With the growing integration of renewable energy sources(RESs)and smart interconnected devices,conventional distribution networks have turned to active distribution networks(ADNs)with complex system model and power fl...With the growing integration of renewable energy sources(RESs)and smart interconnected devices,conventional distribution networks have turned to active distribution networks(ADNs)with complex system model and power flow dynamics.The rapid fluctuation of RES power may easily result in frequent voltage violation issues.Taking the flexible RES reactive power as control variables,this paper proposes a two-layer control scheme with Koopman wide neural network(WNN)based model predictive control(MPC)method for optimal voltage regulation and network loss reduction.Based on Koopman operator theory,a data-driven WNN method is presented to fit a high-dimensional linear model of power flow.With the model,voltage and network loss sensitivities are computed analytically,and utilized for ADN partition and control model formulation.In the lower level,a dual-mode adaptive switching MPC strategy is put forward for optimal voltage control and network loss optimization in each individual partition to decide the RES reactive power.The upper level is to calculate the adjustment coefficients of the RES reactive power given in the low level by taking the coupling effects of different partitions into account,and then the final reactive power dispatches of RESs are obtained to realize optimal control of voltage and network loss.Simulation results on two ADNs demonstrate that the proposed strategy can reliably maintain the voltage at each node within the secure range,reduce network power losses,and enhance the overall system security and economic efficiency.展开更多
To address the issue of transient low-voltage instability in AC-DC hybrid power systems following large disturbances,conventional voltage assessment and control strategies typically adopt a sequential“assess-then-act...To address the issue of transient low-voltage instability in AC-DC hybrid power systems following large disturbances,conventional voltage assessment and control strategies typically adopt a sequential“assess-then-act”paradigm,which struggles to simultaneously meet the requirements for both high accuracy and rapid response.This paper proposes a transient voltage assessment and control method based on a hybrid neural network incorporated with an improved snow ablation optimization(ISAO)algorithm.The core innovation of the proposed method lies in constructing an intelligent“physics-informed and neural network-integrated”framework,which achieves the integration of stability assessment and control strategy generation.Firstly,to construct a highly correlated input set,response characteristics reflecting the system’s voltage stable/unstable states are screened.Simultaneously,the transient voltage severity index(TVSI)is introduced as a comprehensive metric to quantify the system’s post-disturbance transient voltage performance.Furthermore,the load bus voltage sensitivity index(LVSI)is defined as the ratio of the voltage change magnitude at a load node(or bus)to the change in the system-level TVSI,thereby pinpointing the response characteristics of critical load nodes.Secondly,both the transient voltage stability assessment result and its corresponding under-voltage load shedding(UVLS)control amount are jointly utilized as the outputs of the response-driven model.Subsequently,the snow ablation optimization(SAO)algorithm is enhanced using a good point set strategy and a Gaussian mutation strategy.This improved algorithm is then employed to optimize the key hyperparameters of the hybrid neural network.Finally,the superiority of the proposed method is validated on a modified CEPRI-36 system and an actual power grid case.Comparisons with various artificial intelligence methods demonstrate its significant advantages in model speed and accuracy.Additionally,when compared to traditional emergency control schemes and UVLS strategies,the proposed method exhibits exceptional rapidness and real-time capability in control decision-making.展开更多
Electrical erosion in high-frequency alternating current(AC)electric fields is the main failure mode of traction motor bearings in fields such as new-energy vehicles.The electrical damage on the outer race of bearings...Electrical erosion in high-frequency alternating current(AC)electric fields is the main failure mode of traction motor bearings in fields such as new-energy vehicles.The electrical damage on the outer race of bearings was produced from direct current(DC)to 1 MHz AC condition.The average friction coefficient increased from 0.019 to 0.097 and then decreased to 0.052.The equivalent contact resistance decreased to its minimum at 0.99Ωthen rose to 2.6Ω.Three electric erosion morphologies were observed:pitting under DC and low frequency,fluting under resonance frequency(1 kHz)and frosting under high frequency.It was speculated that the frequency may affect the number of charge-discharge cycles of the bearing capacitance.This further affected the energy density of the bearing breakdown together with the current density,ultimately affecting the morphology of electrical corrosion.展开更多
Aqueous zinc-ion batteries(AZIBs)have significant promise as large-scale energy storage devices due to their high safety,low cost,and environmental friendliness.However,their application has been constrained by limite...Aqueous zinc-ion batteries(AZIBs)have significant promise as large-scale energy storage devices due to their high safety,low cost,and environmental friendliness.However,their application has been constrained by limited operational voltage windows.A high-voltage-resistant Ti-graphene-Ti cathode current collector(TGT)was designed and fabricated by three-dimensional(3D)printing.The surface of the TGT has a TixOy protective layer,which effectively suppresses electrolyte decomposition under high voltage conditions so that the voltage window of the battery is extended to 1.0-2.2 V without the obvious formation of by-products.Simultaneously,the graphene layer in the TGT structure significantly improves the adsorption and insertion/extraction kinetics of cations,resulting in a high specific capacity of 307.5 mAh g−1and a prolonged cycling life of the battery.The resultant AZIBs have a stable charge/discharge performance over 400 cycles at a high voltage.Furthermore,the influence of the geometric arrangements of Ti and graphene in the 3D printing process on the energy storage mechanism was investigated and provided novel insight for the development of high-voltage-resistant composite cathode current collectors for AZIBs.展开更多
In the context of large-scale renewable energy transmission,to enhance the economic efficiency and operational flexibility of the ultra-high voltage DC transformer(UHVDCT),a hybrid UHVDCT with digital twin(DT)-driven ...In the context of large-scale renewable energy transmission,to enhance the economic efficiency and operational flexibility of the ultra-high voltage DC transformer(UHVDCT),a hybrid UHVDCT with digital twin(DT)-driven operation and control is introduced.The proposed UHVDCT adopts a parallel configuration of high-capacity line commutated converters(LCCs)and low-capacity modular multilevel converters(MMCs)at the ultra-high voltage(UHV)side,and MMCs at the high voltage(HV)side.Relying on the real-time mapping and online analysis capabilities of the DT,the LCCs at the UHV side(UHV-LCCs)transmit the total active power flow of the UHV side by controlling it.The MMCs at the UHV side(UHV-MMCs)operate in V/f control mode,with their reference signals generated by the DT in the virtual space.Their primary function is to establish a stable voltage and frequency reference for the internal AC links of the UHVDCT.Adopting constant DC voltage and improved reactive power control mode coordinated by the DT,MMCs at the HV side(HV-MMCs)can maintain their DC voltage and the UHVDCT's dynamic reactive power balance.By integrating the merits of LCC and MMC and leveraging DT technology,the proposed UHVDCT cuts the MMC capacity requirement for lower cost,ensures stable performance,and enhances its economic and engineering viability.展开更多
The widespread adoption of lithium-metal batteries(LMBs)faces a critical challenge:the absence of electrolytes that can simultaneously withstand low-temperature and high-voltage operating conditions.To address this fu...The widespread adoption of lithium-metal batteries(LMBs)faces a critical challenge:the absence of electrolytes that can simultaneously withstand low-temperature and high-voltage operating conditions.To address this fundamental limitation,we introduce a mechanistically guided electrolyte design strategy based on a molecularly engineered hybrid-solvation structure combined with a synergistic dual-salt system.Our approach uniquely employs a fluorinated solvent mixture—comprising fluoroethylene carbonate(FEC)and moderately coordinating fluorinated ethyl acetate(TFEA)—to reconfigure the Li+solvation environment.This tailored solvation sheath facilitates anion participation and achieves an optimal balance between contact ion pairs(CIP)and aggregates(AGG),thereby significantly lowering the Li+desolvation energy barrier.Furthermore,the incorporation of a LiFSI-LiClO4dual-salt formulation works in concert to construct highly conductive LiF-rich interphases on both electrodes:a stable solidelectrolyte interphase(SEI)on the Li anode and a robust cathode-electrolyte interphase(CEI)under high voltages.As a result,Li||NCM811 cells exhibit excellent cycling stability from room temperature to-20℃,together with high capacity retention at high discharge rates(up to 3 C)under a moderate charging rate(0.5 C)and stable operation up to 4.7 V,substantially outperforming conventional single-salt electrolytes.This work establishes a transferrable solvation-interphase design paradigm that links coordination chemistry to interfacial stability,advancing LMBs toward practical,high-energy,widetemperature deployment.展开更多
The development of high-voltage aqueous zinc-ion batteries(AZIBs)is primarily hindered by the lack of suitable cathode materials and electrolytes that can work in broad voltage windows.Herein,we propose a synergistic ...The development of high-voltage aqueous zinc-ion batteries(AZIBs)is primarily hindered by the lack of suitable cathode materials and electrolytes that can work in broad voltage windows.Herein,we propose a synergistic strategy that concurrently addresses these challenges through the integration of an amorphous vanadium oxyphosphate/graphene(A-VOP/G)cathode with a propylene carbonate(PC)-based hybrid electrolyte.Notably,the amorphous framework of A-VOP provides abundant ion transfer pathways and enhanced structural flexibility,whereas the graphene scaffold ensures high electronic conductivity and suppresses material agglomeration.Moreover,mechanistic studies reveal that the PC co-solvent participates in the Zn2+solvation sheath,which significantly mitigates water-induced side reactions.Simultaneously,the introduction of PC components effectively disrupts the hydrogen-bond network of water,thereby suppressing parasitic reactions and broadening the electrochemical stability window.As a result,the A-VOP/G cathode in the optimized hybrid electrolyte delivers a high discharge capacity of 159.6 mAh g-1 at 1 A g-1,an elevated operating voltage of 1.43 V,and remarkable cycling stability.This work demonstrates the profound potential of integrated cathode and electrolyte design in developing stable high-voltage AZIBs.展开更多
In conventional piezoceramics,the coordinated change between the dielectric constant(εr)and the piezoelectric charge constant(d33)usually limits the piezoelectric voltage constant g33(g33=d33/εr),a...In conventional piezoceramics,the coordinated change between the dielectric constant(εr)and the piezoelectric charge constant(d33)usually limits the piezoelectric voltage constant g33(g33=d33/εr),a critical figure of merit for piezoelectric sensors.In porous piezoceramics(PPCs),air as a secondary phase reduces εr,whereas controlling 3-dimensional(3D)pore structure through processing can enhance ceramic skeleton connectivity,thereby benefiting d33and enabling the decoupling of electrical parameters.In this work,we fabricate PPCs of PZT-PZN-PNN(PZNNT)via the gel-casting method with varying solid contents.The 5-vol%PZNNT 3D-PPC realizes an 84.5%sharp reduction in εrand a 55.2%retention of d33that synergistically elevates g33to 99.7×10-3Vm N-1,which is 3.7 times that of dense ceramic.Experimental and simulation results confirm that the low stiffness and large deformations of porous materials enable both stress absorption and amplification,thereby enhancing the electromechanical conversion efficiency of piezoelectric materials.Ultimately,the fabricated 3D porous piezoceramic demonstrates exceptional electrical output and sensitivity,whereas its low density and acoustic impedance synergistically position it as a highly competitive candidate for hydrophone and sensor applications.展开更多
Accurate estimation of battery health status plays a crucial role in battery management systems.However,the lack of operational data still affects the accuracy of battery state of health(SOH)estimation.For this reason...Accurate estimation of battery health status plays a crucial role in battery management systems.However,the lack of operational data still affects the accuracy of battery state of health(SOH)estimation.For this reason,a SOH estimation method is proposed based on charging data reconstruction combined with image processing.The charging voltage data is used to train the least squares generative adversarial network(LSGAN),which is validated under different levels of missing data.From a visual perspective,the Gram angle field method is applied to convert one-dimensional time series data into image data.This method fully preserves the time series characteristics and nonlinear evolution patterns,which avoids the difficulties and limited expressive power associated with manual feature extraction.At the same time,the Swin Transformer model is introduced to extract global structures and local details from images,enabling better capture of sequence change trends.Combined with the long short-term memory network(LSTM),this enables accurate estimation of battery SOH.Two different types of batteries are used to validate the test.The experimental results show that the proposed method has good estimation accuracy under different training proportions.展开更多
Dear Editor,The integration of distributed energy resources(DERs)and communication infrastructures makes distribution networks increasingly cyber-physical,requiring resilient and real-time voltage regulation.Network p...Dear Editor,The integration of distributed energy resources(DERs)and communication infrastructures makes distribution networks increasingly cyber-physical,requiring resilient and real-time voltage regulation.Network partitioning enables scalable control,yet existing methods often ignore communication and security constraints or rely on costly optimization,limiting practicality under dynamic and adversarial conditions.展开更多
In position-sensorless brushless direct current(DC)motors(BLDCMs)fed by a four-switch three-phase(FSTP)inverter,only two phases are fully controlled,while the remaining phase is tied to the midpoint of the split DC-li...In position-sensorless brushless direct current(DC)motors(BLDCMs)fed by a four-switch three-phase(FSTP)inverter,only two phases are fully controlled,while the remaining phase is tied to the midpoint of the split DC-link capacitors.The voltage pulses required by inductance-based initial position detection can cause unequal discharge of the series capacitors,shifting the neutral-point voltage away from half of DC-link voltage(Udc/2).This neutral-point drift breaks the spatial symmetry of the inverter voltage vectors,so the 360°electrical period can no longer be evenly partitioned into six sectors during initial rotor position detection.To address this issue,this paper proposes a detection-pulse injection sequence that explicitly accounts for the asymmetric voltage vectors of the FSTP inverter.With the proposed sequence,the initial rotor position can be identified within a 30°electrical sector.The method requires no additional voltage or current sensors,and experimental results confirm its feasibility.展开更多
Given that the power grid partitioning method relying mainly on line reactive power flow information sees frequent changes in partitioning results with reactive power flow fluctuations under high-proportion fixed-powe...Given that the power grid partitioning method relying mainly on line reactive power flow information sees frequent changes in partitioning results with reactive power flow fluctuations under high-proportion fixed-powerfactor PV-connected distribution networks,and traditional distributed PV collaborative optimization fails to adapt due to such changes,a stable partitioning and distributed PV collaborative optimization method for this scenario is proposed.Firstly,the Gaussian mixture model(GMM)is used to characterize the characteristics of PV reactive power output,obtaining the typical curve of PV reactive power output.Secondly,the Monte Carlo Simulation(MCS)probabilistic power flow calculation is performed to obtain the node voltage distribution of the distribution network.Thirdly,based on the node voltage distribution,the Earth Mover’s Distance(EMD)is used to obtain the statistical distance between any two nodes,and this statistical distance is combined with the electrical distance defined by node voltage sensitivity to form a comprehensive electrical distance.Then,the affinity propagation clustering algorithm is applied,and considering the dynamic reactive power margin requirement,the reactive power/voltage partitioning result is obtained.Based on the reactive power partitioning result,a reactive power optimization model is established with the minimum active power loss of the system as the objective function.The optimization model is convexified using the LinDistFlow equation,and the Alternating Direction Multiplier Method(ADMM)is adopted to coordinate the reactive power output of PV inverters in each partition,achieving global optimal voltage control in the distribution network.Finally,the proposed method is verified using the IEEE 33-bus system.The application of this method reduces the system power loss by 35.94%.Compared with the traditional partitioning method,the partitioning variation rate under Scenario 1 is reduced by 54.17%and that under Scenario 2 is reduced by 70.85%when this method is adopted.This fully demonstrates that the partitioning results of the proposed method are stable,and the collaborative optimization method can improve the system voltage stability and reduce the system power loss.展开更多
Dear Editor,This letter presents anε-exact penalty-based scalarization method to solve the constrained multi-objective optimization problem of load sharing and transmission loss minimization within voltage safety con...Dear Editor,This letter presents anε-exact penalty-based scalarization method to solve the constrained multi-objective optimization problem of load sharing and transmission loss minimization within voltage safety constraints in a meshed direct current(DC)microgrid.A distributed predefined-time optimization algorithm is designed and implemented by deploying consensus-based observers to obtain an optimal solution.The proposed algorithm is verified by simulations and hardware-in-the-loop experiments in cases of load variation,plugand-play,grid change,and by comparative study.展开更多
The ever-growing demand on clean and sustainable energy has driven the development of rechargeable battery systems with high abundance and excellent energy storage performance.Roomtemperature sodium-sulfur(Na-S)batter...The ever-growing demand on clean and sustainable energy has driven the development of rechargeable battery systems with high abundance and excellent energy storage performance.Roomtemperature sodium-sulfur(Na-S)batteries have long been regarded as a promising,sustainable alternative to conventional lithium-ion batteries,owing to the high natural abundance of both sodium and sulfur.展开更多
The implementation of multifunctional application scenarios for mobile terminal devices has increased the energy density requirements of batteries.Increasing the charging voltage can rapidly increase the specific capa...The implementation of multifunctional application scenarios for mobile terminal devices has increased the energy density requirements of batteries.Increasing the charging voltage can rapidly increase the specific capacity of layered transition metal oxides;however,it also exacerbates the release of lattice oxygen and the contraction of the unit cell.Ternary materials are designed in a secondary particle state to meet the requirements of power battery applications.Therefore,to create ternary materials that can operate under ultrahigh voltages,attention should be given to both surface modification and particle integrity maintenance.By utilizing elemental selenium(Se)with a low melting point,easy sublimation,and multiple variable valence states,deep grain boundary modification was implemented inside the particles.The performance of the cathode material was evaluated through pouch cells,and the improvement mechanism was explored through molecular dynamics simulation calculations.Under the protection of a three-dimensional Se-rich modified layer,LiNi1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O2achieved stable operation at ultrahigh voltages(4.6 V vs.Li/Li+);a sacrificial protection mechanism based on the chronic decomposition of the Se-rich layer was proposed to explain the efficacy of Se modification in stabilizing ternary materials.This deep grain boundary modification based on elemental Se provides a new solution for the ultrahigh-voltage operation of transition metal oxides and provides a scientific basis and technical support for solving the interface contact problem of all-solid-state batteries.展开更多
The susceptibility of ore particles to electrical breakdown plays a critical role for high voltage pulse(HVP)breakage,yet its quantitative characterization still lacks deep understanding.Two indicators,namely breakdow...The susceptibility of ore particles to electrical breakdown plays a critical role for high voltage pulse(HVP)breakage,yet its quantitative characterization still lacks deep understanding.Two indicators,namely breakdown delay time(Td)and breakdown strength(Eb)were compared,based on analysis on the two breakdown modes namely wavefront mode and post-wave mode.It was found that Td is more suitable to characterize the susceptibility of ore particles to electrical breakdown in HVP breakage than Eb.A probabilistic model based on the Weibull distribution is developed to describe the relation of breakdown probability to Td.Regression analyses were conducted to investigate how operating parameters and particle properties influence Td and size reduction degree of ore particles in HVP breakage.The regressed models demonstrate potential capability to predict metallic minerals content and HVP breakage degree based on operating parameters and particle properties.展开更多
High-voltage n-type organic cathode materials are critical for constructing zinc-organic batteries(ZOBs)with high en-ergy density and long cycle life.However,the intrinsically unfavorable electronic structures and rel...High-voltage n-type organic cathode materials are critical for constructing zinc-organic batteries(ZOBs)with high en-ergy density and long cycle life.However,the intrinsically unfavorable electronic structures and relatively high LUMO energy levels of most n-type materials often lead to sluggish kinetics,high solubility,and suboptimal discharge voltages(<0.8 V).Here,we design a small molecule,quinoxalino[2’,3’:5,6]pyrazino[2,3-f][1,10]phenanthroline(DPQP),as a ZOB cathode by introducing locally electron-deficient motifs into the conjugated backbone of aromatic compounds.The linear-ly fused pyrazine units extending the pyrazine-benzene framework effectively optimize the electronic structure,thereby significantly enhancing the discharge voltage.Meanwhile,the expandedπ-conjugated plane suppresses dissolution and accelerates charge-transfer kinetics.Benefiting from these features,the DPQP electrode exhibits an exceptional increase in average operating voltage from 0.61 V to 1.07 V(vs.Zn²+/Zn)at 0.1 A·g-1,with an overpotential of only 140 mV.Notably,no discernible voltage decay occurs as the current density increases,indicating rapid and highly reversible redox kinetics.Furthermore,the DPQP cathode delivers outstanding cycling stability,maintaining over 2000 h of continuous operation at 0.1 A·g-1and retaining 82.5%of its capacity after more than 10,000 cycles at 10 A·g-1.Remarkably,the DPQP electrode also demonstrates excellent tolerance to extreme temperatures,achieving stable electrochemical performance across a wide temperature range from-20°C to 60°C.In addition,a series of spectroscopic and microscopic characterizations confirm the highly reversible redox behavior and Zn²+storage mechanism of the DPQP cathode.展开更多
The large charging overpotential and sluggish kinetics of Li-CO2 batteries originate from both the high energy barrier for decomposing insulating discharge products and the mismatch between constantcurrent charging...The large charging overpotential and sluggish kinetics of Li-CO2 batteries originate from both the high energy barrier for decomposing insulating discharge products and the mismatch between constantcurrent charging and dynamic reaction kinetics.While cathode catalyst design dominates research,charging protocol optimization remains a critically underexplored avenue.Herein,we demonstrate that a constant-voltage(CV)charging strategy,as opposed to the conventional constant-current(CC)mode,dramatically enhances the charging rate,energy efficiency,and cyclability.Using a Ru@rGO cathode,the 4.0 V CV-charging protocol CV charging is identified as optimal,enabling rapid charging(~13.6 min),high energy efficiency of 72%,and stable cycling over 200 cycles.In-situ differential electrochemical mass spectrometry reveals rapid and efficient CO2 evolution kinetics under the 4.0 V CVcharging mode.Combined with X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and Raman mapping,it is shown that this protocol ensures near-complete decomposition of both Li2 CO3 and Li2C2O4,whereas CC-charging and suboptimal CV-charging protocols leave significant residues or induce severe parasitic reactions.This work establishes CV-charging as an effective strategy to overcome the kinetic limitations of Li-CO2 batteries for a specific configuration,and provides a framework for optimizing charging protocols across battery systems.展开更多
Almost all commercial lithium-ion batteries(LIBs)with LiCoO2(LCO)as cathode material are cycled from3.0 to 4.2 V and their actual specific capacity just ranges from 140 to 160 mA h g-1,which is much lower than t...Almost all commercial lithium-ion batteries(LIBs)with LiCoO2(LCO)as cathode material are cycled from3.0 to 4.2 V and their actual specific capacity just ranges from 140 to 160 mA h g-1,which is much lower than the theoretical specific capacity of LCO of 274 mA h g-1.To further improve the actual specific capacity of LCO,elevating the upper limit of its working voltage is necessary.However,as the upper limit of its working voltage is elevated to 4.5 V or higher,the LCO crystal will undergo severe irreversible phase transition,and the oxidization decomposition of electrolyte on the cathode's surface will exacerbate,which will severely reduce the cycling lifespan of batteries,hindering the actual application of high voltage LCO.In this work,we find that 3,5-difluorophenylboronic acid pinacol ester(35-DAPE)is an effective cathode electrolyte interphase(CEI)-forming additive,which can form a robust and stable CEI layer rich in fluorophenyl-groups and B-F/B-O bonds on the surface of LCO cathode,inhibiting the dissolution of cobalt ions and maintain the structural stability of LCO crystal over cycles.The graphite||LCO pouch cells in a voltage range of 3.0-4.5 V with 35-DAPE display a capacity retention rate of 91.1%after 150 cycles at room temperature,compared to that of 2.4%in baseline electrolyte.Besides,rate performance at room temperature and discharging performance at low temperatures of graphite||LCO pouch cells can also be observed with an improvement after the introduction of 35-DAPE.In addition,this work has explained the decomposition mechanism of 35-DAPE and how its products improve the electrochemical performance of graphite||LCO pouch cells in detail,which not only advances the actual application of fluorophenylboronic acid pinacol ester additive in high voltage LIBs but also provides valuable insights for the design of functional electrolyte additives.展开更多
Sodium metal batteries(SMBs)are regarded as promising candidates for next‑generation energy storage systems owing to their high theoretical energy density and low cost.However,their practical development is hindered b...Sodium metal batteries(SMBs)are regarded as promising candidates for next‑generation energy storage systems owing to their high theoretical energy density and low cost.However,their practical development is hindered by the instability of the electrode‑electrolyte interphase(EEI),particularly under high‑voltage operation.Herein,we investigate the interfacial regulation mechanism of the bifunctional additive prop‑1‑ene‑1,3‑sultone(PES)in high‑voltage SMBs by employing Na metal‖NaNi1/3Fe1/3Mn1/3O2(NFM)full cells.Theoretical calculations and molecular dynamics simulations reveal that PES molecules preferentially undergo reduction and oxidation at the Na metal anode and NFM cathode interfaces,respectively,owing to their low LUMO and high HOMO energy levels.Furthermore,the highly polar sultone ring of PES can penetrate the primary Na+solvation sheath,enhance PF6-‑coordination in the inner solvation structure,and promote the formation of an inorganic‑rich EEI enriched in NaF and NaxSOyspecies.Consequently,batteries employing an electrolyte containing 1 wt%PES deliver a capacity retention of 82.5%after 300 cycles between 2.0 and 4.3 V,accompanied by an average Coulombic efficiency of 99.88%.Even at a high cut‑off voltage of 4.4 V,the capacity retention remains 80%after 150 cycles.This work provides a mechanistic understanding that may guide the rational design of electrolytes for high‑voltage SMBs based on synergistic solvation‑structure regulation and interfacial‑chemistry optimization.展开更多
基金supported by the Science and Technology Project of State Grid Jiangsu Electric Power Co.,Ltd.(J2024162).
摘要With the growing integration of renewable energy sources(RESs)and smart interconnected devices,conventional distribution networks have turned to active distribution networks(ADNs)with complex system model and power flow dynamics.The rapid fluctuation of RES power may easily result in frequent voltage violation issues.Taking the flexible RES reactive power as control variables,this paper proposes a two-layer control scheme with Koopman wide neural network(WNN)based model predictive control(MPC)method for optimal voltage regulation and network loss reduction.Based on Koopman operator theory,a data-driven WNN method is presented to fit a high-dimensional linear model of power flow.With the model,voltage and network loss sensitivities are computed analytically,and utilized for ADN partition and control model formulation.In the lower level,a dual-mode adaptive switching MPC strategy is put forward for optimal voltage control and network loss optimization in each individual partition to decide the RES reactive power.The upper level is to calculate the adjustment coefficients of the RES reactive power given in the low level by taking the coupling effects of different partitions into account,and then the final reactive power dispatches of RESs are obtained to realize optimal control of voltage and network loss.Simulation results on two ADNs demonstrate that the proposed strategy can reliably maintain the voltage at each node within the secure range,reduce network power losses,and enhance the overall system security and economic efficiency.
基金supported by the State Grid Shanxi Electric Power Company science and technology project“Research on Key Technologies for Voltage Stability Analysis and Control of UHV Transmission Sending-End Grid with Large-Scale Integration of Wind-Solar-Storage Systems”(520530240026).
摘要To address the issue of transient low-voltage instability in AC-DC hybrid power systems following large disturbances,conventional voltage assessment and control strategies typically adopt a sequential“assess-then-act”paradigm,which struggles to simultaneously meet the requirements for both high accuracy and rapid response.This paper proposes a transient voltage assessment and control method based on a hybrid neural network incorporated with an improved snow ablation optimization(ISAO)algorithm.The core innovation of the proposed method lies in constructing an intelligent“physics-informed and neural network-integrated”framework,which achieves the integration of stability assessment and control strategy generation.Firstly,to construct a highly correlated input set,response characteristics reflecting the system’s voltage stable/unstable states are screened.Simultaneously,the transient voltage severity index(TVSI)is introduced as a comprehensive metric to quantify the system’s post-disturbance transient voltage performance.Furthermore,the load bus voltage sensitivity index(LVSI)is defined as the ratio of the voltage change magnitude at a load node(or bus)to the change in the system-level TVSI,thereby pinpointing the response characteristics of critical load nodes.Secondly,both the transient voltage stability assessment result and its corresponding under-voltage load shedding(UVLS)control amount are jointly utilized as the outputs of the response-driven model.Subsequently,the snow ablation optimization(SAO)algorithm is enhanced using a good point set strategy and a Gaussian mutation strategy.This improved algorithm is then employed to optimize the key hyperparameters of the hybrid neural network.Finally,the superiority of the proposed method is validated on a modified CEPRI-36 system and an actual power grid case.Comparisons with various artificial intelligence methods demonstrate its significant advantages in model speed and accuracy.Additionally,when compared to traditional emergency control schemes and UVLS strategies,the proposed method exhibits exceptional rapidness and real-time capability in control decision-making.
摘要Electrical erosion in high-frequency alternating current(AC)electric fields is the main failure mode of traction motor bearings in fields such as new-energy vehicles.The electrical damage on the outer race of bearings was produced from direct current(DC)to 1 MHz AC condition.The average friction coefficient increased from 0.019 to 0.097 and then decreased to 0.052.The equivalent contact resistance decreased to its minimum at 0.99Ωthen rose to 2.6Ω.Three electric erosion morphologies were observed:pitting under DC and low frequency,fluting under resonance frequency(1 kHz)and frosting under high frequency.It was speculated that the frequency may affect the number of charge-discharge cycles of the bearing capacitance.This further affected the energy density of the bearing breakdown together with the current density,ultimately affecting the morphology of electrical corrosion.
基金financial support from National Natural Science Foundation of China(22179145)Shandong Provincial Natural Science Foundation(ZR2023LFG005)+1 种基金Qingdao Natural Science Foundation(24-8-4-zrjj-5-jch)Science and Technology Park Incubation Program Project of Qingdao City(25-1-1-yqpy-33-qy).
摘要Aqueous zinc-ion batteries(AZIBs)have significant promise as large-scale energy storage devices due to their high safety,low cost,and environmental friendliness.However,their application has been constrained by limited operational voltage windows.A high-voltage-resistant Ti-graphene-Ti cathode current collector(TGT)was designed and fabricated by three-dimensional(3D)printing.The surface of the TGT has a TixOy protective layer,which effectively suppresses electrolyte decomposition under high voltage conditions so that the voltage window of the battery is extended to 1.0-2.2 V without the obvious formation of by-products.Simultaneously,the graphene layer in the TGT structure significantly improves the adsorption and insertion/extraction kinetics of cations,resulting in a high specific capacity of 307.5 mAh g−1and a prolonged cycling life of the battery.The resultant AZIBs have a stable charge/discharge performance over 400 cycles at a high voltage.Furthermore,the influence of the geometric arrangements of Ti and graphene in the 3D printing process on the energy storage mechanism was investigated and provided novel insight for the development of high-voltage-resistant composite cathode current collectors for AZIBs.
基金supported by the Science and Technology Projects of East Branch of State Grid Corporation of China(Grant 52992424001N).
摘要In the context of large-scale renewable energy transmission,to enhance the economic efficiency and operational flexibility of the ultra-high voltage DC transformer(UHVDCT),a hybrid UHVDCT with digital twin(DT)-driven operation and control is introduced.The proposed UHVDCT adopts a parallel configuration of high-capacity line commutated converters(LCCs)and low-capacity modular multilevel converters(MMCs)at the ultra-high voltage(UHV)side,and MMCs at the high voltage(HV)side.Relying on the real-time mapping and online analysis capabilities of the DT,the LCCs at the UHV side(UHV-LCCs)transmit the total active power flow of the UHV side by controlling it.The MMCs at the UHV side(UHV-MMCs)operate in V/f control mode,with their reference signals generated by the DT in the virtual space.Their primary function is to establish a stable voltage and frequency reference for the internal AC links of the UHVDCT.Adopting constant DC voltage and improved reactive power control mode coordinated by the DT,MMCs at the HV side(HV-MMCs)can maintain their DC voltage and the UHVDCT's dynamic reactive power balance.By integrating the merits of LCC and MMC and leveraging DT technology,the proposed UHVDCT cuts the MMC capacity requirement for lower cost,ensures stable performance,and enhances its economic and engineering viability.
基金supported by the Science and Technology Project of State Grid Corporation of China(No.4000-202320087A-1-1-ZN)。
摘要The widespread adoption of lithium-metal batteries(LMBs)faces a critical challenge:the absence of electrolytes that can simultaneously withstand low-temperature and high-voltage operating conditions.To address this fundamental limitation,we introduce a mechanistically guided electrolyte design strategy based on a molecularly engineered hybrid-solvation structure combined with a synergistic dual-salt system.Our approach uniquely employs a fluorinated solvent mixture—comprising fluoroethylene carbonate(FEC)and moderately coordinating fluorinated ethyl acetate(TFEA)—to reconfigure the Li+solvation environment.This tailored solvation sheath facilitates anion participation and achieves an optimal balance between contact ion pairs(CIP)and aggregates(AGG),thereby significantly lowering the Li+desolvation energy barrier.Furthermore,the incorporation of a LiFSI-LiClO4dual-salt formulation works in concert to construct highly conductive LiF-rich interphases on both electrodes:a stable solidelectrolyte interphase(SEI)on the Li anode and a robust cathode-electrolyte interphase(CEI)under high voltages.As a result,Li||NCM811 cells exhibit excellent cycling stability from room temperature to-20℃,together with high capacity retention at high discharge rates(up to 3 C)under a moderate charging rate(0.5 C)and stable operation up to 4.7 V,substantially outperforming conventional single-salt electrolytes.This work establishes a transferrable solvation-interphase design paradigm that links coordination chemistry to interfacial stability,advancing LMBs toward practical,high-energy,widetemperature deployment.
基金supported by the Discipline Construction Project of Lanzhou City Universitythe Talent Project of Rewi Alley+1 种基金the Innovation Fund of Education Department of Gansu Province(Grant No.2026A-168)the Doctoral Scientific Research Foundation of Jiangsu University of Science and Technology(Grant No.1142932308)。
摘要The development of high-voltage aqueous zinc-ion batteries(AZIBs)is primarily hindered by the lack of suitable cathode materials and electrolytes that can work in broad voltage windows.Herein,we propose a synergistic strategy that concurrently addresses these challenges through the integration of an amorphous vanadium oxyphosphate/graphene(A-VOP/G)cathode with a propylene carbonate(PC)-based hybrid electrolyte.Notably,the amorphous framework of A-VOP provides abundant ion transfer pathways and enhanced structural flexibility,whereas the graphene scaffold ensures high electronic conductivity and suppresses material agglomeration.Moreover,mechanistic studies reveal that the PC co-solvent participates in the Zn2+solvation sheath,which significantly mitigates water-induced side reactions.Simultaneously,the introduction of PC components effectively disrupts the hydrogen-bond network of water,thereby suppressing parasitic reactions and broadening the electrochemical stability window.As a result,the A-VOP/G cathode in the optimized hybrid electrolyte delivers a high discharge capacity of 159.6 mAh g-1 at 1 A g-1,an elevated operating voltage of 1.43 V,and remarkable cycling stability.This work demonstrates the profound potential of integrated cathode and electrolyte design in developing stable high-voltage AZIBs.
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.52472078,52072301,and 52272123)the Outstanding Scholar Foundation for Technology Innovation of Shaanxi Province(2024)+1 种基金the National Key R&D Program of China(Grant No.2022YFB3504901)the Higher Education Discipline Innovation and Talent Introduction Program(Grant No.B20028)。
摘要In conventional piezoceramics,the coordinated change between the dielectric constant(εr)and the piezoelectric charge constant(d33)usually limits the piezoelectric voltage constant g33(g33=d33/εr),a critical figure of merit for piezoelectric sensors.In porous piezoceramics(PPCs),air as a secondary phase reduces εr,whereas controlling 3-dimensional(3D)pore structure through processing can enhance ceramic skeleton connectivity,thereby benefiting d33and enabling the decoupling of electrical parameters.In this work,we fabricate PPCs of PZT-PZN-PNN(PZNNT)via the gel-casting method with varying solid contents.The 5-vol%PZNNT 3D-PPC realizes an 84.5%sharp reduction in εrand a 55.2%retention of d33that synergistically elevates g33to 99.7×10-3Vm N-1,which is 3.7 times that of dense ceramic.Experimental and simulation results confirm that the low stiffness and large deformations of porous materials enable both stress absorption and amplification,thereby enhancing the electromechanical conversion efficiency of piezoelectric materials.Ultimately,the fabricated 3D porous piezoceramic demonstrates exceptional electrical output and sensitivity,whereas its low density and acoustic impedance synergistically position it as a highly competitive candidate for hydrophone and sensor applications.
基金supported in part by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(under Grant 62473309,62203352)the Shaanxi Outstanding Youth Science Fund Project(under Grant 2024JC-JCQN-68)+1 种基金the Xi’an Science and Technology Plan Project(under Grant 24GXFW0050)the Xi’an Key Laboratory(under Grant 24ZDSY0015).
摘要Accurate estimation of battery health status plays a crucial role in battery management systems.However,the lack of operational data still affects the accuracy of battery state of health(SOH)estimation.For this reason,a SOH estimation method is proposed based on charging data reconstruction combined with image processing.The charging voltage data is used to train the least squares generative adversarial network(LSGAN),which is validated under different levels of missing data.From a visual perspective,the Gram angle field method is applied to convert one-dimensional time series data into image data.This method fully preserves the time series characteristics and nonlinear evolution patterns,which avoids the difficulties and limited expressive power associated with manual feature extraction.At the same time,the Swin Transformer model is introduced to extract global structures and local details from images,enabling better capture of sequence change trends.Combined with the long short-term memory network(LSTM),this enables accurate estimation of battery SOH.Two different types of batteries are used to validate the test.The experimental results show that the proposed method has good estimation accuracy under different training proportions.
基金supported in part by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(62293500,62293504,62303242)the Young Elite Scientists Sponsorship Program by CAST(YESS20240325)+1 种基金the Young Elite Scientists Sponsorship Program by JASTI(JSTJ-2024-443)the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(2023M731780)。
摘要Dear Editor,The integration of distributed energy resources(DERs)and communication infrastructures makes distribution networks increasingly cyber-physical,requiring resilient and real-time voltage regulation.Network partitioning enables scalable control,yet existing methods often ignore communication and security constraints or rely on costly optimization,limiting practicality under dynamic and adversarial conditions.
基金supported in part by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant 52477060in part by the Tianjin Natural Science Foundation Project under Grant 24JCZDJC00250in part by the Zhejiang Leading Innovation and Entrepreneurship Team Project under Grant 2024R01012.
摘要In position-sensorless brushless direct current(DC)motors(BLDCMs)fed by a four-switch three-phase(FSTP)inverter,only two phases are fully controlled,while the remaining phase is tied to the midpoint of the split DC-link capacitors.The voltage pulses required by inductance-based initial position detection can cause unequal discharge of the series capacitors,shifting the neutral-point voltage away from half of DC-link voltage(Udc/2).This neutral-point drift breaks the spatial symmetry of the inverter voltage vectors,so the 360°electrical period can no longer be evenly partitioned into six sectors during initial rotor position detection.To address this issue,this paper proposes a detection-pulse injection sequence that explicitly accounts for the asymmetric voltage vectors of the FSTP inverter.With the proposed sequence,the initial rotor position can be identified within a 30°electrical sector.The method requires no additional voltage or current sensors,and experimental results confirm its feasibility.
基金funded by the Science and Technology Project of the Headquarters of State Grid Corporation of China(Project No.5100-202306384A-2-3-XG).
摘要Given that the power grid partitioning method relying mainly on line reactive power flow information sees frequent changes in partitioning results with reactive power flow fluctuations under high-proportion fixed-powerfactor PV-connected distribution networks,and traditional distributed PV collaborative optimization fails to adapt due to such changes,a stable partitioning and distributed PV collaborative optimization method for this scenario is proposed.Firstly,the Gaussian mixture model(GMM)is used to characterize the characteristics of PV reactive power output,obtaining the typical curve of PV reactive power output.Secondly,the Monte Carlo Simulation(MCS)probabilistic power flow calculation is performed to obtain the node voltage distribution of the distribution network.Thirdly,based on the node voltage distribution,the Earth Mover’s Distance(EMD)is used to obtain the statistical distance between any two nodes,and this statistical distance is combined with the electrical distance defined by node voltage sensitivity to form a comprehensive electrical distance.Then,the affinity propagation clustering algorithm is applied,and considering the dynamic reactive power margin requirement,the reactive power/voltage partitioning result is obtained.Based on the reactive power partitioning result,a reactive power optimization model is established with the minimum active power loss of the system as the objective function.The optimization model is convexified using the LinDistFlow equation,and the Alternating Direction Multiplier Method(ADMM)is adopted to coordinate the reactive power output of PV inverters in each partition,achieving global optimal voltage control in the distribution network.Finally,the proposed method is verified using the IEEE 33-bus system.The application of this method reduces the system power loss by 35.94%.Compared with the traditional partitioning method,the partitioning variation rate under Scenario 1 is reduced by 54.17%and that under Scenario 2 is reduced by 70.85%when this method is adopted.This fully demonstrates that the partitioning results of the proposed method are stable,and the collaborative optimization method can improve the system voltage stability and reduce the system power loss.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(62573202)。
摘要Dear Editor,This letter presents anε-exact penalty-based scalarization method to solve the constrained multi-objective optimization problem of load sharing and transmission loss minimization within voltage safety constraints in a meshed direct current(DC)microgrid.A distributed predefined-time optimization algorithm is designed and implemented by deploying consensus-based observers to obtain an optimal solution.The proposed algorithm is verified by simulations and hardware-in-the-loop experiments in cases of load variation,plugand-play,grid change,and by comparative study.
摘要The ever-growing demand on clean and sustainable energy has driven the development of rechargeable battery systems with high abundance and excellent energy storage performance.Roomtemperature sodium-sulfur(Na-S)batteries have long been regarded as a promising,sustainable alternative to conventional lithium-ion batteries,owing to the high natural abundance of both sodium and sulfur.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (52302259)the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation (CPSF) under Grant Number 2023M741479+4 种基金the Postdoctoral Fellowship Program of CPSF under Grant Number GZB20240280the Jiangxi Provincial Natural Science Foundation (20224ACB218006)the financial support from High-level Talent Research Special Funds of Jiangxi University of Science and Technology (Grant No. 205200100670)the Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Power Energy Storage Batteries and Materials (2024SSY10011)the Major Scientific and Technological Research R&D Special Project of Jiangxi Province(20244AFI92002)
摘要The implementation of multifunctional application scenarios for mobile terminal devices has increased the energy density requirements of batteries.Increasing the charging voltage can rapidly increase the specific capacity of layered transition metal oxides;however,it also exacerbates the release of lattice oxygen and the contraction of the unit cell.Ternary materials are designed in a secondary particle state to meet the requirements of power battery applications.Therefore,to create ternary materials that can operate under ultrahigh voltages,attention should be given to both surface modification and particle integrity maintenance.By utilizing elemental selenium(Se)with a low melting point,easy sublimation,and multiple variable valence states,deep grain boundary modification was implemented inside the particles.The performance of the cathode material was evaluated through pouch cells,and the improvement mechanism was explored through molecular dynamics simulation calculations.Under the protection of a three-dimensional Se-rich modified layer,LiNi1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O2achieved stable operation at ultrahigh voltages(4.6 V vs.Li/Li+);a sacrificial protection mechanism based on the chronic decomposition of the Se-rich layer was proposed to explain the efficacy of Se modification in stabilizing ternary materials.This deep grain boundary modification based on elemental Se provides a new solution for the ultrahigh-voltage operation of transition metal oxides and provides a scientific basis and technical support for solving the interface contact problem of all-solid-state batteries.
基金The financial supports from National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.52574313,52204272 and 52074091)to this project。
摘要The susceptibility of ore particles to electrical breakdown plays a critical role for high voltage pulse(HVP)breakage,yet its quantitative characterization still lacks deep understanding.Two indicators,namely breakdown delay time(Td)and breakdown strength(Eb)were compared,based on analysis on the two breakdown modes namely wavefront mode and post-wave mode.It was found that Td is more suitable to characterize the susceptibility of ore particles to electrical breakdown in HVP breakage than Eb.A probabilistic model based on the Weibull distribution is developed to describe the relation of breakdown probability to Td.Regression analyses were conducted to investigate how operating parameters and particle properties influence Td and size reduction degree of ore particles in HVP breakage.The regressed models demonstrate potential capability to predict metallic minerals content and HVP breakage degree based on operating parameters and particle properties.
基金funded by the Shanghai Natural Science Foundation(No.23ZR1424700)Shanghai Sailing Program(No.24YF2714900)Science and Technology Commission of Shanghai Municipality(No:19DZ2271100).
摘要High-voltage n-type organic cathode materials are critical for constructing zinc-organic batteries(ZOBs)with high en-ergy density and long cycle life.However,the intrinsically unfavorable electronic structures and relatively high LUMO energy levels of most n-type materials often lead to sluggish kinetics,high solubility,and suboptimal discharge voltages(<0.8 V).Here,we design a small molecule,quinoxalino[2’,3’:5,6]pyrazino[2,3-f][1,10]phenanthroline(DPQP),as a ZOB cathode by introducing locally electron-deficient motifs into the conjugated backbone of aromatic compounds.The linear-ly fused pyrazine units extending the pyrazine-benzene framework effectively optimize the electronic structure,thereby significantly enhancing the discharge voltage.Meanwhile,the expandedπ-conjugated plane suppresses dissolution and accelerates charge-transfer kinetics.Benefiting from these features,the DPQP electrode exhibits an exceptional increase in average operating voltage from 0.61 V to 1.07 V(vs.Zn²+/Zn)at 0.1 A·g-1,with an overpotential of only 140 mV.Notably,no discernible voltage decay occurs as the current density increases,indicating rapid and highly reversible redox kinetics.Furthermore,the DPQP cathode delivers outstanding cycling stability,maintaining over 2000 h of continuous operation at 0.1 A·g-1and retaining 82.5%of its capacity after more than 10,000 cycles at 10 A·g-1.Remarkably,the DPQP electrode also demonstrates excellent tolerance to extreme temperatures,achieving stable electrochemical performance across a wide temperature range from-20°C to 60°C.In addition,a series of spectroscopic and microscopic characterizations confirm the highly reversible redox behavior and Zn²+storage mechanism of the DPQP cathode.
基金financially supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province(ZR2025MS807,ZR2020QE012)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(52201254,52422213,52272212)+4 种基金the Jining City Key Research and Development Program(2025KJHZ018)the Taishan Scholar Project of Shan-dong Province(tspd20240813)the Introducing Major Universities and Research Institutions to Jointly Build Innovative Carrier Project of Jining City(2023DYDS022)the Scientific Research Foundation for New Talents in University of Jinan(XRC2406)the support provided by the Shandong Province Laboratory of Technology and Equipment for Molecular Diagnosis。
摘要The large charging overpotential and sluggish kinetics of Li-CO2 batteries originate from both the high energy barrier for decomposing insulating discharge products and the mismatch between constantcurrent charging and dynamic reaction kinetics.While cathode catalyst design dominates research,charging protocol optimization remains a critically underexplored avenue.Herein,we demonstrate that a constant-voltage(CV)charging strategy,as opposed to the conventional constant-current(CC)mode,dramatically enhances the charging rate,energy efficiency,and cyclability.Using a Ru@rGO cathode,the 4.0 V CV-charging protocol CV charging is identified as optimal,enabling rapid charging(~13.6 min),high energy efficiency of 72%,and stable cycling over 200 cycles.In-situ differential electrochemical mass spectrometry reveals rapid and efficient CO2 evolution kinetics under the 4.0 V CVcharging mode.Combined with X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and Raman mapping,it is shown that this protocol ensures near-complete decomposition of both Li2 CO3 and Li2C2O4,whereas CC-charging and suboptimal CV-charging protocols leave significant residues or induce severe parasitic reactions.This work establishes CV-charging as an effective strategy to overcome the kinetic limitations of Li-CO2 batteries for a specific configuration,and provides a framework for optimizing charging protocols across battery systems.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(22579056)the Guangdong Provincial International Joint Research Center for Energy Storage Materials(2023A0505090009)the Science and Technology Planning Project of Guangzhou City(2023B03J1278)。
摘要Almost all commercial lithium-ion batteries(LIBs)with LiCoO2(LCO)as cathode material are cycled from3.0 to 4.2 V and their actual specific capacity just ranges from 140 to 160 mA h g-1,which is much lower than the theoretical specific capacity of LCO of 274 mA h g-1.To further improve the actual specific capacity of LCO,elevating the upper limit of its working voltage is necessary.However,as the upper limit of its working voltage is elevated to 4.5 V or higher,the LCO crystal will undergo severe irreversible phase transition,and the oxidization decomposition of electrolyte on the cathode's surface will exacerbate,which will severely reduce the cycling lifespan of batteries,hindering the actual application of high voltage LCO.In this work,we find that 3,5-difluorophenylboronic acid pinacol ester(35-DAPE)is an effective cathode electrolyte interphase(CEI)-forming additive,which can form a robust and stable CEI layer rich in fluorophenyl-groups and B-F/B-O bonds on the surface of LCO cathode,inhibiting the dissolution of cobalt ions and maintain the structural stability of LCO crystal over cycles.The graphite||LCO pouch cells in a voltage range of 3.0-4.5 V with 35-DAPE display a capacity retention rate of 91.1%after 150 cycles at room temperature,compared to that of 2.4%in baseline electrolyte.Besides,rate performance at room temperature and discharging performance at low temperatures of graphite||LCO pouch cells can also be observed with an improvement after the introduction of 35-DAPE.In addition,this work has explained the decomposition mechanism of 35-DAPE and how its products improve the electrochemical performance of graphite||LCO pouch cells in detail,which not only advances the actual application of fluorophenylboronic acid pinacol ester additive in high voltage LIBs but also provides valuable insights for the design of functional electrolyte additives.
基金financially supported by the Central Government-Guided Local Science and Technology Development Fund Project of Qinghai Province(Grant No.2025ZY015)Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei Basic Research Cooperation Special Project(Grant No.2024204027)the Natural Science Foundation of Qinghai Minzu University(Grant No.2024XJMA02)。
摘要Sodium metal batteries(SMBs)are regarded as promising candidates for next‑generation energy storage systems owing to their high theoretical energy density and low cost.However,their practical development is hindered by the instability of the electrode‑electrolyte interphase(EEI),particularly under high‑voltage operation.Herein,we investigate the interfacial regulation mechanism of the bifunctional additive prop‑1‑ene‑1,3‑sultone(PES)in high‑voltage SMBs by employing Na metal‖NaNi1/3Fe1/3Mn1/3O2(NFM)full cells.Theoretical calculations and molecular dynamics simulations reveal that PES molecules preferentially undergo reduction and oxidation at the Na metal anode and NFM cathode interfaces,respectively,owing to their low LUMO and high HOMO energy levels.Furthermore,the highly polar sultone ring of PES can penetrate the primary Na+solvation sheath,enhance PF6-‑coordination in the inner solvation structure,and promote the formation of an inorganic‑rich EEI enriched in NaF and NaxSOyspecies.Consequently,batteries employing an electrolyte containing 1 wt%PES deliver a capacity retention of 82.5%after 300 cycles between 2.0 and 4.3 V,accompanied by an average Coulombic efficiency of 99.88%.Even at a high cut‑off voltage of 4.4 V,the capacity retention remains 80%after 150 cycles.This work provides a mechanistic understanding that may guide the rational design of electrolytes for high‑voltage SMBs based on synergistic solvation‑structure regulation and interfacial‑chemistry optimization.