The dynamics of functionally-graded(FG) sandwich shells with varied pore distributions in thermal environments is investigated,focusing on their free vibration behaviors and sound transmission loss(STL) characteristic...The dynamics of functionally-graded(FG) sandwich shells with varied pore distributions in thermal environments is investigated,focusing on their free vibration behaviors and sound transmission loss(STL) characteristics.The effective material parameters are calculated by integrating the graded distribution through three distinct pore distribution laws.The dynamic governing equations are derived by means of the first-order shear deformation theory,guided by Hamilton's principle.The solutions for the natural frequency and acoustic transmission loss factor are obtained from the shell's free vibration general solution and the acoustic displacement function,respectively.A detailed numerical analysis is conducted to assess the impacts of the structural and geometric parameters,as well as the ambient temperature,on the vibro-acoustic properties.The results indicate that vibro-acoustic coupling is most significant in shells with a symmetric non-uniform pore distribution,and the resonance frequency shifts towards lower frequencies as the power-law index increases.These findings offer valuable insights for enhancing the design of materials aimed at vibration damping and acoustic management.展开更多
Sandwiched functionally-graded piezoelectric semiconductor(FGPS)plates possess high strength and excellent piezoelectric and semiconductor properties,and have significant potential applications in micro-electro-mechan...Sandwiched functionally-graded piezoelectric semiconductor(FGPS)plates possess high strength and excellent piezoelectric and semiconductor properties,and have significant potential applications in micro-electro-mechanical systems.The multi-field coupling and free vibration of a sandwiched FGPS plate are studied,and the governing equation and natural frequency are derived with the consideration of electron movement.The material properties in the functionally-graded layers are assumed to vary smoothly,and the first-order shear deformation theory is introduced to derive the multi-field coupling in the plate.The total strain energy of the plate is obtained,and the governing equations are presented by using Hamilton’s principle.By introducing the boundary conditions,the coupling physical fields are solved.In numerical examples,the natural frequencies of sandwiched FGPS plates under different geometrical and physical parameters are discussed.It is found that the initial electron density can be used to modulate the natural frequencies and vibrational displacement of sandwiched FGPS plates in the case of nano-size.The effects of the material properties of FGPS layers on the natural frequencies are also examined in detail.展开更多
The deformation behavior and crashworthiness of functionally-graded foam-filled tubes(FGFTs)under drop-weight impact loading were investigated.Closed cell aluminum,A356 alloy and zinc foams fabricated by the liquid st...The deformation behavior and crashworthiness of functionally-graded foam-filled tubes(FGFTs)under drop-weight impact loading were investigated.Closed cell aluminum,A356 alloy and zinc foams fabricated by the liquid state processing were used as axial grading fillers for the manufacture of single-layer and multilayer structures with different configurations.The results indicate that the deformation of multilayer foam filled tubes initiates from the low-strength components,and then propagates in the high-strength components through the gradual increment of stress.The use of more A356 alloy and aluminum foam layers provides greater specific energy absorption(SEA)for the graded structures,whereas the high-strength zinc foam has no positive effect on the crash performance.The progressive collapse of graded structures consisting of the aluminum and A356 alloy foams occurs in a symmetric mode under quasi-static and drop-weight impact conditions.However,the zinc foam causes a combination of symmetric and extension modes as well as greater localized deformation under dynamic loading and greater local rupture in quasi-static loading condition.The Al−A356 foam-filled tubes with a combination of the highest SEA(10 J/g)and the lowest initial peak stress(σmax of 10.2 MPa)are considered as the best lightweight crashworthy structures.展开更多
The deformations and stresses of a rotating cylindrical hollow disk made of incompressible functionally-graded hyper-elastic material are theoretically analyzed based on the finite elasticity theory.The hyper-elastic ...The deformations and stresses of a rotating cylindrical hollow disk made of incompressible functionally-graded hyper-elastic material are theoretically analyzed based on the finite elasticity theory.The hyper-elastic material is described by a new micro-macro transition model.Specially,the material shear modulus and density are assumed to be a function with a power law form through the radial direction,while the material inhomogeneity is thus reflected on the power index m.The integral forms of the stretches and stress components are obtained.With the obtained complicated integral forms,the composite trapezoidal rule is utilized to derive the analytical solutions,and the explicit solutions for both the stretches and the stress components are numerically obtained.By comparing the results with two classic models,the superiority of the model in our work is demonstrated.Then,the distributions of the stretches and normalized stress components are discussed in detail under the effects of m.The results indicate that the material inhomogeneity and the rotating angular velocity have significant effects on the distributions of the normalized radial and hoop stress components and the stretches.We believe that by appropriately choosing the material inhomogeneity and configuration parameters,the functionally-graded material(FGM)hyper-elastic hollow cylindrical disk can be designed to meet some unique requirements in the application fields,e.g.,soft robotics,medical devices,and conventional aerospace and mechanical industries.展开更多
This paper presents,for the first time,an effective numerical approach based on the isogeometric analysis(IGA)and the six-variable quasi-three dimensional(3D)higher-order shear deformation theory(HSDT)to study the fre...This paper presents,for the first time,an effective numerical approach based on the isogeometric analysis(IGA)and the six-variable quasi-three dimensional(3D)higher-order shear deformation theory(HSDT)to study the free vibration characteristics of functionally-graded(FG)graphene origami(GOri)-enabled auxetic metamaterial(GOEAM)plates submerged in a fluid medium.The plate theory incorporates the thickness stretching and the effects of transverse shear deformation without using any shear correction factors.The velocity potential function and Bernoulli's equation are used to derive the hydrodynamic pressure acting on the plate surface.Both horizontally and vertically immersed plate configurations are considered here in the form of inertia effects.The plates are composed of multilayer GOEAMs,with the GOri content varying through the plate's thickness in a layer-wise manner.This design results in graded auxetic growth.The material properties are evaluated by mixing rules and a genetic programming(GP)-assisted micromechanical model.The governing equations of motion for the FG-GOEAM plates immersed in a fluid medium are derived by Hamilton's principle.After validating the convergence and accuracy of the present model,a comprehensive parametric study is carried out to examine the effects of the GOri content,GOri distribution pattern,GOri folding degree,fluid level,immersed depth,and geometric parameter on the natural frequencies of the FG-GOEAM plates.The results show that the natural frequencies for the four GOri distribution patterns increase with the increase in the layer number when the lay number is fewer than 10,and then stabilize after the layer number reaches 10.Besides,in general,the natural frequency of the FG-GOEAM plate in a vacuum or fluid increases when the GOri content increases,while decreases when the GOri folding degree increases.Some additional findings related to the numerical results are presented in the conclusions.It is believed that the present results are useful for the precise design and optimization of FG-GOEAM plates immersed in a fluid medium.展开更多
Bimetallic additively manufactured structures(BAMSs)can replace traditionally-fabricated functionallygraded-components through fusion welding processes and can eliminate locally-deteriorated mechanical properties aris...Bimetallic additively manufactured structures(BAMSs)can replace traditionally-fabricated functionallygraded-components through fusion welding processes and can eliminate locally-deteriorated mechanical properties arising from post-processing.The present work fabricates a BAMS by sequentially depositing the austenitic stainless-steel and Inconel625 using a gas-metal-arc-welding(GMAW)-based wire+arc additive manufacturing(WAAM)system.Elemental mapping shows a smooth compositional transition at the interface without any segregation.Both materials being the face-center-cubic(FCC)austenite,the electron backscattered diffraction(EBSD)analysis of the interface shows the smooth and cross-interfacecrystallographic growth of long-elongated grains in thedirection.The hardness values were within the range of 220-240 HV for both materials without a large deviation at the interface.Due to the controlled thermal history,mechanical testing yielded a consistent result with the ultimate tensile strength and elongation of 600 MPa and 40%,respectively,with the failure location on the stainless-steel side.This study demonstrates that WAAM has the potential to fabricate BAMS with controlled properties.展开更多
基金Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. U1934203)。
摘要The dynamics of functionally-graded(FG) sandwich shells with varied pore distributions in thermal environments is investigated,focusing on their free vibration behaviors and sound transmission loss(STL) characteristics.The effective material parameters are calculated by integrating the graded distribution through three distinct pore distribution laws.The dynamic governing equations are derived by means of the first-order shear deformation theory,guided by Hamilton's principle.The solutions for the natural frequency and acoustic transmission loss factor are obtained from the shell's free vibration general solution and the acoustic displacement function,respectively.A detailed numerical analysis is conducted to assess the impacts of the structural and geometric parameters,as well as the ambient temperature,on the vibro-acoustic properties.The results indicate that vibro-acoustic coupling is most significant in shells with a symmetric non-uniform pore distribution,and the resonance frequency shifts towards lower frequencies as the power-law index increases.These findings offer valuable insights for enhancing the design of materials aimed at vibration damping and acoustic management.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.12172236 and 12202289)。
摘要Sandwiched functionally-graded piezoelectric semiconductor(FGPS)plates possess high strength and excellent piezoelectric and semiconductor properties,and have significant potential applications in micro-electro-mechanical systems.The multi-field coupling and free vibration of a sandwiched FGPS plate are studied,and the governing equation and natural frequency are derived with the consideration of electron movement.The material properties in the functionally-graded layers are assumed to vary smoothly,and the first-order shear deformation theory is introduced to derive the multi-field coupling in the plate.The total strain energy of the plate is obtained,and the governing equations are presented by using Hamilton’s principle.By introducing the boundary conditions,the coupling physical fields are solved.In numerical examples,the natural frequencies of sandwiched FGPS plates under different geometrical and physical parameters are discussed.It is found that the initial electron density can be used to modulate the natural frequencies and vibrational displacement of sandwiched FGPS plates in the case of nano-size.The effects of the material properties of FGPS layers on the natural frequencies are also examined in detail.
基金This work was supported by the Metal Foam Group of Amirkabir University(MFGAU)through Grant No.110-mir-13990531.The authors are grateful to Nowin Rahyaft Advanced Sciences and Technologies Knowledge Based Company for their support in casting and cutting the metal foams.
摘要The deformation behavior and crashworthiness of functionally-graded foam-filled tubes(FGFTs)under drop-weight impact loading were investigated.Closed cell aluminum,A356 alloy and zinc foams fabricated by the liquid state processing were used as axial grading fillers for the manufacture of single-layer and multilayer structures with different configurations.The results indicate that the deformation of multilayer foam filled tubes initiates from the low-strength components,and then propagates in the high-strength components through the gradual increment of stress.The use of more A356 alloy and aluminum foam layers provides greater specific energy absorption(SEA)for the graded structures,whereas the high-strength zinc foam has no positive effect on the crash performance.The progressive collapse of graded structures consisting of the aluminum and A356 alloy foams occurs in a symmetric mode under quasi-static and drop-weight impact conditions.However,the zinc foam causes a combination of symmetric and extension modes as well as greater localized deformation under dynamic loading and greater local rupture in quasi-static loading condition.The Al−A356 foam-filled tubes with a combination of the highest SEA(10 J/g)and the lowest initial peak stress(σmax of 10.2 MPa)are considered as the best lightweight crashworthy structures.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.11972144)the Shanxi Province Specialized Research and Development Breakthrough in Key Core and Generic Technologies(Key Research and Development Program)(No.2020XXX017)the Fundamental Research Program of Shanxi Province of China(No.202203021211134)。
摘要The deformations and stresses of a rotating cylindrical hollow disk made of incompressible functionally-graded hyper-elastic material are theoretically analyzed based on the finite elasticity theory.The hyper-elastic material is described by a new micro-macro transition model.Specially,the material shear modulus and density are assumed to be a function with a power law form through the radial direction,while the material inhomogeneity is thus reflected on the power index m.The integral forms of the stretches and stress components are obtained.With the obtained complicated integral forms,the composite trapezoidal rule is utilized to derive the analytical solutions,and the explicit solutions for both the stretches and the stress components are numerically obtained.By comparing the results with two classic models,the superiority of the model in our work is demonstrated.Then,the distributions of the stretches and normalized stress components are discussed in detail under the effects of m.The results indicate that the material inhomogeneity and the rotating angular velocity have significant effects on the distributions of the normalized radial and hoop stress components and the stretches.We believe that by appropriately choosing the material inhomogeneity and configuration parameters,the functionally-graded material(FGM)hyper-elastic hollow cylindrical disk can be designed to meet some unique requirements in the application fields,e.g.,soft robotics,medical devices,and conventional aerospace and mechanical industries.
基金Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.12162004 and 11562001)the Doctoral Research Start-up Fund Project at University of South China(No.Y00043-13)。
摘要This paper presents,for the first time,an effective numerical approach based on the isogeometric analysis(IGA)and the six-variable quasi-three dimensional(3D)higher-order shear deformation theory(HSDT)to study the free vibration characteristics of functionally-graded(FG)graphene origami(GOri)-enabled auxetic metamaterial(GOEAM)plates submerged in a fluid medium.The plate theory incorporates the thickness stretching and the effects of transverse shear deformation without using any shear correction factors.The velocity potential function and Bernoulli's equation are used to derive the hydrodynamic pressure acting on the plate surface.Both horizontally and vertically immersed plate configurations are considered here in the form of inertia effects.The plates are composed of multilayer GOEAMs,with the GOri content varying through the plate's thickness in a layer-wise manner.This design results in graded auxetic growth.The material properties are evaluated by mixing rules and a genetic programming(GP)-assisted micromechanical model.The governing equations of motion for the FG-GOEAM plates immersed in a fluid medium are derived by Hamilton's principle.After validating the convergence and accuracy of the present model,a comprehensive parametric study is carried out to examine the effects of the GOri content,GOri distribution pattern,GOri folding degree,fluid level,immersed depth,and geometric parameter on the natural frequencies of the FG-GOEAM plates.The results show that the natural frequencies for the four GOri distribution patterns increase with the increase in the layer number when the lay number is fewer than 10,and then stabilize after the layer number reaches 10.Besides,in general,the natural frequency of the FG-GOEAM plate in a vacuum or fluid increases when the GOri content increases,while decreases when the GOri folding degree increases.Some additional findings related to the numerical results are presented in the conclusions.It is believed that the present results are useful for the precise design and optimization of FG-GOEAM plates immersed in a fluid medium.
基金This study has been conducted with the support of the Korea Institute of Industrial Technology as a project on the development of metal 3D printing materials and process optimization technology for medium-and large-sized transportation part mold manufacturing(KITECH JE200008).
摘要Bimetallic additively manufactured structures(BAMSs)can replace traditionally-fabricated functionallygraded-components through fusion welding processes and can eliminate locally-deteriorated mechanical properties arising from post-processing.The present work fabricates a BAMS by sequentially depositing the austenitic stainless-steel and Inconel625 using a gas-metal-arc-welding(GMAW)-based wire+arc additive manufacturing(WAAM)system.Elemental mapping shows a smooth compositional transition at the interface without any segregation.Both materials being the face-center-cubic(FCC)austenite,the electron backscattered diffraction(EBSD)analysis of the interface shows the smooth and cross-interfacecrystallographic growth of long-elongated grains in thedirection.The hardness values were within the range of 220-240 HV for both materials without a large deviation at the interface.Due to the controlled thermal history,mechanical testing yielded a consistent result with the ultimate tensile strength and elongation of 600 MPa and 40%,respectively,with the failure location on the stainless-steel side.This study demonstrates that WAAM has the potential to fabricate BAMS with controlled properties.