-Correction Circuit Based on Cyclic Code 认领 引用 被引量：1
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作者 Lü Hongjun ZHANG Zhike XIE Guangjun 《Wuhan University Journal of Natural Sciences》 CAS 2013年第5期413-417,共5页
In this paper, the cyclic code of the classic circuit is transformed and transplanted; then, the quantum encoding scheme based on cyclic code and quantum error-correction circuit is constructed. The proposed circuit c... In this paper, the cyclic code of the classic circuit is transformed and transplanted; then, the quantum encoding scheme based on cyclic code and quantum error-correction circuit is constructed. The proposed circuit can correct one-bit error, and the use of redundant bits to encode more than one-bit quantum information breaks the previous limitations of many bits encoding a quantum bit. Compared with the existing coding circuits （Shor code, Steane code and five stable subcode）, it shows obvious superiority in the quantum coding efficiency and transmission efficiency. 展开更多
关键词 quantum information quantum error-correction code cyclic code redundant bit
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Matroidal Error Correction Networks and Linear Network Error Correction MDS Codes 认领 引用
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作者 ZHOU Hang LIU Guangjun 《Wuhan University Journal of Natural Sciences》 CAS 2013年第6期477-483,共7页
In this paper, we further study the connections between linear network error correction codes and representable matroids. We extend the concept of matroidal network introduced by Dougherty et al. to a generalized case... In this paper, we further study the connections between linear network error correction codes and representable matroids. We extend the concept of matroidal network introduced by Dougherty et al. to a generalized case when errors occur in multi- ple channels. Importantly, we show the necessary and sufficient conditions on the existence of linear network error correction mul- ticast/broadcast/dispersion maximum distance separable （MDS） code on a matroidal error correction network. 展开更多
关键词 network error correction code error pattern imagi-nary error channels extended network matroid
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Generalized Minimum Rank Distance of Variable-Rate Linear Network Error Correction Codes 认领 引用
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作者 ZHOU Hang 《Wuhan University Journal of Natural Sciences》 CAS CSCD 2021年第1期19-23,共5页
By extending the notion of the minimum distance for linear network error correction code(LNEC), this paper introduces the concept of generalized minimum rank distance(GMRD) of variable-rate linear network error correc... By extending the notion of the minimum distance for linear network error correction code(LNEC), this paper introduces the concept of generalized minimum rank distance(GMRD) of variable-rate linear network error correction codes. The basic properties of GMRD are investigated. It is proved that GMRD can characterize the error correction/detection capability of variable-rate linear network error correction codes when the source transmits the messages at several different rates. 展开更多
关键词 network error correction code error pattern generalized minimum distance variable-rate
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A graph neural network and multi-task learning-based decoding algorithm for enhancing XZZX code stability in biased noise 认领 引用
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作者 Bo Xiao Zai-Xu Fan +2 位作者 Hui-Qian Sun Hong-Yang Ma Xing-Kui Fan 《Chinese Physics B》 SCIE EI CAS CSCD 2025年第5期250-257,共8页
Quantum error correction is a technique that enhances a system’s ability to combat noise by encoding logical information into additional quantum bits,which plays a key role in building practical quantum computers.The... Quantum error correction is a technique that enhances a system’s ability to combat noise by encoding logical information into additional quantum bits,which plays a key role in building practical quantum computers.The XZZX surface code,with only one stabilizer generator on each face,demonstrates significant application potential under biased noise.However,the existing minimum weight perfect matching(MWPM)algorithm has high computational complexity and lacks flexibility in large-scale systems.Therefore,this paper proposes a decoding method that combines graph neural networks(GNN)with multi-classifiers,the syndrome is transformed into an undirected graph,and the features are aggregated by convolutional layers,providing a more efficient and accurate decoding strategy.In the experiments,we evaluated the performance of the XZZX code under different biased noise conditions(bias=1,20,200)and different code distances(d=3,5,7,9,11).The experimental results show that under low bias noise(bias=1),the GNN decoder achieves a threshold of 0.18386,an improvement of approximately 19.12%compared to the MWPM decoder.Under high bias noise(bias=200),the GNN decoder reaches a threshold of 0.40542,improving by approximately 20.76%,overcoming the limitations of the conventional decoder.They demonstrate that the GNN decoding method exhibits superior performance and has broad application potential in the error correction of XZZX code. 展开更多
关键词 quantum error correction XZZX code biased noise graph neural network
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Secret Data-Driven Carrier-Free Secret Sharing Scheme Based on Error Correction Blocks of QR Codes 认领 引用
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作者 Song Wan Yuliang Lu +2 位作者 Xuehu Yan Hanlin Liu Longdan Tan 《国际计算机前沿大会会议论文集》 EI 2017年第1期56-57,共2页
In this paper,a novel secret data-driven carrier-free(semi structural formula)visual secret sharing(VSS)scheme with(2,2)threshold based on the error correction blocks of QR codes is investigated.The proposed scheme is... In this paper,a novel secret data-driven carrier-free(semi structural formula)visual secret sharing(VSS)scheme with(2,2)threshold based on the error correction blocks of QR codes is investigated.The proposed scheme is to search two QR codes that altered to satisfy the secret sharing modules in the error correction mechanism from the large datasets of QR codes according to the secret image,which is to embed the secret image into QR codes based on carrier-free secret sharing.The size of secret image is the same or closest with the region from the coordinate of(7,7)to the lower right corner of QR codes.In this way,we can find the QR codes combination of embedding secret information maximization with secret data-driven based on Big data search.Each output share is a valid QR code which can be decoded correctly utilizing a QR code reader and it may reduce the likelihood of attracting the attention of potential attackers.The proposed scheme can reveal secret image visually with the abilities of stacking and XOR decryptions.The secret image can be recovered by human visual system(HVS)without any computation based on stacking.On the other hand,if the light-weight computation device is available,the secret image can be lossless revealed based on XOR operation.In addition,QR codes could assist alignment for VSS recovery.The experimental results show the effectiveness of our scheme. 展开更多
关键词 Visual secret sharing QR code Error correction blocks Carrier-free Big data Data-driven Multiple decryptions
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