The test suite generation is a key task for combinatorial testing of software. In order to generate high-quality testing data, a cluster searching driven global optimization mechanism is proposed. In this approach, a ...The test suite generation is a key task for combinatorial testing of software. In order to generate high-quality testing data, a cluster searching driven global optimization mechanism is proposed. In this approach, a binary encoding mechanism is used to transform the combination test suite generating problem into a gene sequence optimization problem. Meanwhile, a novel global optimization algorithm, cluster searching algorithm (CSA), is developed to solve it. In this paper, the validity and rationality of problem transformation mechanism is verified, and the details of CSA are shown. The simulations illustrate the proposed mechanism is feasible. Moreover, it is a simpler and more efficient test suite generation approach for small-size combinatorial testing problems.展开更多
In this paper, we analyze the features and distinctions of 6 classical algorithms: greedy algorithm (G), greedy evolution algorithm (GE), heuristics algorithm (H), greedy heuristic G (GRE), integer linear pro...In this paper, we analyze the features and distinctions of 6 classical algorithms: greedy algorithm (G), greedy evolution algorithm (GE), heuristics algorithm (H), greedy heuristic G (GRE), integer linear programming algorithm (ILP) and genetic algorithm (GA) to ensure the main influencing factors-the performance of algorithms and the running time of algorithms. What's more, we would not only present a research design that aims at gaining deeper understanding about the algorithm classification and its function as well as their distinction, but also make an empirical study in order to obtain a practical range standard that can guide the selection of reduction algorithms. When the size of a test object (product of test requirements and test cases) is smaller than 2000×2000, G algorithm is the commonly recommended algorithm. With the growth of test size, the usage of GE and GRE becomes more general.展开更多
A novel interoperability test sequences optimization scheme is proposed in which the genetic algorithm (GA) is used to obtain the minimal-length interoperability test sequences. During our work, the basic interopera...A novel interoperability test sequences optimization scheme is proposed in which the genetic algorithm (GA) is used to obtain the minimal-length interoperability test sequences. During our work, the basic interoperability test sequences are generated based on the minimal-complete-coverage criterion, which removes the redundancy from conformance test sequences. Then interoperability sequences minimization problem can be considered as an instance of the set covering problem, and the GA is applied to remove redundancy in interoperability transitions. The results show that compared to conventional algorithm, the proposed algorithm is more practical to avoid the state space explosion problem, for it can reduce the length of the test sequences and maintain the same transition coverage.展开更多
The dominant error source of mobile terminal location in wireless sensor networks (WSNs) is the non-line-of-sight (NLOS) propagation error. Among the algorithms proposed to mitigate the influence of NLOS propagati...The dominant error source of mobile terminal location in wireless sensor networks (WSNs) is the non-line-of-sight (NLOS) propagation error. Among the algorithms proposed to mitigate the influence of NLOS propagation error, residual test (RT) is an efficient one, however with high computational complexity (CC). An improved algorithm that memorizes the light of sight (LOS) range measurements (RMs) identified memorize LOS range measurements identified residual test (MLSI-RT) is presented in this paper to address this problem. The MLSI-RT is based on the assumption that when all RMs are from LOS propagations, the normalized residual follows the central Chi-Square distribution while for NLOS cases it is non-central. This study can reduce the CC by more than 90%.展开更多
BACKGROUND Human immunodeficiency virus(HIV)recency testing provides data that can be used to monitor the trend of new HIV infections.The effectiveness of using people identified with recent infection to identify part...BACKGROUND Human immunodeficiency virus(HIV)recency testing provides data that can be used to monitor the trend of new HIV infections.The effectiveness of using people identified with recent infection to identify partners with new HIV infection through partner notification services(PNS)is not well documented.AIM To determine the pooled prevalence of recency testing coverage,recent infection,reclassification(recent to longterm infection)and PNS cascade among newly diagnosed people living with HIV.METHODS PubMed,Cochrane Library and Embase were searched for articles published between January 2018 and November 2024.Studies were included if they reported recency coverage and/or PNS among people newly diagnosed with HIV and used recent infection testing algorithm(RITA).Recency coverage was defined as proportion of people tested using rapid testing for recent infection(RTRI)among those newly diagnosed with HIV.RITA further classifies RTRI results using viral load results(≥1000 copies/mL vs<1000 copies/mL)to confirm recency status.For studies with PNS,we evaluated the cascade:Number of partners elicited,successfully contacted,eligible for HIV testing,tested and HIV diagnosis.PNS effectiveness was measured by proportion of new HIV diagnoses from tested partners.Using random effects models,we computed the pooled estimate of recency outcomes and 95%confidence intervals(CIs).RESULTS Twenty-five studies from 17-low-and middle-income countries were included.Of 276315 newly diagnosed people living with HIV,79864 underwent RTRI with an overall pooled recency coverage of 87%(95%CI:67-96).The pooled prevalence of RTRI and RITA recency were 12%(95%CI:9-16)and 7%(95%CI:4-10),respectively.Pooled prevalence of RTRI reclassification was 34%(95%CI:22-49).Of the recent cases who agreed to PNS,253 partners were elicited with an estimated elicitation ratio of 1:1.6.Among partners elicited,99%were successfully contacted,75%were eligible for testing,68%tested for HIV,and 15%were diagnosed with HIV.CONCLUSION High recency testing coverage among newly diagnosed individuals demonstrates the feasibility of monitoring new HIV infections in LMIC.While PNS yielded moderate HIV diagnoses,its targeted approach remains a critical strategy for identifying undiagnosed cases.展开更多
The methods and strategies used to screen for syp-hilis and to confirm initially reactive results can vary significantly across clinical laboratories. While the performance characteristics of these different appro-ach...The methods and strategies used to screen for syp-hilis and to confirm initially reactive results can vary significantly across clinical laboratories. While the performance characteristics of these different appro-aches have been evaluated by multiple studies, there is not, as of yet, a single, universally recommendedalgorithm for syphilis testing. To clarify the currently available options for syphilis testing, this update will summarize the clinical challenges to diagnosis, review the specific performance characteristics of treponemal and non-treponemal tests, and fnally, summarize select studies published over the past decade which have evaluated these approaches. Specifcally, this review will discuss the traditional and reverse sequence syphilis screening algorithms commonly used in the United States, alongside a discussion of the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control syphilis algorithm. Ultimately, in the United States, the decision of which algorithm to use is largely dependent on laboratory resources, the local incidence of syphilis and patient demographics. Key words: Syphilis; Treponemal infection; Immuno-assay; Reverse sequence screening; Rapid plasma regain; Treponema pallidum particle agglutination test; Automation; Algorithm; Primary infection; Late latent infection展开更多
雾化喷嘴是液压传动系统的末端执行元件,可将水或油等流体介质进行雾化,其雾化性能对消防灭火、农药喷洒和降尘清洁等应用场景的工作效率有显著影响。以一种典型压力旋流式雾化喷嘴为研究对象,采用VoF to DPM(VtD)多相流模型、Realizabl...雾化喷嘴是液压传动系统的末端执行元件,可将水或油等流体介质进行雾化,其雾化性能对消防灭火、农药喷洒和降尘清洁等应用场景的工作效率有显著影响。以一种典型压力旋流式雾化喷嘴为研究对象,采用VoF to DPM(VtD)多相流模型、Realizable k-ɛ湍流模型和网格自适应技术建立流场仿真模型,分析喷嘴雾化原理,探究在不同入口压力下喷嘴雾化锥角和雾滴平均粒径的变化规律。以喷嘴旋流槽宽度、旋流槽数量、喷嘴直管段长度和喷嘴直径为设计变量,喷嘴雾化锥角和雾滴平均粒径为目标变量设计正交试验,结合神经网络与非支配排序遗传算法,优化喷嘴关键结构参数。优化后喷嘴的雾化锥角为64.14°,平均粒径为0.102 mm,相比于初始设计模型,分别提升了8.6%和5.6%。经试验验证,雾化锥角和系统流量的仿真与试验结果最大误差分别为6.2%和6.6%。本研究可为喷嘴类产品的雾化射流机理研究提供理论支持。展开更多
摘要The test suite generation is a key task for combinatorial testing of software. In order to generate high-quality testing data, a cluster searching driven global optimization mechanism is proposed. In this approach, a binary encoding mechanism is used to transform the combination test suite generating problem into a gene sequence optimization problem. Meanwhile, a novel global optimization algorithm, cluster searching algorithm (CSA), is developed to solve it. In this paper, the validity and rationality of problem transformation mechanism is verified, and the details of CSA are shown. The simulations illustrate the proposed mechanism is feasible. Moreover, it is a simpler and more efficient test suite generation approach for small-size combinatorial testing problems.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(10904080)
摘要In this paper, we analyze the features and distinctions of 6 classical algorithms: greedy algorithm (G), greedy evolution algorithm (GE), heuristics algorithm (H), greedy heuristic G (GRE), integer linear programming algorithm (ILP) and genetic algorithm (GA) to ensure the main influencing factors-the performance of algorithms and the running time of algorithms. What's more, we would not only present a research design that aims at gaining deeper understanding about the algorithm classification and its function as well as their distinction, but also make an empirical study in order to obtain a practical range standard that can guide the selection of reduction algorithms. When the size of a test object (product of test requirements and test cases) is smaller than 2000×2000, G algorithm is the commonly recommended algorithm. With the growth of test size, the usage of GE and GRE becomes more general.
摘要A novel interoperability test sequences optimization scheme is proposed in which the genetic algorithm (GA) is used to obtain the minimal-length interoperability test sequences. During our work, the basic interoperability test sequences are generated based on the minimal-complete-coverage criterion, which removes the redundancy from conformance test sequences. Then interoperability sequences minimization problem can be considered as an instance of the set covering problem, and the GA is applied to remove redundancy in interoperability transitions. The results show that compared to conventional algorithm, the proposed algorithm is more practical to avoid the state space explosion problem, for it can reduce the length of the test sequences and maintain the same transition coverage.
基金supported by the State Key Program of National Natural Science of China (Grant No.60532030)the New Century Excellent Talents in University (Grant No.NCET-08-0333)the Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province (Grant No.Y2007G10)
摘要The dominant error source of mobile terminal location in wireless sensor networks (WSNs) is the non-line-of-sight (NLOS) propagation error. Among the algorithms proposed to mitigate the influence of NLOS propagation error, residual test (RT) is an efficient one, however with high computational complexity (CC). An improved algorithm that memorizes the light of sight (LOS) range measurements (RMs) identified memorize LOS range measurements identified residual test (MLSI-RT) is presented in this paper to address this problem. The MLSI-RT is based on the assumption that when all RMs are from LOS propagations, the normalized residual follows the central Chi-Square distribution while for NLOS cases it is non-central. This study can reduce the CC by more than 90%.
摘要BACKGROUND Human immunodeficiency virus(HIV)recency testing provides data that can be used to monitor the trend of new HIV infections.The effectiveness of using people identified with recent infection to identify partners with new HIV infection through partner notification services(PNS)is not well documented.AIM To determine the pooled prevalence of recency testing coverage,recent infection,reclassification(recent to longterm infection)and PNS cascade among newly diagnosed people living with HIV.METHODS PubMed,Cochrane Library and Embase were searched for articles published between January 2018 and November 2024.Studies were included if they reported recency coverage and/or PNS among people newly diagnosed with HIV and used recent infection testing algorithm(RITA).Recency coverage was defined as proportion of people tested using rapid testing for recent infection(RTRI)among those newly diagnosed with HIV.RITA further classifies RTRI results using viral load results(≥1000 copies/mL vs<1000 copies/mL)to confirm recency status.For studies with PNS,we evaluated the cascade:Number of partners elicited,successfully contacted,eligible for HIV testing,tested and HIV diagnosis.PNS effectiveness was measured by proportion of new HIV diagnoses from tested partners.Using random effects models,we computed the pooled estimate of recency outcomes and 95%confidence intervals(CIs).RESULTS Twenty-five studies from 17-low-and middle-income countries were included.Of 276315 newly diagnosed people living with HIV,79864 underwent RTRI with an overall pooled recency coverage of 87%(95%CI:67-96).The pooled prevalence of RTRI and RITA recency were 12%(95%CI:9-16)and 7%(95%CI:4-10),respectively.Pooled prevalence of RTRI reclassification was 34%(95%CI:22-49).Of the recent cases who agreed to PNS,253 partners were elicited with an estimated elicitation ratio of 1:1.6.Among partners elicited,99%were successfully contacted,75%were eligible for testing,68%tested for HIV,and 15%were diagnosed with HIV.CONCLUSION High recency testing coverage among newly diagnosed individuals demonstrates the feasibility of monitoring new HIV infections in LMIC.While PNS yielded moderate HIV diagnoses,its targeted approach remains a critical strategy for identifying undiagnosed cases.
摘要The methods and strategies used to screen for syp-hilis and to confirm initially reactive results can vary significantly across clinical laboratories. While the performance characteristics of these different appro-aches have been evaluated by multiple studies, there is not, as of yet, a single, universally recommendedalgorithm for syphilis testing. To clarify the currently available options for syphilis testing, this update will summarize the clinical challenges to diagnosis, review the specific performance characteristics of treponemal and non-treponemal tests, and fnally, summarize select studies published over the past decade which have evaluated these approaches. Specifcally, this review will discuss the traditional and reverse sequence syphilis screening algorithms commonly used in the United States, alongside a discussion of the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control syphilis algorithm. Ultimately, in the United States, the decision of which algorithm to use is largely dependent on laboratory resources, the local incidence of syphilis and patient demographics. Key words: Syphilis; Treponemal infection; Immuno-assay; Reverse sequence screening; Rapid plasma regain; Treponema pallidum particle agglutination test; Automation; Algorithm; Primary infection; Late latent infection
摘要雾化喷嘴是液压传动系统的末端执行元件,可将水或油等流体介质进行雾化,其雾化性能对消防灭火、农药喷洒和降尘清洁等应用场景的工作效率有显著影响。以一种典型压力旋流式雾化喷嘴为研究对象,采用VoF to DPM(VtD)多相流模型、Realizable k-ɛ湍流模型和网格自适应技术建立流场仿真模型,分析喷嘴雾化原理,探究在不同入口压力下喷嘴雾化锥角和雾滴平均粒径的变化规律。以喷嘴旋流槽宽度、旋流槽数量、喷嘴直管段长度和喷嘴直径为设计变量,喷嘴雾化锥角和雾滴平均粒径为目标变量设计正交试验,结合神经网络与非支配排序遗传算法,优化喷嘴关键结构参数。优化后喷嘴的雾化锥角为64.14°,平均粒径为0.102 mm,相比于初始设计模型,分别提升了8.6%和5.6%。经试验验证,雾化锥角和系统流量的仿真与试验结果最大误差分别为6.2%和6.6%。本研究可为喷嘴类产品的雾化射流机理研究提供理论支持。