Wafer-scale fabrication of high-performance microelectro-mechanical systems(MEMS)bio/chemical sensing chips remains constrained by the absence of reliable methods for integrating high-performance nanomaterials into su...Wafer-scale fabrication of high-performance microelectro-mechanical systems(MEMS)bio/chemical sensing chips remains constrained by the absence of reliable methods for integrating high-performance nanomaterials into suspended MEMS architectures.Here,a wafer-level manufacturing strategy is presented that redefines the MEMS process flow as“film first,cantilever later.”Through kinetically controlled self-assembly,wet-chemically synthesized Pd/SnO2nanospheres are transferred as dense,uniform monolithic films onto 8-inch wafers.An HfO2interface passivation patterning technology resolves long-standing incompatibility between functional sensing films and silicon substrates,enabling precise patterning and reliable integration on suspended MEMS cantilevers.The resulting Pd/SnO2MEMS H2 chips are fabricated onto an 8-inch wafer,demonstrating high sensitivity and consistency.This approach overcomes long-standing wafer-level manufacturing challenges in the formation and patterning of high-performance nanomaterials film,establishing a fully integrated wafer-level process that fundamentally redefines the manufacturing route for tetramethylammonium hydroxide-resistant nanomaterial-based MEMS sensing chips.展开更多
Translating the excellent properties of metal halide perovskites(MHPs)into practical flexible optoelectronic devices requires high-resolution multicolor patterning techniques that are compatible with post-fabrication ...Translating the excellent properties of metal halide perovskites(MHPs)into practical flexible optoelectronic devices requires high-resolution multicolor patterning techniques that are compatible with post-fabrication processing.However,such a capability has remained elusive.Here,we introduce a mask-free continuous-wave(CW)laser patterning technique that simultaneously crystallizes and compositionally tunes CsPb(Br1-xIx)3perovskite nanocrystals(PNCs)within a polyvinylidene difluoride(PVDF)film.By modulating the irradiation time and power density,we achieve precise control over halide composition,enabling continuous photoluminescence(PL)shift from green(520 nm)to red(630 nm)and a corresponding bandgap reduction from 2.31 to 1.89 eV.This approach enables high-resolution multicolor patterning with micron-scale features suitable for flexible optoelectronics.Furthermore,the patterned perovskite-PVDF films exhibit excellent water stability and mechanical flexibility,supporting applications in high-resolution X-ray imaging and dynamic biomimetic devices.We demonstrate scalable fabrication of vivid,bendable patterns,and integrate laser-patterned perovskite motifs into a humidityresponsive polyurethane copolymer to create bionic butterflies that mimic natural wing motion.This mask-free single-step laser patterning method offers a versatile and post-fabrication-compatible route for spatially precise optoelectronic integration,advancing the application of perovskite nanomaterials in flexible displays,scintillators,and biomimetic robotics.展开更多
Owing to the exceptional optoelectronic properties,metal halide perovskites have emerged as leading semiconductor materials for next-generation display technologies,providing perovskite light-emitting diodes(Pe LEDs)g...Owing to the exceptional optoelectronic properties,metal halide perovskites have emerged as leading semiconductor materials for next-generation display technologies,providing perovskite light-emitting diodes(Pe LEDs)great potential for high-quality color displays with a wide color gamut and pure color emission.Although laboratory-scale Pe LEDs have achieved neartheoretical efficiencies,challenges such as achieving uniform large-area films,improving material stability,and enhancing patterning precision remain barriers to commercialization.This review presents a systematic analysis of scalable manufacturing and precision patterning strategies for Pe LEDs,focusing on their applications in large-area lighting and full-color displays.Fabrication methods are categorized into film deposition techniques(spin-coating,blade-coating,and thermal evaporation)and patterning strategies,including top-down(photolithography,laser/e-beam lithography,and nanoimprinting)and bottom-up(patterned crystal growth,inkjet printing,and electrohydrodynamic jet printing)approaches.In this review,we discuss the advantages and limitations of each strategy,highlight current challenges,and outlook possible pathways towards scalable,high-performance Pe LEDs for advanced optoelectronic applications.展开更多
Liriodendron is a highly valued ornamental genus renowned for its distinctive tulip-shaped flowers.Despite its horticultural importance,the molecular mechanisms underlying interspecific variation in petal coloration,n...Liriodendron is a highly valued ornamental genus renowned for its distinctive tulip-shaped flowers.Despite its horticultural importance,the molecular mechanisms underlying interspecific variation in petal coloration,namely green petals in Liriodendron chinense(Hemsl.)Sargent,an orange-yellow basal band in Liriodendron tulipifera Linn.,and an extended orange-yellow band in their hybrid,remain poorly understood.By integrating morphological,transcriptomic,and metabolomic analyses,we found that orange-yellow pigmentation during petal development is closely associated with chlorophyll degradation and carotenoid biosynthesis.The expression of chlorophyll synthesis genes PORA1 and PORA2 showed a strong positive correlation with chlorophyll content,and their downregulation led to disrupted chloroplast structure and reduced chlorophyll levels.Concurrently,carotenoid biosynthesis genes CRTISO and LCYE were markedly upregulated during the formation of the colored petal band.These results highlight the synergistic roles of chlorophyll and carotenoid metabolism in determining petal color patterning in Liriodendron,providing a genetic basis for the targeted breeding of ornamental traits.展开更多
The preparation of red,green,and blue quantum dot(QD)pixelated arrays with high precision,resolution,and brightness poses a significant challenge on the development of advanced micro-displays for virtual,augmented,and...The preparation of red,green,and blue quantum dot(QD)pixelated arrays with high precision,resolution,and brightness poses a significant challenge on the development of advanced micro-displays for virtual,augmented,and mixed reality applications.Alongside the controlled synthesis of high-performance QDs,a reliable QD patterning technology is crucial in overcoming this challenge.Among the various methods available,photolithography-based patterning technologies show great potentials in producing ultra-fine QD patterns at micron scale.This review article presents the recent advancements in the field of QD patterning using photolithography techniques and explores their applications in micro-display technology.Firstly,we discuss QD patterning through photolithography techniques employing photoresist(PR),which falls into two categories:PRassisted photolithography and photolithography of QDPR.Subsequently,direct photolithography techniques based on photo-induced crosslinking of photosensitive groups and photo-induced ligand cleavage mechanisms are thoroughly reviewed.Meanwhile,we assess the performance of QD arrays fabricated using these photolithography techniques and their integration into QD light emitting diode display devices as well as color conversionbased micro light emitting diode display devices.Lastly,we summarize the most recent developments in this field and outline future prospects.展开更多
Functional materials synthesized from bio-based building blocks are fascinating and challenging in the fields of chemistry and materials science.Herein,we present a versatile strategy for synthesizing bio-based stimul...Functional materials synthesized from bio-based building blocks are fascinating and challenging in the fields of chemistry and materials science.Herein,we present a versatile strategy for synthesizing bio-based stimulus-responsive polymers derived from itaconic acid(IA).Bearing an azobenzene-containing side chain,the IA-based epoxy polymer exhibited both photoresponsiveness and acid/base-stimulus responsiveness.With controllable manipulation of the stress field of the wrinkling IA-polymer film via the stress relaxation effect resulting from the reversible cis-trans isomerization of the azobenzene moieties or solvent-induced swelling of the film,various tailor-made patterned wrinkling surfaces were conveniently fabricated.More importantly,the azobenzene protonation/deprotonation yields a reversible visual color transformation between pale yellow and purple in the film,which allows these IA-based polymer-coated surfaces to be utilized as rewritable information storage media.Various elegant pattern information can be acid-printed and base-erased(within 10 s)for multiple cycles and legible for over one day under laboratory conditions.Notably,the aforementioned dual-stimulus responsiveness of the IA-based polymer film enables its surface to be applied in information encryption.This study not only paves a new avenue for the convenient fabrication of stimulus-responsive surfaces but also sheds light on the development of functional polymers through green engineering.展开更多
Sensors play an important role in information perception during the age of intelligence,particularly in areas such as environmental monitoring and human perception.To meet the huge demands for information acquisition ...Sensors play an important role in information perception during the age of intelligence,particularly in areas such as environmental monitoring and human perception.To meet the huge demands for information acquisition in the whole society,the development of elaborated sensor structures using patterned manufacturing technology is important to improve the performance of sensors.Creating patterned structures can enhance the interaction between the sensitive material and target matter,increase the contact area between the sensor and the target matter,amplify the effect of target matter on the sensor structure,and enhance the density of information sensing by building arrays.This review presents a comprehensive overview of patterned micro-nanostructure manufacturing techniques for performance enhancement of flexible sensors,including printing,exposure lithography,mould method,soft lithography,nanoimprinting lithography,and laser direct writing technology.Meanwhile,it introduces the evaluation methods of flexible sensor performance and discusses how patterned structures influence this performance.Finally,some practical application examples of patterned manufacturing techniques are introduced according to different types of flexible sensors.This review also summarises and provides an outlook on the role of these techniques in enhancing sensor performance offering valuable insights for future developments in the patterned manufacturing of flexible sensors.展开更多
Bacterial adhesion and biofilm formation impose a heavy burden on the medical system. Bacterial adhesion on implant materials would induce inflammation and result in implant failure. The adhesion of bacteria on food-p...Bacterial adhesion and biofilm formation impose a heavy burden on the medical system. Bacterial adhesion on implant materials would induce inflammation and result in implant failure. The adhesion of bacteria on food-processing and handling equipment may lead to food-borne illness. To reduce and even prevent bacterial adhesion, some bacterial anti-adhesion surface designs have been developed. However,the effect of some surface properties(including surface patterning, roughness and wettability) on bacterial adhesion has not been systematically summarized. In this review, a comprehensive overview of bacterial anti-adhesion surface design is presented. Modifying the surface pattern and roughness could reduce the contact area between bacteria and surfaces to weaken the initial adhesion force. Fabricating superhydrophobic surface or modifying hydrophilic functional groups could hinder the bacterial adhesion. The analysis and discussion about influencing factors of bacterial anti-adhesion surfaces provide basic guidelines on antibacterial surface design for future researches.展开更多
Metal halide perovskites have emerged as promising light-emitting materials for next-generation displays owing to their remarkable material characteristics including broad color tunability,pure color emission with rem...Metal halide perovskites have emerged as promising light-emitting materials for next-generation displays owing to their remarkable material characteristics including broad color tunability,pure color emission with remarkably narrow bandwidths,high quantum yield,and solution processability.Despite recent advances have pushed the luminance efficiency of monochromic perovskite light-emitting diodes(PeLEDs)to their theoretical limits,their current fabrication using the spincoating process poses limitations for fabrication of full-color displays.To integrate PeLEDs into full-color display panels,it is crucial to pattern red–green–blue(RGB)perovskite pixels,while mitigating issues such as cross-contamination and reductions in luminous efficiency.Herein,we present state-of-the-art patterning technologies for the development of full-color PeLEDs.First,we highlight recent advances in the development of efficient PeLEDs.Second,we discuss various patterning techniques of MPHs(i.e.,photolithography,inkjet printing,electron beam lithography and laserassisted lithography,electrohydrodynamic jet printing,thermal evaporation,and transfer printing)for fabrication of RGB pixelated displays.These patterning techniques can be classified into two distinct approaches:in situ crystallization patterning using perovskite precursors and patterning of colloidal perovskite nanocrystals.This review highlights advancements and limitations in patterning techniques for PeLEDs,paving the way for integrating PeLEDs into full-color panels.展开更多
The undesirable dendrite growth induced by non-planar zinc(Zn)deposition and low Coulombic efficiency resulting from severe side reactions have been long-standing challenges for metallic Zn anodes and substantially im...The undesirable dendrite growth induced by non-planar zinc(Zn)deposition and low Coulombic efficiency resulting from severe side reactions have been long-standing challenges for metallic Zn anodes and substantially impede the practical application of rechargeable aqueous Zn metal batteries(ZMBs).Herein,we present a strategy for achieving a high-rate and long-cycle-life Zn metal anode by patterning Zn foil surfaces and endowing a Zn-Indium(Zn-In)interface in the microchannels.The accumulation of electrons in the microchannel and the zincophilicity of the Zn-In interface promote preferential heteroepitaxial Zn deposition in the microchannel region and enhance the tolerance of the electrode at high current densities.Meanwhile,electron aggregation accelerates the dissolution of non-(002)plane Zn atoms on the array surface,thereby directing the subsequent homoepitaxial Zn deposition on the array surface.Consequently,the planar dendrite-free Zn deposition and long-term cycling stability are achieved(5,050 h at 10.0 mA cm−2 and 27,000 cycles at 20.0 mA cm−2).Furthermore,a Zn/I2 full cell assembled by pairing with such an anode can maintain good stability for 3,500 cycles at 5.0 C,demonstrating the application potential of the as-prepared ZnIn anode for high-performance aqueous ZMBs.展开更多
We demonstrate a process to achieve selective surface metallization of ZrO2ceramics using ultrasound technology in atmospheric environments at 350℃,which bestows good weldability of ZrO2to achieve rapid and rel...We demonstrate a process to achieve selective surface metallization of ZrO2ceramics using ultrasound technology in atmospheric environments at 350℃,which bestows good weldability of ZrO2to achieve rapid and reliable connections with other metals as well as ceramic materials.The challenge is that brazing or diffusion welding processes to accomplish metallurgical connections for ZrO2 typically require holding at elevated temperatures for minutes to hours,while the selective ultrasonic metallization process requires only a few seconds of processing without the application of covering films or solder resists.In this study,the selected Sn-2Ti alloy could effectively wet and spread on ZrO2substrate under ultrasonication,and continuous interphase layers were rapidly formed in situ between ZrO2and Sn-2Ti.The bonding strength for the ZrO2/Sn-2Ti interface was well established with the highest shear strength of 37.1 MPa,and the fracture location occurred at the filler metal.The interfacial reaction layer thickened remarkably with the prolongation of sonication,accompanied by the partial crystallization of amorphous TiO and the formation of irregularly striped Ti11.31Sn3O10nanocrystals.展开更多
The coiled-coil domain containing protein CCDC136 is a putative tumor suppressor and significantly down-regulated in gastric and colorectal cancer tissues. However, little is known about its biological functions durin...The coiled-coil domain containing protein CCDC136 is a putative tumor suppressor and significantly down-regulated in gastric and colorectal cancer tissues. However, little is known about its biological functions during vertebrate embryo development. Zebrafish has two CCDC136 orthologs, ccdc136a and ccdc136b, but only ccdc136b is highly expressed during early embryonic development. In this study, we demonstrate that ccdc136b is required for dorsal-ventral axial patterning in zebrafish embryos, ccdc136b morphants display strongly dorsalized phenotypes. Loss- and gain-of-function experiments in zebrafish embryos and mammalian cells show that Ccdc136b is a crucial negative regulator of the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway, and plays a critical role in the establishment of the dorsal-ventral axis. We further find that Ccdc136b interacts with APC, promotes the binding affinity of APC withβ-catenin and then facilitates the turnover ofβ-catenin. These results provide the first evidence that CCDC136 regulates zebrafish dorsal-ventral patterning by antagonizing Wnt/β-catenin signal transduction and suggest a potential mechanism underlying its suppressive activity in carcinogenesis.展开更多
A combination of hydrogels and microfluidics allows the construction of biomimetic three-dimensional(3D)tissue models in vitro,which are also known as organ-on-a-chipmodels.The hydrogel patterningwith awell-controlled...A combination of hydrogels and microfluidics allows the construction of biomimetic three-dimensional(3D)tissue models in vitro,which are also known as organ-on-a-chipmodels.The hydrogel patterningwith awell-controlled spatial distribution is typically achieved by embedding sophisticated microstructures to act as a boundary.However,these physical barriers inevitably expose cellsissues to a less physiologically relevant microenvironment than in vivo conditions.Herein,we present a novel dissolvable temporary barrier(DTB)strategy that allows robust and flexible hydrogel patterning with great freedom of design and desirable flow stimuli for cellular hydrogels.The key aspect of this approach is the patterning of a water-soluble rigid barrier as a guiding path for the hydrogel using stencil printing technology,followed by a barrier-free medium perfusion after the dissolution of the DTB.Single and multiple tissue compartments with different geometries can be established using either straight or curved DTB structures.The effectiveness of this strategy is further validated by generating a 3D vascular network through vasculogenesis and angiogenesis using a vascularized microtumor model.As a new proof-of-concept in vasculature-on-a-chip,DTB enables seamless contact between the hydrogel and the culture medium in closed microdevices,which is an improved protocol for the fabrication ofmultiorgan chips.Therefore,we expect it to serve as a promising paradigm for organ-on-a-chip devices for the development of tumor vascularization and drug evaluation in the future preclinical studies.展开更多
Controlled growth of patterned single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) is an important issue in many applications. Herein, we demonstrated a method to pattern catalyst via inkjet printing for the growth of SWNTs, using...Controlled growth of patterned single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) is an important issue in many applications. Herein, we demonstrated a method to pattern catalyst via inkjet printing for the growth of SWNTs, using metal salt solutions as the inks and an ordinary office-use printer. We printed water solutions of cobalt acetate on hydrophilic Si substrates and grew high quality SWNT films. The composition of the precursor solutions and the hydrophilicity of the substrates were crucial factors to the patterning.展开更多
In recent years,metal halide perovskites have received significant attention as materials for next-generation optoelectronic devices owing to their excellent optoelectronic properties.The unprecedented rapid evolution...In recent years,metal halide perovskites have received significant attention as materials for next-generation optoelectronic devices owing to their excellent optoelectronic properties.The unprecedented rapid evolution in the device performance has been achieved by gaining an advanced understanding of the composition,crystal growth,and defect engineering of perovskites.As device performances approach their theoretical limits,effective optical management becomes essential for achieving higher efficiency.In this review,we discuss the status and perspectives of nano to micron-scale patterning methods for the optical management of perovskite optoelectronic devices.We initially discuss the importance of effective light harvesting and light outcoupling via optical management.Subsequently,the recent progress in various patterningexturing techniques applied to perovskite optoelectronic devices is summarized by categorizing them into top-down and bottom-up methods.Finally,we discuss the perspectives of advanced patterningexturing technologies for the development and commercialization of perovskite optoelectronic devices.展开更多
The ability to control cell patterning on artificial substrates with various physicochemical properties is of essence for important implications in cytology and biomedical fields. Despite extensive progress, the abili...The ability to control cell patterning on artificial substrates with various physicochemical properties is of essence for important implications in cytology and biomedical fields. Despite extensive progress, the ability to control the cell-surface interaction is complicated by the complexity in the physiochemical features of bioactive surfaces. In particular, the manifesta- tion of special wettability rendered by the combination of surface roughness and surface chemistry further enriches the cell-surface interaction. Herein we investigated the cell adhesion behaviors of Circulating Tumor Cells (CTCs) on topog- raphically patterned but chemically homogeneous surfaces. Harnessing the distinctive cell adhesion on surfaces with different topography, we further explored the feasibility of controlled cell patterning using periodic lattices of alternative topographies. We envision that our method provides a designer's toolbox to manage the extracellular environment.展开更多
We have realized efficient photopatterning and high-quality ZrO2films through combustion synthesis and manufactured resistive random access memory(RRAM)devices with excellent switching stability at low temperatures...We have realized efficient photopatterning and high-quality ZrO2films through combustion synthesis and manufactured resistive random access memory(RRAM)devices with excellent switching stability at low temperatures(250℃)using these approaches.Combustion synthesis reduces the energy required for oxide conversion,thus accelerating the decomposition of organic ligands in the UV-exposed area,and promoting the formation of metal-oxygen networks,contributing to patterning.Thermal analysis confirmed a reduction in the conversion temperature of combustion precursors,and the prepared combustion ZrO2films exhibited a high proportion of metal-oxygen bonding that constitutes the oxide lattice,along with an amorphous phase.Furthermore,the synergistic effect of combustion synthesis and UV/O3-assisted photochemical activation resulted in patterned ZrO2films forming even more complete metal-oxygen networks.RRAM devices fabricated with patterned ZrO2films using combustion synthesis exhibited excellent switching characteristics,including a narrow resistance distribution,endurance of 103 cycles,and retention for 105 s at 85℃,despite low-temperature annealing.Combustion synthesis not only enables the formation of high-quality metal oxide films with low external energy but also facilitates improved photopatterning.展开更多
A novel method of patterning high precision copper conductive micropatterns on flexible polymer substrate(polyimide)is developed.We utilized the coordination effect between palladium salts and pyridine structures to f...A novel method of patterning high precision copper conductive micropatterns on flexible polymer substrate(polyimide)is developed.We utilized the coordination effect between palladium salts and pyridine structures to fix the palladium chloride(PdCl2)on the surface of polymer film while the 2,6-dimethylpyridine structures formed in the specific areas under ultraviolet light guaranteed the resolution of final patterns.Simultaneous thermal reduction of PdCl2 on the surface can be achieved in the process of thermal cyclization of the polymer substrate.As a consequence,the obtained polyimide(PI)film can be patterned with conductive copper micropatterns directly by electroless plating.In particular,we accomplished the deposition of high precision copper pattern with a minimum line width of 50μm and minimum line spacing of 20μm on PI thin films(thickness~10μm)by electroless plating.The prepared conductive copper micropatterns exhibit a low resistivity of 1.78μΩ·cm the same as the pure block copper.And the relationship between the structures of the polymer chains and the physical properties of polymer substrates,such as the dimensional stability,mechanical and dielectric properties were also discussed in detail.This simple and novel method of patterning metal on the polymer surface does not need to achieve the catalytic metal adhesion required for electroless plating at the cost of destroying the substrate surface and avoiding the introduction of unstable interlayers.This patterning method is compatible with the current roll-to-roll production process and can be used to develop high-performance micro-integrated circuits.展开更多
Ultrafine silver fiber is an alternative to commercial indium tin oxide(ITO) as a new-generation flexible transparent conductor that can be used in flexible electronics.However,its primary limitation is the unrepeatab...Ultrafine silver fiber is an alternative to commercial indium tin oxide(ITO) as a new-generation flexible transparent conductor that can be used in flexible electronics.However,its primary limitation is the unrepeatable optoelectronic properties due to the disordered distribution of silver fibers.In this work,we report the in-situ direct writing of the silver microfiber pattern with high conductivity and transparency to attain a flexible transparent conductor.The silver network is composed of silver microfibers,which can be artificially designed and regularly patterned under the precise control of the fiber position and shape;this is crucial for regulating its optoelectronic properties.Herein,a high-performance conductor is achieved in the silver network with high stability.This novel conductor has a sheet resistance of 2 Ω sq-1at 90% transparency,which corre sponds to a high Figure of merit σdc/σopt=1742.The in-situ direct writing technique developed here is distinct from other fabrication methods because it requires no transfer steps,templates or heating.Further,this silver network is integrated into a light-printable rewritable device,and can be used as a wearable heater;this heater when driven by a 1.5 V battery attains a temperature of up to 55.6℃.Therefore,in-situ direct writing is expected to offer a new platform for facile,scalable,and ultralow-cost production of high-performance metal networks for flexible transparent conductors.展开更多
Chemical heterogeneity in high-temperature austenite is an effective way to tune the austenite-to-martensite transformation during cooling.The effect of quenching temperature on microstructure evolution is investigate...Chemical heterogeneity in high-temperature austenite is an effective way to tune the austenite-to-martensite transformation during cooling.The effect of quenching temperature on microstructure evolution is investigated when the high-temperature austenite is heterogeneous.After fast austenitization from partitioned pearlite consisting of Mn-enriched cementite and Mn-depleted ferrite in Fe-0.29C-3.76Mn-1.50Si(wt.%)steel,quenching to room temperature and quenching to 130℃followed by 400℃partitioning are both applied.With increasing quenching temperature from 25 to 130℃,the amount of heterogeneous microstructure(lamellar ghost pearlite)increases from 10.6%to 33.6%and the thickness of Mn-enriched retained austenite film is increased from 31.9±5.9 to 51.5±4.4 nm,indicating an enhancement of chemical patterning.It is probably ascribed to the reduction in driving force for austenite-to-martensite transformation,which requires a lower Mn content for austenite retention.展开更多
基金supported by the National Key R&D Program of China(2020YFB2008701).
摘要Wafer-scale fabrication of high-performance microelectro-mechanical systems(MEMS)bio/chemical sensing chips remains constrained by the absence of reliable methods for integrating high-performance nanomaterials into suspended MEMS architectures.Here,a wafer-level manufacturing strategy is presented that redefines the MEMS process flow as“film first,cantilever later.”Through kinetically controlled self-assembly,wet-chemically synthesized Pd/SnO2nanospheres are transferred as dense,uniform monolithic films onto 8-inch wafers.An HfO2interface passivation patterning technology resolves long-standing incompatibility between functional sensing films and silicon substrates,enabling precise patterning and reliable integration on suspended MEMS cantilevers.The resulting Pd/SnO2MEMS H2 chips are fabricated onto an 8-inch wafer,demonstrating high sensitivity and consistency.This approach overcomes long-standing wafer-level manufacturing challenges in the formation and patterning of high-performance nanomaterials film,establishing a fully integrated wafer-level process that fundamentally redefines the manufacturing route for tetramethylammonium hydroxide-resistant nanomaterial-based MEMS sensing chips.
基金National Key Research and Development Program of China(Grant No.2022ZDZX0007)Yunnan Major Scientific and Technological Projects(Grant No.202402AB080011)the Science Fund of Shandong Laboratory of Advanced Materials and Green Manufacturing at Yantai(Grant No.AMGM2024F15)。
摘要Translating the excellent properties of metal halide perovskites(MHPs)into practical flexible optoelectronic devices requires high-resolution multicolor patterning techniques that are compatible with post-fabrication processing.However,such a capability has remained elusive.Here,we introduce a mask-free continuous-wave(CW)laser patterning technique that simultaneously crystallizes and compositionally tunes CsPb(Br1-xIx)3perovskite nanocrystals(PNCs)within a polyvinylidene difluoride(PVDF)film.By modulating the irradiation time and power density,we achieve precise control over halide composition,enabling continuous photoluminescence(PL)shift from green(520 nm)to red(630 nm)and a corresponding bandgap reduction from 2.31 to 1.89 eV.This approach enables high-resolution multicolor patterning with micron-scale features suitable for flexible optoelectronics.Furthermore,the patterned perovskite-PVDF films exhibit excellent water stability and mechanical flexibility,supporting applications in high-resolution X-ray imaging and dynamic biomimetic devices.We demonstrate scalable fabrication of vivid,bendable patterns,and integrate laser-patterned perovskite motifs into a humidityresponsive polyurethane copolymer to create bionic butterflies that mimic natural wing motion.This mask-free single-step laser patterning method offers a versatile and post-fabrication-compatible route for spatially precise optoelectronic integration,advancing the application of perovskite nanomaterials in flexible displays,scintillators,and biomimetic robotics.
基金supported by 14th Five-Year Plan Key R&D Plan,Ministry of Science and Technology of the People’s Republic of China,2024YFB3409002National Natural Science Foundation of China,12302142+4 种基金HKUSTHKUST(GZ)Collaborative Research Scheme,G035Yangcheng Scholars Research Project-Leading Talent Training Project,2024312156Guangzhou-HKUST(GZ)Joint Funding Scheme,2023A03J0157Guangzhou Basic and Applied Basic Research Project,2024A04J4765Shenzhen Basic Research Project,JCYJ20220530114417040。
摘要Owing to the exceptional optoelectronic properties,metal halide perovskites have emerged as leading semiconductor materials for next-generation display technologies,providing perovskite light-emitting diodes(Pe LEDs)great potential for high-quality color displays with a wide color gamut and pure color emission.Although laboratory-scale Pe LEDs have achieved neartheoretical efficiencies,challenges such as achieving uniform large-area films,improving material stability,and enhancing patterning precision remain barriers to commercialization.This review presents a systematic analysis of scalable manufacturing and precision patterning strategies for Pe LEDs,focusing on their applications in large-area lighting and full-color displays.Fabrication methods are categorized into film deposition techniques(spin-coating,blade-coating,and thermal evaporation)and patterning strategies,including top-down(photolithography,laser/e-beam lithography,and nanoimprinting)and bottom-up(patterned crystal growth,inkjet printing,and electrohydrodynamic jet printing)approaches.In this review,we discuss the advantages and limitations of each strategy,highlight current challenges,and outlook possible pathways towards scalable,high-performance Pe LEDs for advanced optoelectronic applications.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32101546)the Youth Foundation of the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province(BK20210614)+1 种基金the Postgraduate Research&Practice Innovation Program of Jiangsu Province(KYCX23_1208)the Priority Academic Program Development of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions(PAPD).
摘要Liriodendron is a highly valued ornamental genus renowned for its distinctive tulip-shaped flowers.Despite its horticultural importance,the molecular mechanisms underlying interspecific variation in petal coloration,namely green petals in Liriodendron chinense(Hemsl.)Sargent,an orange-yellow basal band in Liriodendron tulipifera Linn.,and an extended orange-yellow band in their hybrid,remain poorly understood.By integrating morphological,transcriptomic,and metabolomic analyses,we found that orange-yellow pigmentation during petal development is closely associated with chlorophyll degradation and carotenoid biosynthesis.The expression of chlorophyll synthesis genes PORA1 and PORA2 showed a strong positive correlation with chlorophyll content,and their downregulation led to disrupted chloroplast structure and reduced chlorophyll levels.Concurrently,carotenoid biosynthesis genes CRTISO and LCYE were markedly upregulated during the formation of the colored petal band.These results highlight the synergistic roles of chlorophyll and carotenoid metabolism in determining petal color patterning in Liriodendron,providing a genetic basis for the targeted breeding of ornamental traits.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(62374142,12175189 and 11904302)External Cooperation Program of Fujian(2022I0004)+1 种基金Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(20720190005 and 20720220085)Major Science and Technology Project of Xiamen in China(3502Z20191015).
摘要The preparation of red,green,and blue quantum dot(QD)pixelated arrays with high precision,resolution,and brightness poses a significant challenge on the development of advanced micro-displays for virtual,augmented,and mixed reality applications.Alongside the controlled synthesis of high-performance QDs,a reliable QD patterning technology is crucial in overcoming this challenge.Among the various methods available,photolithography-based patterning technologies show great potentials in producing ultra-fine QD patterns at micron scale.This review article presents the recent advancements in the field of QD patterning using photolithography techniques and explores their applications in micro-display technology.Firstly,we discuss QD patterning through photolithography techniques employing photoresist(PR),which falls into two categories:PRassisted photolithography and photolithography of QDPR.Subsequently,direct photolithography techniques based on photo-induced crosslinking of photosensitive groups and photo-induced ligand cleavage mechanisms are thoroughly reviewed.Meanwhile,we assess the performance of QD arrays fabricated using these photolithography techniques and their integration into QD light emitting diode display devices as well as color conversionbased micro light emitting diode display devices.Lastly,we summarize the most recent developments in this field and outline future prospects.
基金supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province(No.ZR2022MB034)。
摘要Functional materials synthesized from bio-based building blocks are fascinating and challenging in the fields of chemistry and materials science.Herein,we present a versatile strategy for synthesizing bio-based stimulus-responsive polymers derived from itaconic acid(IA).Bearing an azobenzene-containing side chain,the IA-based epoxy polymer exhibited both photoresponsiveness and acid/base-stimulus responsiveness.With controllable manipulation of the stress field of the wrinkling IA-polymer film via the stress relaxation effect resulting from the reversible cis-trans isomerization of the azobenzene moieties or solvent-induced swelling of the film,various tailor-made patterned wrinkling surfaces were conveniently fabricated.More importantly,the azobenzene protonation/deprotonation yields a reversible visual color transformation between pale yellow and purple in the film,which allows these IA-based polymer-coated surfaces to be utilized as rewritable information storage media.Various elegant pattern information can be acid-printed and base-erased(within 10 s)for multiple cycles and legible for over one day under laboratory conditions.Notably,the aforementioned dual-stimulus responsiveness of the IA-based polymer film enables its surface to be applied in information encryption.This study not only paves a new avenue for the convenient fabrication of stimulus-responsive surfaces but also sheds light on the development of functional polymers through green engineering.
基金financial support from the National Key Research and Development Program of China(Grant 2024YFB3212100)National Natural Science Foundation of China(NSFC Grant Nos.62422409,62174152 and 62374159)from the Youth Innovation Promotion Association of Chinese Academy of Sciences(No.2020115)。
摘要Sensors play an important role in information perception during the age of intelligence,particularly in areas such as environmental monitoring and human perception.To meet the huge demands for information acquisition in the whole society,the development of elaborated sensor structures using patterned manufacturing technology is important to improve the performance of sensors.Creating patterned structures can enhance the interaction between the sensitive material and target matter,increase the contact area between the sensor and the target matter,amplify the effect of target matter on the sensor structure,and enhance the density of information sensing by building arrays.This review presents a comprehensive overview of patterned micro-nanostructure manufacturing techniques for performance enhancement of flexible sensors,including printing,exposure lithography,mould method,soft lithography,nanoimprinting lithography,and laser direct writing technology.Meanwhile,it introduces the evaluation methods of flexible sensor performance and discusses how patterned structures influence this performance.Finally,some practical application examples of patterned manufacturing techniques are introduced according to different types of flexible sensors.This review also summarises and provides an outlook on the role of these techniques in enhancing sensor performance offering valuable insights for future developments in the patterned manufacturing of flexible sensors.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (52003028)Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (FRF-GF-20-06B)
摘要Bacterial adhesion and biofilm formation impose a heavy burden on the medical system. Bacterial adhesion on implant materials would induce inflammation and result in implant failure. The adhesion of bacteria on food-processing and handling equipment may lead to food-borne illness. To reduce and even prevent bacterial adhesion, some bacterial anti-adhesion surface designs have been developed. However,the effect of some surface properties(including surface patterning, roughness and wettability) on bacterial adhesion has not been systematically summarized. In this review, a comprehensive overview of bacterial anti-adhesion surface design is presented. Modifying the surface pattern and roughness could reduce the contact area between bacteria and surfaces to weaken the initial adhesion force. Fabricating superhydrophobic surface or modifying hydrophilic functional groups could hinder the bacterial adhesion. The analysis and discussion about influencing factors of bacterial anti-adhesion surfaces provide basic guidelines on antibacterial surface design for future researches.
基金the National Research Foundation of Korea(NRF)grant funded by the Korean government(MSIT)(Grant No.2021R1C1C1007997).
摘要Metal halide perovskites have emerged as promising light-emitting materials for next-generation displays owing to their remarkable material characteristics including broad color tunability,pure color emission with remarkably narrow bandwidths,high quantum yield,and solution processability.Despite recent advances have pushed the luminance efficiency of monochromic perovskite light-emitting diodes(PeLEDs)to their theoretical limits,their current fabrication using the spincoating process poses limitations for fabrication of full-color displays.To integrate PeLEDs into full-color display panels,it is crucial to pattern red–green–blue(RGB)perovskite pixels,while mitigating issues such as cross-contamination and reductions in luminous efficiency.Herein,we present state-of-the-art patterning technologies for the development of full-color PeLEDs.First,we highlight recent advances in the development of efficient PeLEDs.Second,we discuss various patterning techniques of MPHs(i.e.,photolithography,inkjet printing,electron beam lithography and laserassisted lithography,electrohydrodynamic jet printing,thermal evaporation,and transfer printing)for fabrication of RGB pixelated displays.These patterning techniques can be classified into two distinct approaches:in situ crystallization patterning using perovskite precursors and patterning of colloidal perovskite nanocrystals.This review highlights advancements and limitations in patterning techniques for PeLEDs,paving the way for integrating PeLEDs into full-color panels.
基金supported by the National Research Foundation of Korea Grant funded by the Korean government(MSIP)(No.2018R1A6A1A03025708).
摘要The undesirable dendrite growth induced by non-planar zinc(Zn)deposition and low Coulombic efficiency resulting from severe side reactions have been long-standing challenges for metallic Zn anodes and substantially impede the practical application of rechargeable aqueous Zn metal batteries(ZMBs).Herein,we present a strategy for achieving a high-rate and long-cycle-life Zn metal anode by patterning Zn foil surfaces and endowing a Zn-Indium(Zn-In)interface in the microchannels.The accumulation of electrons in the microchannel and the zincophilicity of the Zn-In interface promote preferential heteroepitaxial Zn deposition in the microchannel region and enhance the tolerance of the electrode at high current densities.Meanwhile,electron aggregation accelerates the dissolution of non-(002)plane Zn atoms on the array surface,thereby directing the subsequent homoepitaxial Zn deposition on the array surface.Consequently,the planar dendrite-free Zn deposition and long-term cycling stability are achieved(5,050 h at 10.0 mA cm−2 and 27,000 cycles at 20.0 mA cm−2).Furthermore,a Zn/I2 full cell assembled by pairing with such an anode can maintain good stability for 3,500 cycles at 5.0 C,demonstrating the application potential of the as-prepared ZnIn anode for high-performance aqueous ZMBs.
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.51805111).
摘要We demonstrate a process to achieve selective surface metallization of ZrO2ceramics using ultrasound technology in atmospheric environments at 350℃,which bestows good weldability of ZrO2to achieve rapid and reliable connections with other metals as well as ceramic materials.The challenge is that brazing or diffusion welding processes to accomplish metallurgical connections for ZrO2 typically require holding at elevated temperatures for minutes to hours,while the selective ultrasonic metallization process requires only a few seconds of processing without the application of covering films or solder resists.In this study,the selected Sn-2Ti alloy could effectively wet and spread on ZrO2substrate under ultrasonication,and continuous interphase layers were rapidly formed in situ between ZrO2and Sn-2Ti.The bonding strength for the ZrO2/Sn-2Ti interface was well established with the highest shear strength of 37.1 MPa,and the fracture location occurred at the filler metal.The interfacial reaction layer thickened remarkably with the prolongation of sonication,accompanied by the partial crystallization of amorphous TiO and the formation of irregularly striped Ti11.31Sn3O10nanocrystals.
基金supported by grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.31322035,31271532,31571501 and 91519329)
摘要The coiled-coil domain containing protein CCDC136 is a putative tumor suppressor and significantly down-regulated in gastric and colorectal cancer tissues. However, little is known about its biological functions during vertebrate embryo development. Zebrafish has two CCDC136 orthologs, ccdc136a and ccdc136b, but only ccdc136b is highly expressed during early embryonic development. In this study, we demonstrate that ccdc136b is required for dorsal-ventral axial patterning in zebrafish embryos, ccdc136b morphants display strongly dorsalized phenotypes. Loss- and gain-of-function experiments in zebrafish embryos and mammalian cells show that Ccdc136b is a crucial negative regulator of the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway, and plays a critical role in the establishment of the dorsal-ventral axis. We further find that Ccdc136b interacts with APC, promotes the binding affinity of APC withβ-catenin and then facilitates the turnover ofβ-catenin. These results provide the first evidence that CCDC136 regulates zebrafish dorsal-ventral patterning by antagonizing Wnt/β-catenin signal transduction and suggest a potential mechanism underlying its suppressive activity in carcinogenesis.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.31972929 and 62231025)the Research Program of Shanghai Science and Technology Committee(Nos.21140901300 and 20DZ2220400)+3 种基金the Natural Science Foundation of Chongqing,China(No.CSTB2022NSCQ-MSX0767)the Interdisciplinary Program of Shanghai Jiao Tong University(Nos.YG2021ZD22 and YG2023LC04)the Foundation of National Center for Translational Medicine(Shanghai)SHU Branch(No.SUITM-2023008)the Cross-disciplinary Research Fund of Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital,Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine(No.JYJC202108).
摘要A combination of hydrogels and microfluidics allows the construction of biomimetic three-dimensional(3D)tissue models in vitro,which are also known as organ-on-a-chipmodels.The hydrogel patterningwith awell-controlled spatial distribution is typically achieved by embedding sophisticated microstructures to act as a boundary.However,these physical barriers inevitably expose cellsissues to a less physiologically relevant microenvironment than in vivo conditions.Herein,we present a novel dissolvable temporary barrier(DTB)strategy that allows robust and flexible hydrogel patterning with great freedom of design and desirable flow stimuli for cellular hydrogels.The key aspect of this approach is the patterning of a water-soluble rigid barrier as a guiding path for the hydrogel using stencil printing technology,followed by a barrier-free medium perfusion after the dissolution of the DTB.Single and multiple tissue compartments with different geometries can be established using either straight or curved DTB structures.The effectiveness of this strategy is further validated by generating a 3D vascular network through vasculogenesis and angiogenesis using a vascularized microtumor model.As a new proof-of-concept in vasculature-on-a-chip,DTB enables seamless contact between the hydrogel and the culture medium in closed microdevices,which is an improved protocol for the fabrication ofmultiorgan chips.Therefore,we expect it to serve as a promising paradigm for organ-on-a-chip devices for the development of tumor vascularization and drug evaluation in the future preclinical studies.
基金financially supported by Ministry of Science and Technology of the People's Republic of China(No. 2016YFA0201904)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos. 21631002, U1632119 and 91333105)
摘要Controlled growth of patterned single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) is an important issue in many applications. Herein, we demonstrated a method to pattern catalyst via inkjet printing for the growth of SWNTs, using metal salt solutions as the inks and an ordinary office-use printer. We printed water solutions of cobalt acetate on hydrophilic Si substrates and grew high quality SWNT films. The composition of the precursor solutions and the hydrophilicity of the substrates were crucial factors to the patterning.
基金supported by Basic Science Research Program through the National Research Foundation of Korea(NRF)funded by the Ministry of Education(2020R1I1A3054824)supported by the Basic Research Program through the NRF funded by the MSIT(Ministry of Science and ICT,2021R1A4A1032762)+2 种基金financial support by the Korea Institute of Energy Technology Evaluation and Planning(KETEP)the Ministry of Trade,Industry&Energy(MOTIE)of the Republic of Korea(no.20213030010400)the financial support by the NRF grant funded by the MSIT under the contract numbers 2022R1C1C1011975。
摘要In recent years,metal halide perovskites have received significant attention as materials for next-generation optoelectronic devices owing to their excellent optoelectronic properties.The unprecedented rapid evolution in the device performance has been achieved by gaining an advanced understanding of the composition,crystal growth,and defect engineering of perovskites.As device performances approach their theoretical limits,effective optical management becomes essential for achieving higher efficiency.In this review,we discuss the status and perspectives of nano to micron-scale patterning methods for the optical management of perovskite optoelectronic devices.We initially discuss the importance of effective light harvesting and light outcoupling via optical management.Subsequently,the recent progress in various patterningexturing techniques applied to perovskite optoelectronic devices is summarized by categorizing them into top-down and bottom-up methods.Finally,we discuss the perspectives of advanced patterningexturing technologies for the development and commercialization of perovskite optoelectronic devices.
基金This work was supported by Grant of Science and Technology on Microsystem Laboratory (9140C180105150C1809), the RGC Grant (11213414), the National Basic Research Program of China (2012CB933302), and National Natural Science Foundation of China (21390411).
摘要The ability to control cell patterning on artificial substrates with various physicochemical properties is of essence for important implications in cytology and biomedical fields. Despite extensive progress, the ability to control the cell-surface interaction is complicated by the complexity in the physiochemical features of bioactive surfaces. In particular, the manifesta- tion of special wettability rendered by the combination of surface roughness and surface chemistry further enriches the cell-surface interaction. Herein we investigated the cell adhesion behaviors of Circulating Tumor Cells (CTCs) on topog- raphically patterned but chemically homogeneous surfaces. Harnessing the distinctive cell adhesion on surfaces with different topography, we further explored the feasibility of controlled cell patterning using periodic lattices of alternative topographies. We envision that our method provides a designer's toolbox to manage the extracellular environment.
基金supported by the National Research Founda-tion of Korea(NRF)grants funded by the Ministry of Science and ICT(MSIT)(Nos.RS-2023-00251283,RS-2023-00257003,and 2022M3D1A2083618)supported by the DGIST R&D Program of the MSIT(No.23-CoE-BT-03).
摘要We have realized efficient photopatterning and high-quality ZrO2films through combustion synthesis and manufactured resistive random access memory(RRAM)devices with excellent switching stability at low temperatures(250℃)using these approaches.Combustion synthesis reduces the energy required for oxide conversion,thus accelerating the decomposition of organic ligands in the UV-exposed area,and promoting the formation of metal-oxygen networks,contributing to patterning.Thermal analysis confirmed a reduction in the conversion temperature of combustion precursors,and the prepared combustion ZrO2films exhibited a high proportion of metal-oxygen bonding that constitutes the oxide lattice,along with an amorphous phase.Furthermore,the synergistic effect of combustion synthesis and UV/O3-assisted photochemical activation resulted in patterned ZrO2films forming even more complete metal-oxygen networks.RRAM devices fabricated with patterned ZrO2films using combustion synthesis exhibited excellent switching characteristics,including a narrow resistance distribution,endurance of 103 cycles,and retention for 105 s at 85℃,despite low-temperature annealing.Combustion synthesis not only enables the formation of high-quality metal oxide films with low external energy but also facilitates improved photopatterning.
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.51833011)the National Key Research and Development Program of China(No.2016YT03C077)。
摘要A novel method of patterning high precision copper conductive micropatterns on flexible polymer substrate(polyimide)is developed.We utilized the coordination effect between palladium salts and pyridine structures to fix the palladium chloride(PdCl2)on the surface of polymer film while the 2,6-dimethylpyridine structures formed in the specific areas under ultraviolet light guaranteed the resolution of final patterns.Simultaneous thermal reduction of PdCl2 on the surface can be achieved in the process of thermal cyclization of the polymer substrate.As a consequence,the obtained polyimide(PI)film can be patterned with conductive copper micropatterns directly by electroless plating.In particular,we accomplished the deposition of high precision copper pattern with a minimum line width of 50μm and minimum line spacing of 20μm on PI thin films(thickness~10μm)by electroless plating.The prepared conductive copper micropatterns exhibit a low resistivity of 1.78μΩ·cm the same as the pure block copper.And the relationship between the structures of the polymer chains and the physical properties of polymer substrates,such as the dimensional stability,mechanical and dielectric properties were also discussed in detail.This simple and novel method of patterning metal on the polymer surface does not need to achieve the catalytic metal adhesion required for electroless plating at the cost of destroying the substrate surface and avoiding the introduction of unstable interlayers.This patterning method is compatible with the current roll-to-roll production process and can be used to develop high-performance micro-integrated circuits.
基金supported by National MCF Energy R&D Program(No.2018YFE0313300)Young Elite Scientists Sponsorship Program by CAST(No.2017QNRC001)+2 种基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.51402116)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(Nos.2018KFYYXJJ028and 2019KFYXMBZ045)the Analytical and Testing Center of Huazhong University of Science and Technology for support。
摘要Ultrafine silver fiber is an alternative to commercial indium tin oxide(ITO) as a new-generation flexible transparent conductor that can be used in flexible electronics.However,its primary limitation is the unrepeatable optoelectronic properties due to the disordered distribution of silver fibers.In this work,we report the in-situ direct writing of the silver microfiber pattern with high conductivity and transparency to attain a flexible transparent conductor.The silver network is composed of silver microfibers,which can be artificially designed and regularly patterned under the precise control of the fiber position and shape;this is crucial for regulating its optoelectronic properties.Herein,a high-performance conductor is achieved in the silver network with high stability.This novel conductor has a sheet resistance of 2 Ω sq-1at 90% transparency,which corre sponds to a high Figure of merit σdc/σopt=1742.The in-situ direct writing technique developed here is distinct from other fabrication methods because it requires no transfer steps,templates or heating.Further,this silver network is integrated into a light-printable rewritable device,and can be used as a wearable heater;this heater when driven by a 1.5 V battery attains a temperature of up to 55.6℃.Therefore,in-situ direct writing is expected to offer a new platform for facile,scalable,and ultralow-cost production of high-performance metal networks for flexible transparent conductors.
基金the financial support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(52271004 and 51901021)the"Beijing Institute of Technology Research Fund Program for Young Scholars".
摘要Chemical heterogeneity in high-temperature austenite is an effective way to tune the austenite-to-martensite transformation during cooling.The effect of quenching temperature on microstructure evolution is investigated when the high-temperature austenite is heterogeneous.After fast austenitization from partitioned pearlite consisting of Mn-enriched cementite and Mn-depleted ferrite in Fe-0.29C-3.76Mn-1.50Si(wt.%)steel,quenching to room temperature and quenching to 130℃followed by 400℃partitioning are both applied.With increasing quenching temperature from 25 to 130℃,the amount of heterogeneous microstructure(lamellar ghost pearlite)increases from 10.6%to 33.6%and the thickness of Mn-enriched retained austenite film is increased from 31.9±5.9 to 51.5±4.4 nm,indicating an enhancement of chemical patterning.It is probably ascribed to the reduction in driving force for austenite-to-martensite transformation,which requires a lower Mn content for austenite retention.