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Digital twin topology modelling method of new-type distribution network based on CIM specifications and spectral clustering 认领 引用
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作者 Zhimin He Hai Yu +3 位作者 Lin Peng Aihua Zhou He Wang Jin Xu 《Global Energy Interconnection》 EI CSCD 2025年第6期947-958,共12页
Regard to the real-time dynamic digital twin modelling problem of a new-type distribution network that includes distributed resources such as distributed photovoltaic,energy storage,charging pile,and electric vehicle,... Regard to the real-time dynamic digital twin modelling problem of a new-type distribution network that includes distributed resources such as distributed photovoltaic,energy storage,charging pile,and electric vehicle,a new-type distribution network digital twin topology modeling method based on Common Information Model(CIM)specifications and spectral clustering is proposed.Firstly,according to the specifications of the CIM standard,the digital twin topology models of distributed resources are extended and established.Secondly,based on the digital twin topology models of distributed resources,a digital twin aggregation modelling method for new-type distribution network is proposed based on spectral clustering.Furthermore,an online linked update strategy for the digital twin model of new-type distribution network that integrates real-time topology states is proposed.Finally,a case study is conducted on a distribution network in a certain demonstration area in China,and the results verify the practicability and effectiveness of the method proposed in this paper.This lays the foundation for the application of electrical network twin analysis,such as power flow calculation,optimal power flow,economic dispatch,and safety check,in a new-type distribution network that includes diversified distributed resources. 展开更多
关键词 Digital twin New-type distribution network CIM specification Spectral clustering Topology model
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Technical Specifications for Super Minimally Invasive Stepwise Full-thickness Resection Surgery(sft-SMIR)for Colorectal Cancer 认领 引用
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作者 Qianqian Chen Xinye Zuo +3 位作者 Huikai Li Qun Shao Bo Ning Enqiang Linghu 《Proceedings of Anticancer Research》 2025年第6期49-57,共9页
This article outlines the technical specifications of super minimally invasive stepwise full-thickness resection surgery for colorectal cancer(sft-SMIR).sft-SMIR is a super minimally invasive surgery performed through... This article outlines the technical specifications of super minimally invasive stepwise full-thickness resection surgery for colorectal cancer(sft-SMIR).sft-SMIR is a super minimally invasive surgery performed through natural orifices,combining endoscopic submucosal dissection(ESD)and full-thickness resection(EFTR)techniques,aimed at curing the disease while maximizing the preservation of the structure and function of the colorectal organs.The article specifies that this technique is suitable for early colon cancer,early rectal cancer,and locally advanced low rectal cancer after neoadjuvant therapy,detailing its indications and contraindications.It emphasizes the importance of multidisciplinary team(MDT)assessment,meticulous preoperative imaging and endoscopic evaluation,standardized intraoperative procedures(including marking,dissection,traction,full-thickness resection,and wound closure),as well as rigorous postoperative management and follow-up processes.Additionally,the expert consensus highlights the need for a strong focus on infection prevention and the establishment of standardized training and quality control systems to promote the safe and standardized application of this difficult endoscopic technique. 展开更多
关键词 Colorectal cancer Super minimally invasive surgery Stepwise full-thickness resection Technical Specification Therapeutic endoscopy
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Study on specifications of farmland shelterbelt net in Northeastern Plain of China 认领 引用 被引量：3
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作者 赵雨森 《Journal of Forestry Research》 CAS 2002年第4期289-293,337,共5页
s: The farmland shelterbelts in Northeastern Plain of China have formed relatively complete net system. The func-tions of shelterbelt net in omnibearing wind check and prevention of frostbite as well as the field of i... s: The farmland shelterbelts in Northeastern Plain of China have formed relatively complete net system. The func-tions of shelterbelt net in omnibearing wind check and prevention of frostbite as well as the field of integrated climate effect within shelterbelt net were analyzed, through located observation of meteorological factors. Within the shelterbelt net, the area with more than 10% efficiency of omnibearing wind check was determined as benefited area. The analysis of yield and quality of crops indicated that the sheltering range of shelterbelt net was 25 times tree height. The mature heights of the various varieties of poplar composed the shelterbelts were determined according to their height growth. Based on the comprehensive analysis above, the suitable size of farmland shelterbelt net in Northeastern Plain of China was decided to be 400 m×400 m. 展开更多
关键词 Farmland shelterbelt Protective benefit Shelterbelt net Specifications, Wind-checking efficiency
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Basic regulatory science behind drug substance and drug product specifications of monoclonal antibodies and other protein therapeutics 认领 引用 被引量：3
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作者 Patanachai K.Limpikirati Sorrayut Mongkoltipparat +7 位作者 Thinnaphat Denchaipradit Nathathai Siwasophonpong Wudthipong Pornnopparat Parawan Ramanandana Phumrapee Pianpaktr Songsak Tongchusak Maoxin Tim Tian Trairak Pisitkun 《Journal of Pharmaceutical Analysis》 SCIE CAS CSCD 2024年第6期785-804,共20页
In this review,we focus on providing basics and examples for each component of the protein therapeutic specifications to interested pharmacists and biopharmaceutical scientists with a goal to strengthen understanding ... In this review,we focus on providing basics and examples for each component of the protein therapeutic specifications to interested pharmacists and biopharmaceutical scientists with a goal to strengthen understanding in regulatory science and compliance.Pharmaceutical specifications comprise a list of important quality attributes for testing,references to use for test procedures,and appropriate acceptance criteria for the tests,and they are set up to ensure that when a drug product is administered to a patient,its intended therapeutic benefits and safety can be rendered appropriately.Conformance of drug substance or drug product to the specifications is achieved by testing an article according to the listed tests and analytical methods and obtaining test results that meet the acceptance criteria.Quality attributes are chosen to be tested based on their quality risk,and consideration should be given to the merit of the analytical methods which are associated with the acceptance criteria of the specifications.Acceptance criteria are set forth primarily based on efficacy and safety profiles,with an increasing attention noted for patient-centric specifications.Discussed in this work are related guidelines that support the biopharmaceutical specification setting,how to set the acceptance criteria,and examples of the quality attributes and the analytical methods from 60 articles and 23 pharmacopeial monographs.Outlooks are also explored on process analytical technologies and other orthogonal tools which are on-trend in biopharmaceutical characterization and quality control. 展开更多
关键词 Biopharmaceutical analysis Biopharmaceutical quality control Biopharmaceutical specifications Monoclonal antibodies Protein therapeutics Regulatory science
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International standard of Traditional Chinese Medicine techniques: the operating specifications for Chinese medicated bath(2022) 认领 引用 被引量：1
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作者 ZHANG Jing WANG Chunhui +4 位作者 JIN Xinyan YU Miao FAN Yingyi HAN Xiaoli PEI Xiaohua 《Journal of Traditional Chinese Medicine》 SCIE CSCD 2024年第4期851-854,共4页
Chinese medicated bath is one of the external therapies in Traditional Chinese Medicine(TCM),which has been widely used clinically.The“International Standard of Traditional Chinese Medicine Techniques:The Operating S... Chinese medicated bath is one of the external therapies in Traditional Chinese Medicine(TCM),which has been widely used clinically.The“International Standard of Traditional Chinese Medicine Techniques:The Operating Specifications for Chinese Medicated Bath”is drawn up by the Beijing University of Chinese Medicine Third Affiliated Hospital and Beijing University of Chinese Medicine Xiamen Hospital in collaboration with domestic TCM universities and hospitals.The specification includes definition,operating process,points for attention and contraindications.It is targeted to provide reference for TCM providers at home and abroad with TCM background in clinical decision-making. 展开更多
关键词 Chinese medicated bath international standard traditional Chinese medical technology operating specifications
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Technical specifications for X80 OD 1422 mm line pipes and corresponding products 认领 引用 被引量：1
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作者 Zhang Weiwei Li He +5 位作者 Chi Qiang Zhao Xinwei Huo Chunyong Qi Lihua Li Yanhua Yang Kun 《Natural Gas Industry B》 2016年第5期485-492,共8页
The line pipes with large diameter,thick wall and high steel grade are preferred to meet the requirements of extremely high gas transmission rate(380×108 m3/a)in the Sino-Russian eastern route project.In th... The line pipes with large diameter,thick wall and high steel grade are preferred to meet the requirements of extremely high gas transmission rate(380×108 m3/a)in the Sino-Russian eastern route project.In this paper,the technical standards of line pipes at home and abroad were comparatively analyzed after the research and formulation process of technical specifications of X80 line pipes(OD 1422 mm)used in the above-mentioned project was introduced.The key technical indexes such as chemical components,crack-arrest-toughness values,etc.and its formulation process were discussed.In addition,the development process and product performance of the X80 line pipes(OD 1422 mm)were described.It is proved by trial production and product tests that using X80 line pipes(OD 1422 mm)in this gas project is a rational and effective solution to the following technical issues such as chemical composition control,fracture control and welding stability maintenance.This type of line pipes is proved not only to meet project requirements,but to suit for production cases.As a result,the safety of Sino-Russian eastern route gas pipeline will be guaranteed essentially.The research results in this paper provide a strong technical support for the application of X80 line pipes(OD 1422 mm)in the Sino-Russian eastern route project,and play a guiding role in drawing up the technical specifications of other gas pipeline projects. 展开更多
关键词 Sino-Russian eastern route project OD 1422 mm X80 line pipe Technical specification Technical index Chemical component Crack-arrest-toughness value Welding
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Improvement of the Assay Method for Steviol Glycosides in the JECFA Specifications 认领 引用 被引量：4
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作者 Atsuko Tada Kyoko Ishizuki +6 位作者 Junichi Iwamura Hirohisa Mikami Yoshiko Hirao Isao Fujita Takeshi Yamazaki Hiroshi Akiyama Yoko Kawamura 《American Journal of Analytical Chemistry》 CAS 2013年第4期190-196,共7页
Steviol glycosides are natural sweetener constituents found in the leaves of Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni (Asteraceae). The specifications for steviol glycosides were established by the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on ... Steviol glycosides are natural sweetener constituents found in the leaves of Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni (Asteraceae). The specifications for steviol glycosides were established by the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives (JECFA) in 2008, although there was a call in the following year for the modification of this assay method to enable the determination of nine steviol glycosides rather than just seven. In response, based on a proposed method by the Japan Stevia Association, we developed an improved method by changing the HPLC conditions and including the use of an octadecylsilyl column instead of an amino-bonded column to enable the rapid and reliable determination of the nine steviol glycosides by an isocratic HPLC-UV method. With the developed method, the nine steviol glycosides can be separately determined, and identified using individual reference chemicals as standards, unlike the previous identification method, which was based on the relative retention times. In addition, the single stevioside quantification standard was replaced with both stevioside and rebaudioside A quantification standards. Importantly, the validation of the developed method was successful. The limits of quantification for the nine steviol glycosides were between 0.2% and 0.6%. The developed assay method for the nine steviol glycosides was proposed to JECFA and adopted as the revised assay method for the steviol glycosides specifications at its 73rd meeting in 2010. 展开更多
关键词 Steviol Glycosides Stevioside Rebaudioside A Reversed-Phase HPLC JECFA Specifications
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CONVEX CONTROLLER DESIGN APPLIED TO AC INDUCTION MOTOR TO SATISFY MULTIPLE SIMULTANEOUS SPECIFICATIONS 认领 引用
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作者 LEE Seung-Ju SUN Dong MILLS James K 《Chinese Journal of Mechanical Engineering》 EI CAS 2006年第4期475-479,共5页
The application of a closed-loop specification oriented feedback control design method, which addresses the design of controllers to satisfy multiple simultaneous conflicting closed-loop performance specifications is ... The application of a closed-loop specification oriented feedback control design method, which addresses the design of controllers to satisfy multiple simultaneous conflicting closed-loop performance specifications is presented. The proposed approach is well suited to the design of controllers which must meet a set of conflicting performance specifications. Gain tuning is central to the design process, however, the tuning process is greatly simplified over that presented by the problem of tuning a PID controller for example. The proposed control method is applied to an AC induction motor, with an inner-loop flux vector controller applied to design a position control system. Experimental results verify the effectiveness of this method. 展开更多
关键词 Convex controller design Multiple simultaneous specifications AC induction motor Nonlinear control
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Dynamic Output Feedback Control Synthesis with Mixed Frequency Small Gain Specifications 认领 引用 被引量：4
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作者 ZHANG Xiao-Ni YANG Guang-Hong 《自动化学报》 EI CAS 北大核心 2008年第5期551-557,共7页
This paper is concerned with the control synthesis problem via dynamic output feedback for linear continuous-time systems with mixed frequency small gain specifications.A new method for designing dynamic output feedba... This paper is concerned with the control synthesis problem via dynamic output feedback for linear continuous-time systems with mixed frequency small gain specifications.A new method for designing dynamic output feedback controllers is presented such that the resulting closed-loop systems are asymptotically stable and meet the requirements of small gain specifications in both finite frequency ranges and the entire frequency range.The design conditions are given in terms of solutions to a set of linear matrix inequalities(LMIs).Finally,a numerical example is given to illustrate the design procedure and the advantage of the proposed method in comparison with the existing one. 展开更多
关键词 Mixed frequency small gain specification multi-objective control
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Specifications and Quality of Lube Oil Base Stocks in China 认领 引用 被引量：1
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作者 WangPing 《China Petroleum Processing & Petrochemical Technology》 CAS 2004年第2期21-27,共7页
The Chinese standard Q/SHR001-95 for base stocks is compared with the APIspecifications. The viscosity-temperature characteristics of base stock required by lube oil in useand market demand on oil quality are analyzed... The Chinese standard Q/SHR001-95 for base stocks is compared with the APIspecifications. The viscosity-temperature characteristics of base stock required by lube oil in useand market demand on oil quality are analyzed. The quality indicators of base stocks in China andother countries are compared. A new classification of base stocks in response to the requirements ofmodern lube oil is proposed and the research on new technology to produce premium base stocksmeeting API specification is recommended on the basis of current base stock processing technology. 展开更多
关键词 base stock specifications technology multigrade oil
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Specifications of nanosecond laser ablation with solid targets,aluminum,silicon rubber,and polymethylmethacrylate(PMMA) 认领 引用
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作者 Nader MORSHEDIAN 《Plasma Science and Technology》 SCIE EI CAS CSCD 2017年第9期73-80,共8页
The ablation parameters such as threshold fluence, etch depth, ablation rate and the effect of material targets were investigated under the interaction of laser pulse with low intensity. The parameters of the laser sy... The ablation parameters such as threshold fluence, etch depth, ablation rate and the effect of material targets were investigated under the interaction of laser pulse with low intensity. The parameters of the laser system are： laser pulse energy in the range of 110–140 m J, wavelength1064 nm and pulse duration 20 ns. By macroscopic estimation of the outward images of the ablation and data obtained, we can conclude that the photothermal and photoionization processes have more influence for aluminum ablation. In contrast, for polymer samples, from the macroscopic observation of the border pattern at the irradiated spot, and also the data obtained from the experiment results, we deduce that both chemical change due to heating and photochemical dissociation were effective mechanisms of ablation. However, concerning the two polymer samples, apart from considering the same theoretical ablation model, it is conceived that the photomehanical specifications of PMMA are involved in the ablation parameters. The threshold fluence for an ablation rate of 30 laser shots were obtained as 12.4, 24.64, and 11.71 J cm^（-2）, for aluminum, silicon rubber and polymethylmethacrylate（PMMA） respectively.The ablation rate is exponentially decreased by the laser-shot number, especially for aluminum.Furthermore, the etch depth after 30 laser shots was measured as 180, 630 and 870 μm, for aluminum, silicon rubber and PMMA, respectively. 展开更多
关键词 ablation macroscopic rubber heating irradiated dissociation photochemical specifications fitting evaporation
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Study on Design Specifications and Wear Behavior of MCC 认领 引用
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作者 朱守星 朱世根 《Journal of Donghua University(English Edition)》 EI CAS 2006年第3期89-92,共4页
Main design parameters of MCC （metallic card clothing） which include front angle, base width, tooth pitch, and tooth point dimensions are discussed to investigate the carding effect of MCC. Experimental results show... Main design parameters of MCC （metallic card clothing） which include front angle, base width, tooth pitch, and tooth point dimensions are discussed to investigate the carding effect of MCC. Experimental results show that type C machine has the best carding effect, which is not ascribed to single factor control but the integrated design optimization and good performance of wire teeth. In comparison with the teeth design, the wire performance is another important factor that influences the perfommnce of modem high efficient production carding machine. 展开更多
关键词 MCC design specification zoire performance
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The Effect of Infestation by the Confused Flour Beetle (Tribolium Confusum Duv.) on Specifications of Wheat Flour 认领 引用
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作者 Osama Saeed Mohammad Wand Khalis Ali Abdul-minom Tais Al-Hulitan 《Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology(A)》 2012年第5期696-701,共6页
The objective of this research is to investigate the impact of infestation by the confused flour beetle Tribolium confusum on the specification of flour and its product. The results of this work showed that infestatio... The objective of this research is to investigate the impact of infestation by the confused flour beetle Tribolium confusum on the specification of flour and its product. The results of this work showed that infestation by the confused flour beetle with 5 pairs of adult stage and its progeny within 3 months period may cause high deterioration and damaged of the flour specification. The people in lraq get their flour from some official and non-official mills which they produce not so good quality of this flour in addition to which it contains some times an infestation with the two species of the flour beetles T. castaneum and T. confusum, when people do not use this quantity as quickly as possible during this period of storage, the beetles will be increased in numbers and make the flour unacceptable for any kind of pastes or bread. The infestation by this beetle causes great pollution to the flour by the ecdysial of larvae and a bad smell that it leaves on the flour and all its products. 展开更多
关键词 Storage pest wheat flour specifications.
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Development of Product Design Projects Applying Specifications and Factors Matrix (SFM) as a Support Tool in Higher Education 认领 引用
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作者 José Luis Santolaya Anna Maria Biedermann Ana Serrano 《World Journal of Engineering and Technology》 2016年第2期141-152,共12页
The application of work strategies taking into account, from the initial stages, all the factors involved in the product design process is considered essential by the researches to generate higher quality products, as... The application of work strategies taking into account, from the initial stages, all the factors involved in the product design process is considered essential by the researches to generate higher quality products, assess users’ needs and anticipate design problems. This paper presents two approaches of design project development, denominated respectively: projects with imposed specifications and projects with derived specifications and proposes the use of the matrix that integrates specifications and design factors (SFM). This design support tool complements others already used in the development of product concepts by higher education students, increasing the capacity of synthesis and structuring of information in order to facilitate decision-making into the design process. Its elaboration implies understanding of objectives, identifying of factors and establishing of specifications. At the same time, it aims to foster the reflection process and an integrated information analysis. The application of SFM and its contribution to different project approaches are shown in this paper. 展开更多
关键词 Product Design Matrix Specifications Factors Engineering Education
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Technical Specifications for Seed Breeding of Gentiana macrophylla Pall. 认领 引用
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作者 Lixia WEI 《Medicinal Plant》 2018年第5期51-53,共3页
This paper elaborates on the seedling technology,field cultivation technology,field management technology,seed harvesting and seed processing technology in the propagation process of Gentiana macrophylla to provide te... This paper elaborates on the seedling technology,field cultivation technology,field management technology,seed harvesting and seed processing technology in the propagation process of Gentiana macrophylla to provide technical support for artificial breeding of G. macrophylla. 展开更多
关键词 Gentiana macrophylla Seed production Planting technique Technical specifications
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Research Status of Technical Specifications for Bioremediation of Shorelines Polluted by Spilling Oil 认领 引用
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作者 Wu Liang Wang Xinxin Yang Yong 《Meteorological and Environmental Research》 2014年第1期62-64,67,共3页
Bioremediation of shorelines polluted by spilling oil has no secondary pollution and saves manpower and material resources, so it has a wide market. Standardizing the operation methods and materials used of the techno... Bioremediation of shorelines polluted by spilling oil has no secondary pollution and saves manpower and material resources, so it has a wide market. Standardizing the operation methods and materials used of the technology can improve its efficiency. Therefore, the research process of technical specifications for bioremediation of shorelines polluted by spilling oil at home and abroad was expounded in this study. 展开更多
关键词 Oil spilling Shoreline Bioremediation Specifications China
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National Verification Regulations and Calibration Specifications of Measuring Instruments of P.R.China in 2009 认领 引用
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《China Standardization》 2009年第4期69-69,共1页
关键词 JJG National Verification Regulations and Calibration Specifications of Measuring Instruments of P.R.China in 2009
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National Verification Regulations and Calibration Specifications of Measuring Instruments of P.R.China in 2010(2010 No.131) 认领 引用
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《China Standardization》 2011年第1期80-80,共1页
General Administration of Quality Supervision,Inspection and Quarantine of P.R.China has approved the following 8 national measuring verification regulations in 2010 and publicize now.
关键词 National Verification Regulations and Calibration Specifications of Measuring Instruments of P.R.China in 2010 No.131
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The Quality Specifications of Mischmetal Wire and Rod and the Method of Adding Rare Earth in Steel 认领 引用
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作者 鞠远峰 左生华 +3 位作者 林勤 刘爱生 王群 林东晖 《Journal of Rare Earths》 SCIE EI CAS 1994年第3期231-233,共3页
The quality of mischmetal wire and rod and the method of adding rare earth into steel are quite important for making high quality steel. This paper proposes a quality specification of wire and rod as well as related a... The quality of mischmetal wire and rod and the method of adding rare earth into steel are quite important for making high quality steel. This paper proposes a quality specification of wire and rod as well as related adding method. The paper also provides principles for selecting raw material and adding method. 展开更多
关键词 mischmetal wire and rod Quality specification Adding method
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Interpretation and reflections on technical specifications for dispensing commonly used Chinese patent medicines in clinical emergency and critical care,part 2:injection(T/CACM 1378.2–2022) 认领 引用
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作者 Jian Wen Yiheng Yang 《Guideline and Standard in Chinese Medicine》 CAS 2026年第2期101-109,共9页
The Technical Specifications for Dispensing Commonly Used Chinese Patent Medicines in Clinical Emergency and Critical Care focus on key dispensing procedures in the administration of injections,including drug dispensi... The Technical Specifications for Dispensing Commonly Used Chinese Patent Medicines in Clinical Emergency and Critical Care focus on key dispensing procedures in the administration of injections,including drug dispensing and medication guidance,prescription review and evaluation,and medication monitoring,aiming to provide a reference for the rational use and risk prevention of traditional Chinese medicine(TCM)injections in clinical emergency and critical care settings.Objective:Technical Specifications for Dispensing Commonly Used Chinese Patent Medicines in Clinical Emergency and Critical Care,Part 2:Injections(T/CACM 1378.2–2022),hereinafter referred to as the Specifications,is one component of a series of standards,following Part 1:General Rules(T/CACM 1378.1–2022).These standards were jointly issued by the China Association of Chinese Medicine and developed under the leadership of the TCM Dispensing Standardization Research Center of Beijing University of Chinese Medicine.TCM injections represent a significant advancement in TCM routes of administration and have played a unique role in the treatment of clinical emergencies and critical illnesses.However,several issues remain in their clinical application.In particular,the lack of clear,standardized guidance for pharmacists during the dispensing process leads to operational difficulties and uncertainties,which may pose potential risks to patient medication safety.Therefore,there is an urgent need to establish systematic dispensing specifications to provide a clear basis for pharmacists’practice and to ensure the provision of more efficient and safer pharmaceutical services.This study aims to interpret the development process and core content of the Specifications,clarify the responsibilities of pharmacists,improve the quality of pharmaceutical services,and ensure the safety and efficacy of TCM injections in clinical practice.Methods:The drafting group for the Specifications systematically identified key issues in the dispensing process of TCM injections in clinical emergency and critical care using multiple research approaches,including literature review,analysis of regulatory documents,panel discussions,questionnaires,and expert consultations.With reference to national laws and regulations,industry guidelines,standards,expert consensus statements,and relevant domestic and international standards,and in consideration of the current practices in medical institutions as well as expert opinions,the identified issues were categorized,summarized,and analyzed.Through expert consensus,the key technical components of the dispensing process were determined to include drug dispensing and medication guidance,prescription evaluation,prescription review,and medication monitoring.A total of 33 external experts(non-drafting members)were invited to provide feedback on the draft group standard.The drafting group systematically compiled and analyzed the feedback,which primarily focused on requirements for pharmacists’qualifications in dispensing roles,drug dispensing and medication guidance,and medication monitoring.On the basis of this process,15 key issues were incorporated,and the draft standard was revised and refined accordingly.Conclusions:TCM injections play an essential role in pharmaceutical dispensing in clinical emergency and critical care settings;however,several issues persist in current dispensing practices.Therefore,there is an urgent need to develop a scientifically grounded set of technical specifications for dispensing commonly used TCM injections in these settings.The establishment of these Specifications addresses existing gaps in the field of TCM injection dispensing for emergency and critical care,supplements relevant standards,and provides pharmacists with clear and standardized guidance for practice.It also promotes the standardization and regulation of dispensing procedures,facilitates the rational use of TCM injections in clinical practice,and ensures their safety and effectiveness.Furthermore,the development of a standardized dispensing system for TCM injections in emergency and critical care,under the guidance of TCM theory,expands and refines the scope of dispensing practice.It serves as an important enhancement to existing pharmaceutical services and contributes to better alignment with the international development of pharmaceutical care. 展开更多
关键词 emergency and critical care TCM injections technical specifications pharmaceutical services
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