When milling structural components with varying axial depths and widths,cutting forces tend to fluctuate,negatively impacting tool life and machining accuracy.To mitigate the force fluctuations and enhance tool longev...When milling structural components with varying axial depths and widths,cutting forces tend to fluctuate,negatively impacting tool life and machining accuracy.To mitigate the force fluctuations and enhance tool longevity,developing a simple,reliable,and easy-to-implement force control system for milling is essential,which is an important step toward advancing intelligent manufacturing.This paper explores the use of genetic algorithms(GA) for powerful optimization capabilities in developing self-tuning milling force controllers.A comprehensive framework for optimizing a fuzzy logic controller using an enhanced GA is specifically designed for the milling process.The optimization integrates the GA with a simulation model,fine-tuning membership functions and optimizing fuzzy rule selection.The enhanced GA incorporates the Integral of Time-weighted Absolute Error(ITAE) as the fitness criterion to improve the robustness and responsiveness of the controller.The optimized fuzzy logic controller is implemented within a computer numerical control system,adjusting feed rates in real-time to control milling forces.The performance of the proposed controller is validated through step and slope milling tests,demonstrating an average control accuracy of 95.52%.Comparative evaluations with other controllers show that the proposed system offers a significant improvement,achieving up to 4.58% better control accuracy in step milling tests.展开更多
This paper is devoted to devising data-driven algorithms for finite-horizon and infinite-horizon linear quadratic stochastic optimal control(LQSOC)problems.In our study,the diffusion terms of system dynamics are permi...This paper is devoted to devising data-driven algorithms for finite-horizon and infinite-horizon linear quadratic stochastic optimal control(LQSOC)problems.In our study,the diffusion terms of system dynamics are permitted to hinge upon both control and state variables,and the weighting matrices of cost functionals are allowed to be indefinite.It is acknowledged that the optimal controls of finite-horizon and infinite-horizon indefinite LQSOC problems are correlated with a generalized differential Riccati equation(GDRE)and a generalized algebraic Riccati equation(GARE).Herein,we propose two data-driven algorithms to approximate the solutions of these Riccati equations,and thereby determine optimal controls,without leveraging the information of all system parameters.Additionally,we prove the convergence of these algorithms and examine the impact of computational errors.Finally,we validate the performance of these data-driven algorithms via three simulation examples.展开更多
Aiming to solve the steering instability and hysteresis of agricultural robots in the process of movement,a fusion PID control method of particle swarm optimization(PSO)and genetic algorithm(GA)was proposed.The fusion...Aiming to solve the steering instability and hysteresis of agricultural robots in the process of movement,a fusion PID control method of particle swarm optimization(PSO)and genetic algorithm(GA)was proposed.The fusion algorithm took advantage of the fast optimization ability of PSO to optimize the population screening link of GA.The Simulink simulation results showed that the convergence of the fitness function of the fusion algorithm was accelerated,the system response adjustment time was reduced,and the overshoot was almost zero.Then the algorithm was applied to the steering test of agricultural robot in various scenes.After modeling the steering system of agricultural robot,the steering test results in the unloaded suspended state showed that the PID control based on fusion algorithm reduced the rise time,response adjustment time and overshoot of the system,and improved the response speed and stability of the system,compared with the artificial trial and error PID control and the PID control based on GA.The actual road steering test results showed that the PID control response rise time based on the fusion algorithm was the shortest,about 4.43 s.When the target pulse number was set to 100,the actual mean value in the steady-state regulation stage was about 102.9,which was the closest to the target value among the three control methods,and the overshoot was reduced at the same time.The steering test results under various scene states showed that the PID control based on the proposed fusion algorithm had good anti-interference ability,it can adapt to the changes of environment and load and improve the performance of the control system.It was effective in the steering control of agricultural robot.This method can provide a reference for the precise steering control of other robots.展开更多
The liquid cooling system(LCS)of fuel cells is challenged by significant time delays,model uncertainties,pump and fan coupling,and frequent disturbances,leading to overshoot and control oscillations that degrade tempe...The liquid cooling system(LCS)of fuel cells is challenged by significant time delays,model uncertainties,pump and fan coupling,and frequent disturbances,leading to overshoot and control oscillations that degrade temperature regulation performance.To address these challenges,we propose a composite control scheme combining fuzzy logic and a variable-gain generalized supertwisting algorithm(VG-GSTA).Firstly,a one-dimensional(1D)fuzzy logic controler(FLC)for the pump ensures stable coolant flow,while a two-dimensional(2D)FLC for the fan regulates the stack temperature near the reference value.The VG-GSTA is then introduced to eliminate steady-state errors,offering resistance to disturbances and minimizing control oscillations.The equilibrium optimizer is used to fine-tune VG-GSTA parameters.Co-simulation verifies the effectiveness of our method,demonstrating its advantages in terms of disturbance immunity,overshoot suppression,tracking accuracy and response speed.展开更多
Background Interconnection of different power systems has a major effect on system stability.This study aims to design an optimal load frequency control(LFC)system based on a proportional-integral(PI)controller for a ...Background Interconnection of different power systems has a major effect on system stability.This study aims to design an optimal load frequency control(LFC)system based on a proportional-integral(PI)controller for a two-area power system.Methods Two areas were connected through an AC tie line in parallel with a DC link to stabilize the frequency of oscillations in both areas.The PI parameters were tuned using the cuckoo search algorithm(CSA)to minimize the integral absolute error(IAE).A state matrix was provided,and the stability of the system was verified by calculating the eigenvalues.The frequency response was investigated for load variation,changes in the generator rate constraint,the turbine time constant,and the governor time constant.Results The CSA was compared with particle swarm optimization algorithm(PSO)under identical conditions.The system was modeled based on a state-space mathematical representation and simulated using MATLAB.The results demonstrated the effectiveness of the proposed controller based on both algorithms and,it is clear that CSA is superior to PSO.Conclusion The CSA algorithm smoothens the system response,reduces ripples,decreases overshooting and settling time,and improves the overall system performance under different disturbances.展开更多
A mobile marine seismometer(MMS)is a vertical underwater vehicle that detects ocean seismic waves.One of the critical operational requirements for an MMS is that it remains suspended at a desired depth.This article ai...A mobile marine seismometer(MMS)is a vertical underwater vehicle that detects ocean seismic waves.One of the critical operational requirements for an MMS is that it remains suspended at a desired depth.This article aimed to propose a fixed-depth suspension control for the MMS with a limited onboard energy supply.The research team established a kinematic model to analyze fluctuations in the vertical motion of the MMS and the delayed response of the system.We ascertained a direct one-to-one correlation between the displacement volume of the mobile ocean seismic instrument and the depth at which it reaches a state of neutral buoyancy(commonly referred to as the hover depth).A fixed-depth control algorithm was introduced,allowing a gradual approach to the necessary displacement volume to reach the desired suspension depth.The study optimized the boundary conditions to reduce unnecessary adjustments and mitigate the time delay caused by the instrument’s inertia,thereby significantly minimizing energy consumption.This method does not require calculating the hydrodynamic parameters or transfer functions of the MMS,thereby considerably reducing the implementation complexity.In the three-month sea trial in the South China Sea,the seismic instrument was set to hover at 800 m,with a permissible fluctuation of±100 m,operating on a seven-day cycle.The experimental results show that the seismic instrument has an average hover error of 34.6 m,with a vertical drift depth of 29.6 m per cycle,and the buoyancy adjustment system made six adjustments,indicating that our proposed control method performs satisfactorily.In addition,this method provides new insights for the fixed-depth control of other ocean observation devices that rely on buoyancy adjustment.展开更多
This paper proposes a separated trajectory tracking controller for fishing ships at sea state level 6 to solve the trajectory tracking problem of a fishing ship in a 6-level sea state,and to adapt to different working...This paper proposes a separated trajectory tracking controller for fishing ships at sea state level 6 to solve the trajectory tracking problem of a fishing ship in a 6-level sea state,and to adapt to different working environments and safety requirements.The nonlinear feedback method is used to improve the closed-loop gain shaping algorithm.By introducing the sine function,the problem of excessive control energy of the system can be effectively solved.Moreover,an integral separation design is used to solve the influence of the integral term in conventional PID controllers on the transient performance of the system.In this paper,a common 32.98 m large fiberglass reinforced plastic(FRP)trawler is adopted for simulation research at the winds scale of Beaufort No.7.The results show that the track error is smaller than 3.5 m.The method is safe,feasible,concise and effective and has popularization value in the direction of fishing ship trajectory tracking control.This method can be used to improve the level of informatization and intelligence of fishing ships.展开更多
Unmanned aircraft are highly vulnerable to crosswind-induced turbulence during complex maneuvers such as turning,which can significantly compromise control and reduce autopilot effectiveness.This paper presents a nove...Unmanned aircraft are highly vulnerable to crosswind-induced turbulence during complex maneuvers such as turning,which can significantly compromise control and reduce autopilot effectiveness.This paper presents a novel control strategy to improve the controllability of unmanned aircraft in challenging wind conditions.First,the equations of motion for the aircraft are reformulated as a system of stochastic differential equations,which are subsequently transformed into a deterministic form.By modeling turbulence as a Gaussian random process and incorporating it directly into the control system,the proposed method proactively compensates for the adverse effects of turbulence.The transformation is achieved using semi-invariant techniques.Second,the control problem is formulated as an optimization task,aiming to minimize the deviation between the actual and desired turn characteristics,specifically the angular velocity.Finally,a new numerical method with proven global convergence is employed to compute the optimal autopilot parameters.Simulation results using a medium-range unmanned aircraft model under continuous turbulent gusts demonstrate that the proposed method significantly outperforms existing approaches,ensuring both stability and precision in turbulent wind conditions.展开更多
Load frequency control(LFC)in interconnected power systems has always been a challenging task in the presence of uncertainty and variability in the power systems arising primarily due to the integration of renewable e...Load frequency control(LFC)in interconnected power systems has always been a challenging task in the presence of uncertainty and variability in the power systems arising primarily due to the integration of renewable energy sources and the impact of electric vehicles on the power system.Although various PI/PID and other advanced control strategies have been employed for LFC in power systems,the existing methods have shown some limitations in terms of dynamic flexibility and robustness in the presence of nonlinearities and couplings in the power systems.Moreover,the optimization methods employed for the tuning of the controllers have shown some limitations in terms of the balance between global and local search abilities of the optimization functions.To overcome the limitations of the existing methods and optimization functions,a hybrid Modified Zebra Optimization Algorithm-Particle Swarm Optimization(MZOA-PSO)is presented in this paper for the optimization of a cascaded PI(1+DD)-PI-PID controller for LFC in power systems.The MZOA enhances the original ZOA by chaotic initialization,adaptive parameter control,and Lévy-flight foraging to improve the global search ability,while PSO ensures efficient local search ability.The optimizer is first validated using four benchmark functions,achieving the global optimum for the Booth and Zakharov functions,a mean value of 2.13×10−28 with a 98%success rate for Rosenbrock,and 3.21×10−81 for Schwefel 2.22.Under a 1%step load perturbation,the proposed controller achieves a 13 s settling time,zero negative deviation in Area 2,a maximum positive excursion of 0.10 Hz,and tie-line undershoot limited to−0.10 p.u.Under random load variations,deviations remain within±0.03 Hz and±0.02 p.u.Under RES and EV integration,the peak frequency deviation is reduced to 0.46 Hz in Area 1.These results confirm that the proposed hybrid MZOA-PSO tuned cascaded controller provides improved damping,faster stabilization,and stronger robustness for modern interconnected LFC systems.展开更多
Trajectory tracking for nonlinear robotic systems remains a fundamental yet challenging problem in control engineering,particularly when both precision and efficiency must be ensured.Conventional control methods are o...Trajectory tracking for nonlinear robotic systems remains a fundamental yet challenging problem in control engineering,particularly when both precision and efficiency must be ensured.Conventional control methods are often effective for stabilization but may not directly optimize long-term performance.To address this limitation,this study develops an integrated framework that combines optimal control principles with reinforcement learning for a single-link robotic manipulator.The proposed scheme adopts an actor–critic structure,where the critic network approximates the value function associated with the Hamilton–Jacobi–Bellman equation,and the actor network generates near-optimal control signals in real time.This dual adaptation enables the controller to refine its policy online without explicit system knowledge.Stability of the closed-loop system is analyzed through Lyapunov theory,ensuring boundedness of the tracking error.Numerical simulations on the single-link manipulator demonstrate that themethod achieves accurate trajectory followingwhile maintaining lowcontrol effort.The results further showthat the actor–critic learning mechanism accelerates convergence of the control policy compared with conventional optimization-based strategies.This work highlights the potential of reinforcement learning integrated with optimal control for robotic manipulators and provides a foundation for future extensions to more complex multi-degree-of-freedom systems.The proposed controller is further validated in a physics-based virtual Gazebo environment,demonstrating stable adaptation and real-time feasibility.展开更多
In the complex and variable deep-sea environment,the compensation control of ship motion ensures the safety and efficiency of equipment installation and transportation in offshore wind farms.However,the ship motion po...In the complex and variable deep-sea environment,the compensation control of ship motion ensures the safety and efficiency of equipment installation and transportation in offshore wind farms.However,the ship motion posture compensation control system is severely affected by uncertainties,which significantly impact the accuracy of compensation control.In this paper,we propose a ship three-degree-of-freedom(3-DoF)motion posture stabilization control method based on the DTW-LSTM-MATD3 algorithm.We use the multi-agent twin delayed deep deterministic policy gradient(MATD3)to control a platform with six electric cylinders to achieve stable control.However,owing to random noise affecting the ship’s motion posture,we use a dynamic time warping(DTW)algorithm to distinguish between high-frequency noise and low-frequency tracking signals.Further,we embed a long short-term memory(LSTM)network into the MATD3 network to better align the Critic network’s training with the true Q-value.We use a combined reward function to enhance the agent’s exploration capability in complex dynamic environments.Finally,verification was conducted under sixth-level,abrupt sea conditions with high-frequency noise,as well as under real abrupt sea conditions,and a generalization test was also carried out.Simulation results show that the proposed DTW-LSTM-MATD3 method has great compensation control ability.展开更多
The inherent nonlinearity and time-delay characteristics of industrial refrigeration processes complicate parameter tuning for conventional PID control,adversely affecting its precision.This makes the control of such ...The inherent nonlinearity and time-delay characteristics of industrial refrigeration processes complicate parameter tuning for conventional PID control,adversely affecting its precision.This makes the control of such systems a significant and challenging research problem.To address this,a novel Neural Network Predictive Control(NNPC)algorithm is proposed,which integrates an Improved Deep Belief Network(IDBN)with an Improved Whale Optimization Algorithm(IWOA).First,the IDBN acts as a high-precision nonlinear prediction model,significantly improving multi-step prediction accuracy.Second,the IWOA is employed to optimize the predictive controller,featuring three major improvements:an improved population initialization,a modified convergence factor update mechanism,and an added disturbance strategy,which collectively accelerate convergence and enhance global search capability.Finally,simulation results demonstrate that the proposed NNPC algorithm achieves superior set-point tracking performance and strong robustness against external disturbances.展开更多
The integration of renewable energy sources into modern power systems necessitates efficient and robust control strategies to address challenges such as power quality,stability,and dynamic environmental variations.Thi...The integration of renewable energy sources into modern power systems necessitates efficient and robust control strategies to address challenges such as power quality,stability,and dynamic environmental variations.This paper presents a novel sparrow search algorithm(SSA)-tuned proportional-integral(PI)controller for grid-connected photovoltaic(PV)systems,designed to optimize dynamic perfor-mance,energy extraction,and power quality.Key contributions include the development of a systematic SSA-based optimization frame-work for real-time PI parameter tuning,ensuring precise voltage and current regulation,improved maximum power point tracking(MPPT)efficiency,and minimized total harmonic distortion(THD).The proposed approach is evaluated against conventional PSO-based and P&O controllers through comprehensive simulations,demonstrating its superior performance across key metrics:a 39.47%faster response time compared to PSO,a 12.06%increase in peak active power relative to P&O,and a 52.38%reduction in THD,ensuring compliance with IEEE grid standards.Moreover,the SSA-tuned PI controller exhibits enhanced adaptability to dynamic irradiancefluc-tuations,rapid response time,and robust grid integration under varying conditions,making it highly suitable for real-time smart grid applications.This work establishes the SSA-tuned PI controller as a reliable and efficient solution for improving PV system performance in grid-connected scenarios,while also setting the foundation for future research into multi-objective optimization,experimental valida-tion,and hybrid renewable energy systems.展开更多
This study proposes a system for biometric access control utilising the improved Cultural Chicken Swarm Optimization(CCSO)technique.This approach mitigates the limitations of conventional Chicken Swarm Optimization(CS...This study proposes a system for biometric access control utilising the improved Cultural Chicken Swarm Optimization(CCSO)technique.This approach mitigates the limitations of conventional Chicken Swarm Optimization(CSO),especially in dealing with larger dimensions due to diversity loss during solution space exploration.Our experimentation involved 600 sample images encompassing facial,iris,and fingerprint data,collected from 200 students at Ladoke Akintola University of Technology(LAUTECH),Ogbomoso.The results demonstrate the remarkable effectiveness of CCSO,yielding accuracy rates of 90.42%,91.67%,and 91.25%within 54.77,27.35,and 113.92 s for facial,fingerprint,and iris biometrics,respectively.These outcomes significantly outperform those achieved by the conventional CSO technique,which produced accuracy rates of 82.92%,86.25%,and 84.58%at 92.57,63.96,and 163.94 s for the same biometric modalities.The study’s findings reveal that CCSO,through its integration of Cultural Algorithm(CA)Operators into CSO,not only enhances algorithm performance,exhibiting computational efficiency and superior accuracy,but also carries broader implications beyond biometric systems.This innovation offers practical benefits in terms of security enhancement,operational efficiency,and adaptability across diverse user populations,shaping more effective and resource-efficient access control systems with real-world applicability.展开更多
Uneven power distribution,transient voltage,and frequency deviations are observed in the photovoltaic storage hybrid inverter during the switching between grid-connected and island modes.In response to these issues,th...Uneven power distribution,transient voltage,and frequency deviations are observed in the photovoltaic storage hybrid inverter during the switching between grid-connected and island modes.In response to these issues,this paper proposes a grid-connected/island switching control strategy for photovoltaic storage hybrid inverters based on the modified chimpanzee optimization algorithm.The proposed strategy incorporates coupling compensation and power differentiation elements based on the traditional droop control.Then,it combines the angular frequency and voltage amplitude adjustments provided by the phase-locked loop-free pre-synchronization control strategy.Precise pre-synchronization is achieved by regulating the virtual current to zero and aligning the photovoltaic storage hybrid inverter with the grid voltage.Additionally,two novel operators,learning and emotional behaviors are introduced to enhance the optimization precision of the chimpanzee algorithm.These operators ensure high-precision and high-reliability optimization of the droop control parameters for photovoltaic storage hybrid inverters.A Simulink model was constructed for simulation analysis,which validated the optimized control strategy’s ability to evenly distribute power under load transients.This strategy effectively mitigated transient voltage and current surges during mode transitions.Consequently,seamless and efficient switching between gridconnected and island modes was achieved for the photovoltaic storage hybrid inverter.The enhanced energy utilization efficiency,in turn,offers robust technical support for grid stability.展开更多
This paper presents an innovative and effective control strategy tailored for a deregulated,diversified energy system involving multiple interconnected area.Each area integrates a unique mix of power generation techno...This paper presents an innovative and effective control strategy tailored for a deregulated,diversified energy system involving multiple interconnected area.Each area integrates a unique mix of power generation technologies:Area 1 combines thermal,hydro,and distributed generation;Area 2 utilizes a blend of thermal units,distributed solar technologies(DST),and hydro power;andThird control area hosts geothermal power station alongside thermal power generation unit and hydropower units.The suggested control system employs a multi-layered approach,featuring a blended methodology utilizing the Tilted Integral Derivative controller(TID)and the Fractional-Order Integral method to enhance performance and stability.The parameters of this hybrid TID-FOI controller are finely tuned using an advanced optimization method known as the Walrus Optimization Algorithm(WaOA).Performance analysis reveals that the combined TID-FOI controller significantly outperforms the TID and PID controllers when comparing their dynamic response across various system configurations.The study also incorporates investigation of redox flow batteries within the broader scope of energy storage applications to assess their impact on system performance.In addition,the research explores the controller’s effectiveness under different power exchange scenarios in a deregulated market,accounting for restrictions on generation ramp rates and governor hysteresis effects in dynamic control.To ensure the reliability and resilience of the presented methodology,the system transitions and develops across a broad range of varying parameters and stochastic load fluctuation.To wrap up,the study offers a pioneering control approach-a hybrid TID-FOI controller optimized via the Walrus Optimization Algorithm(WaOA)-designed for enhanced stability and performance in a complex,three-region hybrid energy system functioning within a deregulated framework.展开更多
Networked control systems(NCSs)often suffer from performance degradation due to limited communication bandwidth,which can cause data transmission conflicts and packet loss.Existing scheduling strategies may fail to si...Networked control systems(NCSs)often suffer from performance degradation due to limited communication bandwidth,which can cause data transmission conflicts and packet loss.Existing scheduling strategies may fail to simultaneously meet the realtime requirements and the importance of multisensor data,and they are particularly vulnerable under distributed denial of service(DDoS)attacks.Firstly,to address these challenges,a greedy algorithm is proposed to optimise the data transmission process to satisfy the importance and real-time requirement of sensor data.It enables the dynamic allocation of network resources,reduces the possibility of data conflict and improves the communication efficiency.Then,an observer-based control algorithm is designed to ensure the system's stability and security resilience under bandwidth constraints and DDoS attacks.Therefore,in the face of packet loss caused by data conflict,the control algorithm can maintain efficient resource scheduling capability and improve the robustness of the system.Finally,the simulation results show that the proposed dynamic resource scheduling framework can guarantee the performance of NCSs under constrained network conditions.展开更多
The safe driving and operation of trains is a necessary condition for ensuring the safe operation of trains.In particular,heavy-haul trains are characterized by the difficulty in driving and operation.Considering the ...The safe driving and operation of trains is a necessary condition for ensuring the safe operation of trains.In particular,heavy-haul trains are characterized by the difficulty in driving and operation.Considering the uncertainties in train driving and operation,this paper analyzes the relationship between the safety of heavy-haul electric locomotive hauled trains and driving and operation.It studies the auxiliary intelligent driving safety operation control methods.Through K-means to identify the characteristics of drivers'driving manipulation,the hidden Markov model adaptively adjusts the train driving and operation sequence,and conducts auxiliary driving reconstruction for heavy-haul locomotive driving and operation.Based on the train running curve and the locomotive traction/braking characteristics,it smoothly controls the exertion of the traction/braking force of heavy-haul locomotives,thereby optimizing the driving safety control of heavy-haul trains in the vehicle-environment-track system.Finally,the train operation simulation and optimized driving verification are carried out by simulating some track sections.The results show that the proposed method can correct and pre-optimize driving operations,improving the smoothness of heavy-haul trains by approximately 10%.It verifies the effectiveness of the proposed train assisted driving control reconstruction method,facilitating the smooth and safe operation of heavy-haul trains.展开更多
The control of traffic flows on urban roads intersections through the traffic control signals is very important,not only does the jammed traffic statement valuably relieve and the ratio of the traffic availability inc...The control of traffic flows on urban roads intersections through the traffic control signals is very important,not only does the jammed traffic statement valuably relieve and the ratio of the traffic availability increase,but also the traffic accidents evidently decrease.In this paper,an adaptive algorithm of traffic control signals on the urban roads intersections is designed in,this new algorithm can actively adjust the concrete control times of the traffic control signals based on the perceiving information of the waiting vehicles in real time,then the dynamic balance between the traffic control signals and the traffic flows can be realized.Furthermore,through experiment testing and demonstrating,this adaptive algorithm expresses some fine performances,it also shows good application prospect in the field of smart city.展开更多
This paper proposes a model-free online value iteration(VI)algorithm for solving stochastic linear quadratic control problems with ergodic cost functions,where the diffusion term in the dynamics equation is influenced...This paper proposes a model-free online value iteration(VI)algorithm for solving stochastic linear quadratic control problems with ergodic cost functions,where the diffusion term in the dynamics equation is influenced by both the state and control variables.First,we propose an offline VI algorithm based on the idea of stochastic approximation.However,this algorithm requires prior knowledge of the system parameters,which are not always readily available.To overcome this limitation,we then develop a(partially)model-free online learning algorithm based on VI.This algorithm only requires a single system trajectory and does not need the initial control to be stabilizing.By exploiting the growth rate of Itô’s integrals to handle the stochastic term generated by multiplicative noise,we provide a rigorous proof of the algorithm’s convergence.Finally,a simulation example is presented to validate the convergence of the proposed algorithms.展开更多
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No.52475466)the National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Helicopter Transmission (Grant No.HTL-A-21G09)+1 种基金the National Science and Technology Major Project of China (Grant No.J2019-VII-0001–0141)the Youth Talent Support Project of Jiangsu Provincial Association of Science and Technology (Grant No.TJ-2023–056)。
摘要When milling structural components with varying axial depths and widths,cutting forces tend to fluctuate,negatively impacting tool life and machining accuracy.To mitigate the force fluctuations and enhance tool longevity,developing a simple,reliable,and easy-to-implement force control system for milling is essential,which is an important step toward advancing intelligent manufacturing.This paper explores the use of genetic algorithms(GA) for powerful optimization capabilities in developing self-tuning milling force controllers.A comprehensive framework for optimizing a fuzzy logic controller using an enhanced GA is specifically designed for the milling process.The optimization integrates the GA with a simulation model,fine-tuning membership functions and optimizing fuzzy rule selection.The enhanced GA incorporates the Integral of Time-weighted Absolute Error(ITAE) as the fitness criterion to improve the robustness and responsiveness of the controller.The optimized fuzzy logic controller is implemented within a computer numerical control system,adjusting feed rates in real-time to control milling forces.The performance of the proposed controller is validated through step and slope milling tests,demonstrating an average control accuracy of 95.52%.Comparative evaluations with other controllers show that the proposed system offers a significant improvement,achieving up to 4.58% better control accuracy in step milling tests.
基金supported in part by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2022YFA1006100)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(61925306)the Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province(ZR2019ZD42)。
摘要This paper is devoted to devising data-driven algorithms for finite-horizon and infinite-horizon linear quadratic stochastic optimal control(LQSOC)problems.In our study,the diffusion terms of system dynamics are permitted to hinge upon both control and state variables,and the weighting matrices of cost functionals are allowed to be indefinite.It is acknowledged that the optimal controls of finite-horizon and infinite-horizon indefinite LQSOC problems are correlated with a generalized differential Riccati equation(GDRE)and a generalized algebraic Riccati equation(GARE).Herein,we propose two data-driven algorithms to approximate the solutions of these Riccati equations,and thereby determine optimal controls,without leveraging the information of all system parameters.Additionally,we prove the convergence of these algorithms and examine the impact of computational errors.Finally,we validate the performance of these data-driven algorithms via three simulation examples.
摘要Aiming to solve the steering instability and hysteresis of agricultural robots in the process of movement,a fusion PID control method of particle swarm optimization(PSO)and genetic algorithm(GA)was proposed.The fusion algorithm took advantage of the fast optimization ability of PSO to optimize the population screening link of GA.The Simulink simulation results showed that the convergence of the fitness function of the fusion algorithm was accelerated,the system response adjustment time was reduced,and the overshoot was almost zero.Then the algorithm was applied to the steering test of agricultural robot in various scenes.After modeling the steering system of agricultural robot,the steering test results in the unloaded suspended state showed that the PID control based on fusion algorithm reduced the rise time,response adjustment time and overshoot of the system,and improved the response speed and stability of the system,compared with the artificial trial and error PID control and the PID control based on GA.The actual road steering test results showed that the PID control response rise time based on the fusion algorithm was the shortest,about 4.43 s.When the target pulse number was set to 100,the actual mean value in the steady-state regulation stage was about 102.9,which was the closest to the target value among the three control methods,and the overshoot was reduced at the same time.The steering test results under various scene states showed that the PID control based on the proposed fusion algorithm had good anti-interference ability,it can adapt to the changes of environment and load and improve the performance of the control system.It was effective in the steering control of agricultural robot.This method can provide a reference for the precise steering control of other robots.
基金Supported by the Major Science and Technology Project of Jilin Province(20220301010GX)the International Scientific and Technological Cooperation(20240402071GH).
摘要The liquid cooling system(LCS)of fuel cells is challenged by significant time delays,model uncertainties,pump and fan coupling,and frequent disturbances,leading to overshoot and control oscillations that degrade temperature regulation performance.To address these challenges,we propose a composite control scheme combining fuzzy logic and a variable-gain generalized supertwisting algorithm(VG-GSTA).Firstly,a one-dimensional(1D)fuzzy logic controler(FLC)for the pump ensures stable coolant flow,while a two-dimensional(2D)FLC for the fan regulates the stack temperature near the reference value.The VG-GSTA is then introduced to eliminate steady-state errors,offering resistance to disturbances and minimizing control oscillations.The equilibrium optimizer is used to fine-tune VG-GSTA parameters.Co-simulation verifies the effectiveness of our method,demonstrating its advantages in terms of disturbance immunity,overshoot suppression,tracking accuracy and response speed.
基金Supported by the Russian Science Foundation(Agreement 23-41-10001,http://gffzz5363282ec1d94f2dspfp0fcb669qw6kop.ffgz.tsg.suse.edu.cn/project/23-41-10001/).
摘要Background Interconnection of different power systems has a major effect on system stability.This study aims to design an optimal load frequency control(LFC)system based on a proportional-integral(PI)controller for a two-area power system.Methods Two areas were connected through an AC tie line in parallel with a DC link to stabilize the frequency of oscillations in both areas.The PI parameters were tuned using the cuckoo search algorithm(CSA)to minimize the integral absolute error(IAE).A state matrix was provided,and the stability of the system was verified by calculating the eigenvalues.The frequency response was investigated for load variation,changes in the generator rate constraint,the turbine time constant,and the governor time constant.Results The CSA was compared with particle swarm optimization algorithm(PSO)under identical conditions.The system was modeled based on a state-space mathematical representation and simulated using MATLAB.The results demonstrated the effectiveness of the proposed controller based on both algorithms and,it is clear that CSA is superior to PSO.Conclusion The CSA algorithm smoothens the system response,reduces ripples,decreases overshooting and settling time,and improves the overall system performance under different disturbances.
基金The National Key Research and Development Program of China under contract Nos.2021YFC3101401 and 2022YFC3003802the Deep Blue Fund under contract No.SL2103+2 种基金the Zhejiang Provincial Key Research and Development Program under contract No.2021C03186the Zhejiang Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China under contract No.LDQ24D060001the Open Fund Project of Key Laboratory of Ocean Observation Technology,MNR under contract No.2024klootA11.
摘要A mobile marine seismometer(MMS)is a vertical underwater vehicle that detects ocean seismic waves.One of the critical operational requirements for an MMS is that it remains suspended at a desired depth.This article aimed to propose a fixed-depth suspension control for the MMS with a limited onboard energy supply.The research team established a kinematic model to analyze fluctuations in the vertical motion of the MMS and the delayed response of the system.We ascertained a direct one-to-one correlation between the displacement volume of the mobile ocean seismic instrument and the depth at which it reaches a state of neutral buoyancy(commonly referred to as the hover depth).A fixed-depth control algorithm was introduced,allowing a gradual approach to the necessary displacement volume to reach the desired suspension depth.The study optimized the boundary conditions to reduce unnecessary adjustments and mitigate the time delay caused by the instrument’s inertia,thereby significantly minimizing energy consumption.This method does not require calculating the hydrodynamic parameters or transfer functions of the MMS,thereby considerably reducing the implementation complexity.In the three-month sea trial in the South China Sea,the seismic instrument was set to hover at 800 m,with a permissible fluctuation of±100 m,operating on a seven-day cycle.The experimental results show that the seismic instrument has an average hover error of 34.6 m,with a vertical drift depth of 29.6 m per cycle,and the buoyancy adjustment system made six adjustments,indicating that our proposed control method performs satisfactorily.In addition,this method provides new insights for the fixed-depth control of other ocean observation devices that rely on buoyancy adjustment.
基金supported by Liaoning Provincial Department of Education 2023 Basic Research Projects for Universities and Colleges(Grant No.JYTQN2023131)Liaoning Provincial Science and Technology Program:Cooperative Control and Recognition of Unmanned Vessels for Fishing Vessel Operation Scenarios(Grant No.600024003)Liaoning Provincial Department of Education Scientific Research Funding Project(Grant No.LJKZ0726).
摘要This paper proposes a separated trajectory tracking controller for fishing ships at sea state level 6 to solve the trajectory tracking problem of a fishing ship in a 6-level sea state,and to adapt to different working environments and safety requirements.The nonlinear feedback method is used to improve the closed-loop gain shaping algorithm.By introducing the sine function,the problem of excessive control energy of the system can be effectively solved.Moreover,an integral separation design is used to solve the influence of the integral term in conventional PID controllers on the transient performance of the system.In this paper,a common 32.98 m large fiberglass reinforced plastic(FRP)trawler is adopted for simulation research at the winds scale of Beaufort No.7.The results show that the track error is smaller than 3.5 m.The method is safe,feasible,concise and effective and has popularization value in the direction of fishing ship trajectory tracking control.This method can be used to improve the level of informatization and intelligence of fishing ships.
基金co-supported by the Fund of Robot Technology Used for Special Environment Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province(No.22kftk01)the Key Research and Development Program of Heilongjiang,China(No.2024ZXJ07B05)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.92471103)。
摘要Unmanned aircraft are highly vulnerable to crosswind-induced turbulence during complex maneuvers such as turning,which can significantly compromise control and reduce autopilot effectiveness.This paper presents a novel control strategy to improve the controllability of unmanned aircraft in challenging wind conditions.First,the equations of motion for the aircraft are reformulated as a system of stochastic differential equations,which are subsequently transformed into a deterministic form.By modeling turbulence as a Gaussian random process and incorporating it directly into the control system,the proposed method proactively compensates for the adverse effects of turbulence.The transformation is achieved using semi-invariant techniques.Second,the control problem is formulated as an optimization task,aiming to minimize the deviation between the actual and desired turn characteristics,specifically the angular velocity.Finally,a new numerical method with proven global convergence is employed to compute the optimal autopilot parameters.Simulation results using a medium-range unmanned aircraft model under continuous turbulent gusts demonstrate that the proposed method significantly outperforms existing approaches,ensuring both stability and precision in turbulent wind conditions.
摘要Load frequency control(LFC)in interconnected power systems has always been a challenging task in the presence of uncertainty and variability in the power systems arising primarily due to the integration of renewable energy sources and the impact of electric vehicles on the power system.Although various PI/PID and other advanced control strategies have been employed for LFC in power systems,the existing methods have shown some limitations in terms of dynamic flexibility and robustness in the presence of nonlinearities and couplings in the power systems.Moreover,the optimization methods employed for the tuning of the controllers have shown some limitations in terms of the balance between global and local search abilities of the optimization functions.To overcome the limitations of the existing methods and optimization functions,a hybrid Modified Zebra Optimization Algorithm-Particle Swarm Optimization(MZOA-PSO)is presented in this paper for the optimization of a cascaded PI(1+DD)-PI-PID controller for LFC in power systems.The MZOA enhances the original ZOA by chaotic initialization,adaptive parameter control,and Lévy-flight foraging to improve the global search ability,while PSO ensures efficient local search ability.The optimizer is first validated using four benchmark functions,achieving the global optimum for the Booth and Zakharov functions,a mean value of 2.13×10−28 with a 98%success rate for Rosenbrock,and 3.21×10−81 for Schwefel 2.22.Under a 1%step load perturbation,the proposed controller achieves a 13 s settling time,zero negative deviation in Area 2,a maximum positive excursion of 0.10 Hz,and tie-line undershoot limited to−0.10 p.u.Under random load variations,deviations remain within±0.03 Hz and±0.02 p.u.Under RES and EV integration,the peak frequency deviation is reduced to 0.46 Hz in Area 1.These results confirm that the proposed hybrid MZOA-PSO tuned cascaded controller provides improved damping,faster stabilization,and stronger robustness for modern interconnected LFC systems.
基金supported in part by the National Science and Technology Council under Grant NSTC 114-2221-E-027-104.
摘要Trajectory tracking for nonlinear robotic systems remains a fundamental yet challenging problem in control engineering,particularly when both precision and efficiency must be ensured.Conventional control methods are often effective for stabilization but may not directly optimize long-term performance.To address this limitation,this study develops an integrated framework that combines optimal control principles with reinforcement learning for a single-link robotic manipulator.The proposed scheme adopts an actor–critic structure,where the critic network approximates the value function associated with the Hamilton–Jacobi–Bellman equation,and the actor network generates near-optimal control signals in real time.This dual adaptation enables the controller to refine its policy online without explicit system knowledge.Stability of the closed-loop system is analyzed through Lyapunov theory,ensuring boundedness of the tracking error.Numerical simulations on the single-link manipulator demonstrate that themethod achieves accurate trajectory followingwhile maintaining lowcontrol effort.The results further showthat the actor–critic learning mechanism accelerates convergence of the control policy compared with conventional optimization-based strategies.This work highlights the potential of reinforcement learning integrated with optimal control for robotic manipulators and provides a foundation for future extensions to more complex multi-degree-of-freedom systems.The proposed controller is further validated in a physics-based virtual Gazebo environment,demonstrating stable adaptation and real-time feasibility.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.52105466).
摘要In the complex and variable deep-sea environment,the compensation control of ship motion ensures the safety and efficiency of equipment installation and transportation in offshore wind farms.However,the ship motion posture compensation control system is severely affected by uncertainties,which significantly impact the accuracy of compensation control.In this paper,we propose a ship three-degree-of-freedom(3-DoF)motion posture stabilization control method based on the DTW-LSTM-MATD3 algorithm.We use the multi-agent twin delayed deep deterministic policy gradient(MATD3)to control a platform with six electric cylinders to achieve stable control.However,owing to random noise affecting the ship’s motion posture,we use a dynamic time warping(DTW)algorithm to distinguish between high-frequency noise and low-frequency tracking signals.Further,we embed a long short-term memory(LSTM)network into the MATD3 network to better align the Critic network’s training with the true Q-value.We use a combined reward function to enhance the agent’s exploration capability in complex dynamic environments.Finally,verification was conducted under sixth-level,abrupt sea conditions with high-frequency noise,as well as under real abrupt sea conditions,and a generalization test was also carried out.Simulation results show that the proposed DTW-LSTM-MATD3 method has great compensation control ability.
基金Sponsored by National Key Research and Development Program of China(Grant No.2018YFA0704605)Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities of China(Grant Nos.DUT24LAB120,DUT24LAB118)。
摘要The inherent nonlinearity and time-delay characteristics of industrial refrigeration processes complicate parameter tuning for conventional PID control,adversely affecting its precision.This makes the control of such systems a significant and challenging research problem.To address this,a novel Neural Network Predictive Control(NNPC)algorithm is proposed,which integrates an Improved Deep Belief Network(IDBN)with an Improved Whale Optimization Algorithm(IWOA).First,the IDBN acts as a high-precision nonlinear prediction model,significantly improving multi-step prediction accuracy.Second,the IWOA is employed to optimize the predictive controller,featuring three major improvements:an improved population initialization,a modified convergence factor update mechanism,and an added disturbance strategy,which collectively accelerate convergence and enhance global search capability.Finally,simulation results demonstrate that the proposed NNPC algorithm achieves superior set-point tracking performance and strong robustness against external disturbances.
摘要The integration of renewable energy sources into modern power systems necessitates efficient and robust control strategies to address challenges such as power quality,stability,and dynamic environmental variations.This paper presents a novel sparrow search algorithm(SSA)-tuned proportional-integral(PI)controller for grid-connected photovoltaic(PV)systems,designed to optimize dynamic perfor-mance,energy extraction,and power quality.Key contributions include the development of a systematic SSA-based optimization frame-work for real-time PI parameter tuning,ensuring precise voltage and current regulation,improved maximum power point tracking(MPPT)efficiency,and minimized total harmonic distortion(THD).The proposed approach is evaluated against conventional PSO-based and P&O controllers through comprehensive simulations,demonstrating its superior performance across key metrics:a 39.47%faster response time compared to PSO,a 12.06%increase in peak active power relative to P&O,and a 52.38%reduction in THD,ensuring compliance with IEEE grid standards.Moreover,the SSA-tuned PI controller exhibits enhanced adaptability to dynamic irradiancefluc-tuations,rapid response time,and robust grid integration under varying conditions,making it highly suitable for real-time smart grid applications.This work establishes the SSA-tuned PI controller as a reliable and efficient solution for improving PV system performance in grid-connected scenarios,while also setting the foundation for future research into multi-objective optimization,experimental valida-tion,and hybrid renewable energy systems.
基金supported by Ladoke Akintola University of Technology,Ogbomoso,Nigeria and the University of Zululand,South Africa.
摘要This study proposes a system for biometric access control utilising the improved Cultural Chicken Swarm Optimization(CCSO)technique.This approach mitigates the limitations of conventional Chicken Swarm Optimization(CSO),especially in dealing with larger dimensions due to diversity loss during solution space exploration.Our experimentation involved 600 sample images encompassing facial,iris,and fingerprint data,collected from 200 students at Ladoke Akintola University of Technology(LAUTECH),Ogbomoso.The results demonstrate the remarkable effectiveness of CCSO,yielding accuracy rates of 90.42%,91.67%,and 91.25%within 54.77,27.35,and 113.92 s for facial,fingerprint,and iris biometrics,respectively.These outcomes significantly outperform those achieved by the conventional CSO technique,which produced accuracy rates of 82.92%,86.25%,and 84.58%at 92.57,63.96,and 163.94 s for the same biometric modalities.The study’s findings reveal that CCSO,through its integration of Cultural Algorithm(CA)Operators into CSO,not only enhances algorithm performance,exhibiting computational efficiency and superior accuracy,but also carries broader implications beyond biometric systems.This innovation offers practical benefits in terms of security enhancement,operational efficiency,and adaptability across diverse user populations,shaping more effective and resource-efficient access control systems with real-world applicability.
基金received funding from the Postgraduate Research&Practice Innovation Program of Jiangsu Province(SJCX23_1633)2023 University Student Innovation and Entrepreneurship Training Program(202311463009Z)+1 种基金Changzhou Science and Technology Support Project(CE20235045)Open Project of Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Power Transmission&Distribution Equipment Technology(2021JSSPD12).
摘要Uneven power distribution,transient voltage,and frequency deviations are observed in the photovoltaic storage hybrid inverter during the switching between grid-connected and island modes.In response to these issues,this paper proposes a grid-connected/island switching control strategy for photovoltaic storage hybrid inverters based on the modified chimpanzee optimization algorithm.The proposed strategy incorporates coupling compensation and power differentiation elements based on the traditional droop control.Then,it combines the angular frequency and voltage amplitude adjustments provided by the phase-locked loop-free pre-synchronization control strategy.Precise pre-synchronization is achieved by regulating the virtual current to zero and aligning the photovoltaic storage hybrid inverter with the grid voltage.Additionally,two novel operators,learning and emotional behaviors are introduced to enhance the optimization precision of the chimpanzee algorithm.These operators ensure high-precision and high-reliability optimization of the droop control parameters for photovoltaic storage hybrid inverters.A Simulink model was constructed for simulation analysis,which validated the optimized control strategy’s ability to evenly distribute power under load transients.This strategy effectively mitigated transient voltage and current surges during mode transitions.Consequently,seamless and efficient switching between gridconnected and island modes was achieved for the photovoltaic storage hybrid inverter.The enhanced energy utilization efficiency,in turn,offers robust technical support for grid stability.
摘要This paper presents an innovative and effective control strategy tailored for a deregulated,diversified energy system involving multiple interconnected area.Each area integrates a unique mix of power generation technologies:Area 1 combines thermal,hydro,and distributed generation;Area 2 utilizes a blend of thermal units,distributed solar technologies(DST),and hydro power;andThird control area hosts geothermal power station alongside thermal power generation unit and hydropower units.The suggested control system employs a multi-layered approach,featuring a blended methodology utilizing the Tilted Integral Derivative controller(TID)and the Fractional-Order Integral method to enhance performance and stability.The parameters of this hybrid TID-FOI controller are finely tuned using an advanced optimization method known as the Walrus Optimization Algorithm(WaOA).Performance analysis reveals that the combined TID-FOI controller significantly outperforms the TID and PID controllers when comparing their dynamic response across various system configurations.The study also incorporates investigation of redox flow batteries within the broader scope of energy storage applications to assess their impact on system performance.In addition,the research explores the controller’s effectiveness under different power exchange scenarios in a deregulated market,accounting for restrictions on generation ramp rates and governor hysteresis effects in dynamic control.To ensure the reliability and resilience of the presented methodology,the system transitions and develops across a broad range of varying parameters and stochastic load fluctuation.To wrap up,the study offers a pioneering control approach-a hybrid TID-FOI controller optimized via the Walrus Optimization Algorithm(WaOA)-designed for enhanced stability and performance in a complex,three-region hybrid energy system functioning within a deregulated framework.
基金supported by the Sichuan Science and Technology Program under Grant 25NSFSC2581 and Grant 2024NSFSC2056the China National Postdoctoral Program for Innovative Talents(No.BX20240095)+5 种基金the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(No.2024M750616)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.62402129,62272119,62372126,62372129,U2436208,U2468204,62303339 and 62203144)the Guangdong S&T Program(No.2024B0101010002)the Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation(No.2020A1515010450 and 2021A1515012307)Guangdong Key Laboratory of Industrial Control System Security Project(2024B1212020010)Sichuan University Interdisciplinary Innovation Fund。
摘要Networked control systems(NCSs)often suffer from performance degradation due to limited communication bandwidth,which can cause data transmission conflicts and packet loss.Existing scheduling strategies may fail to simultaneously meet the realtime requirements and the importance of multisensor data,and they are particularly vulnerable under distributed denial of service(DDoS)attacks.Firstly,to address these challenges,a greedy algorithm is proposed to optimise the data transmission process to satisfy the importance and real-time requirement of sensor data.It enables the dynamic allocation of network resources,reduces the possibility of data conflict and improves the communication efficiency.Then,an observer-based control algorithm is designed to ensure the system's stability and security resilience under bandwidth constraints and DDoS attacks.Therefore,in the face of packet loss caused by data conflict,the control algorithm can maintain efficient resource scheduling capability and improve the robustness of the system.Finally,the simulation results show that the proposed dynamic resource scheduling framework can guarantee the performance of NCSs under constrained network conditions.
基金Project(U2034211)supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of ChinaProject(20232ACE01013)supported by the Major Scientific and Technological Research and Development Special Project of Jiangxi Province,China。
摘要The safe driving and operation of trains is a necessary condition for ensuring the safe operation of trains.In particular,heavy-haul trains are characterized by the difficulty in driving and operation.Considering the uncertainties in train driving and operation,this paper analyzes the relationship between the safety of heavy-haul electric locomotive hauled trains and driving and operation.It studies the auxiliary intelligent driving safety operation control methods.Through K-means to identify the characteristics of drivers'driving manipulation,the hidden Markov model adaptively adjusts the train driving and operation sequence,and conducts auxiliary driving reconstruction for heavy-haul locomotive driving and operation.Based on the train running curve and the locomotive traction/braking characteristics,it smoothly controls the exertion of the traction/braking force of heavy-haul locomotives,thereby optimizing the driving safety control of heavy-haul trains in the vehicle-environment-track system.Finally,the train operation simulation and optimized driving verification are carried out by simulating some track sections.The results show that the proposed method can correct and pre-optimize driving operations,improving the smoothness of heavy-haul trains by approximately 10%.It verifies the effectiveness of the proposed train assisted driving control reconstruction method,facilitating the smooth and safe operation of heavy-haul trains.
摘要The control of traffic flows on urban roads intersections through the traffic control signals is very important,not only does the jammed traffic statement valuably relieve and the ratio of the traffic availability increase,but also the traffic accidents evidently decrease.In this paper,an adaptive algorithm of traffic control signals on the urban roads intersections is designed in,this new algorithm can actively adjust the concrete control times of the traffic control signals based on the perceiving information of the waiting vehicles in real time,then the dynamic balance between the traffic control signals and the traffic flows can be realized.Furthermore,through experiment testing and demonstrating,this adaptive algorithm expresses some fine performances,it also shows good application prospect in the field of smart city.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grants No.62573266 and 62192753)the Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province for Distinguished Young Scholars(Grant No.ZR2022JQ31).
摘要This paper proposes a model-free online value iteration(VI)algorithm for solving stochastic linear quadratic control problems with ergodic cost functions,where the diffusion term in the dynamics equation is influenced by both the state and control variables.First,we propose an offline VI algorithm based on the idea of stochastic approximation.However,this algorithm requires prior knowledge of the system parameters,which are not always readily available.To overcome this limitation,we then develop a(partially)model-free online learning algorithm based on VI.This algorithm only requires a single system trajectory and does not need the initial control to be stabilizing.By exploiting the growth rate of Itô’s integrals to handle the stochastic term generated by multiplicative noise,we provide a rigorous proof of the algorithm’s convergence.Finally,a simulation example is presented to validate the convergence of the proposed algorithms.