Objective The widespread adoption of portable fundus cameras for primary care and community screening is hindered by limitations in current autofocus(AF)technologies.Image-based methods relying on sharpness evaluation...Objective The widespread adoption of portable fundus cameras for primary care and community screening is hindered by limitations in current autofocus(AF)technologies.Image-based methods relying on sharpness evaluation require iterative searches,resulting in slow convergence,while projection-based techniques are susceptible to optical artifacts and calibration errors.To address these challenges,this study introduces a novel AF system based on direct wavefront sensing,designed to deliver simultaneous high speed,high precision,and operational robustness within the compact form factor essential for portable ophthalmic devices.Methods Our approach fundamentally reimagines the AF process by directly measuring the ocular wavefront aberration.We developed a custom portable fundus camera integrating a miniaturized Shack-Hartmann wavefront sensor(SHWS)into the optical path.An 850 nm laser diode projects a point source onto the retina via oblique illumination to minimize corneal reflections.Light scattered from this spot carries the eye’s refractive error through the imaging optics and is directed to the SHWS,positioned at a plane optically conjugate to the primary color CMOS imaging sensor.A microlens array within the SHWS samples the incident wavefront,generating a pattern of focal spots on a CCD.Real-time centroid analysis of these spots provides a map of local wavefront slopes.These measurements are processed through a singular value decomposition(SVD)algorithm to fit a Zernike polynomial basis set,enabling real-time reconstruction of the wavefront phase.The defocus component(S)is extracted from the second-order Zernike coefficients,providing a direct,quantitative measure of the refractive error in diopters.This value serves as a precise error signal in a closed-loop control system,which commands a voice-coil actuated focusing lens to its null position in a single,deterministic step,eliminating the need for iterative search algorithms.Results Comprehensive evaluation demonstrated the system’s high performance.Testing on a calibrated model eye(OEMI-7)established a highly linear relationship between the computed defocus S and the focusing lens position across a±20 Diopter(D)compensation range,achievable within a 5 mm mechanical travel.The system achieved a focusing precision of 0.08 D,corresponding to an 18-fold improvement over a conventional projection spot-size method tested under identical conditions.The total focus acquisition time,encompassing wavefront measurement,computation,and lens actuation,averaged under 0.5 s.Clinical validation with 25 human volunteers(50 eyes,refractive range-15 D to+10 D)confirmed practical efficacy.The wavefront-sensing AF succeeded in 92%of attempts with a mean time of 0.5 s,substantially outperforming a projection-based benchmark which achieved only a 32%success rate with an average time of 4.25 s.The system provided instantaneous directional guidance and maintained stability during minor ocular movements.Objective assessment of image quality,via amplitude contrast of retinal vasculature,showed consistent and significant enhancement following AF correction across the entire tested diopter range.Conclusion This work successfully implements and validates a direct wavefront-sensing autofocus paradigm for portable fundus cameras.By directly quantifying and compensating for the optical defocus aberration,this method bypasses the fundamental limitations of image-processing and projection-based techniques,enabling rapid,precise,and deterministic diopter compensation.The developed system delivers an exceptional combination of a wide operational range(±20 D),high accuracy(0.08 D),fast convergence(0.5 s),and a compact physical footprint.This technology provides a practical and highperformance focusing solution capable of enhancing the reliability,throughput,and diagnostic utility of portable retinal imaging in large-scale screening applications.Future efforts will be directed towards system cost optimization and performance adaptation for diverse ocular conditions.展开更多
Point-of-care diagnostics and inline quantitative phase imaging(QPI)drive the demand for portable,ultra-miniaturized,and robust optical imaging and metrology systems.We propose and demonstrate a wavefront sensor integ...Point-of-care diagnostics and inline quantitative phase imaging(QPI)drive the demand for portable,ultra-miniaturized,and robust optical imaging and metrology systems.We propose and demonstrate a wavefront sensor integrated into a photonic integrated circuit,enabling single-shot optical phase retrieval.We implemented an integrated wavefront sensor array with a spatial resolution of 17μm and a numerical aperture of 0.1.Furthermore,we experimentally demonstrated the reconstruction of wavefronts defined by Zernike polynomials,specifically the first 14 terms(Z1to Z14),achieving an average root mean square error below 0.07.This advancement paves the way for fully integrated,portable,and robust optical imaging systems,facilitating integrated wavefront sensors in demanding applications such as point-of-care diagnostics,endoscopy,in situ QPI,and inline surface profile measurement.展开更多
Reconfigurable intelligent surface(RIS)technology is believed to effectively solve the dilemma of terahertz wireless communication in non-line-of-sight scenarios.Notably,the deployment of large-scale RIS arrays at hig...Reconfigurable intelligent surface(RIS)technology is believed to effectively solve the dilemma of terahertz wireless communication in non-line-of-sight scenarios.Notably,the deployment of large-scale RIS arrays at high frequencies brings about significant near-field effects,resulting in extensive near-field areas,which provides the possibility for the application of near-field communication.In this paper,a pixelated liquid crystal program-mable metasurface(PLCPM)is proposed to effectively manipulate terahertz waves in the near-field region.Leveraging the tunability of liquid crystal(LC)materials,the proposed PLCPM achieves 1-bit phase coding capability within the 104-110 GHz frequency band.展开更多
Acoustic resonance metasurfaces have emerged as versatile platforms for the precise manipulation of acoustic waves,yet existing designs suffer from fundamental trade-offs among reconfigurability,structural complexity,...Acoustic resonance metasurfaces have emerged as versatile platforms for the precise manipulation of acoustic waves,yet existing designs suffer from fundamental trade-offs among reconfigurability,structural complexity,and resonance quality factors(Q).Here,we theoretically propose and experimentally demonstrate a structural design of acoustic reconfigurable metagratings(ARMs)that achieves a high-Q Fano resonance via transverse translation of a tunable baffle.This mechanism is enabled by dynamic coupling between discrete local dark modes(first-order guided modes)and continuous bright modes(fundamental guided modes)confined within grooves,creating a pronounced Fano resonance.In contrast to traditional static metagratings,this device enables reversible switching between the state of perfect specular reflection and anomalous reflection using only a subwavelength displacement of the tunable baffle.Furthermore,we analytically elucidate the mechanism of Fano resonance in ARMs and derive the expression for the resonance condition.All theoretical predictions are rigorously validated through full-wave simulations and experimental measurements.This work establishes a paradigm for designing high-Q acoustic components with tunable functionality,opening new avenues for applications in ultrasonic sensing and information processing.展开更多
Compact size,high brightness,and wide field of view(FOV)are key requirements for long-wave infrared imagers used in military surveillance or night navigation.However,to meet the imaging requirements of high resolution...Compact size,high brightness,and wide field of view(FOV)are key requirements for long-wave infrared imagers used in military surveillance or night navigation.However,to meet the imaging requirements of high resolution and wide FOV,infrared optical systems often adopt complex optical lens groups,which will increase the size and weight of the optical system.In this paper,a strategy based on wavefront coding(WFC)is proposed to design a compact wide-FOV infrared imager.A cubic phase mask is inserted into the pupil plane of the infrared imager to correct the aberration.The simulated results show that,the WFC infrared imager has good imaging quality in a wide FOV of±16°.In addition,the WFC infrared imager achieves compactness with its 40 mm×40 mm×40 mm size.A fast focal ratio of 1 combined with an entrance pupil diameter of 25 mm ensures brightness.This work is of significance for designing a compact wide-FOV infrared imager.展开更多
Microsphere arrays exhibit significant potential in large-area laser processing due to their high numerical aperture for near-field nanofocusing and self-assembly properties for scalable deployment.However,the complex...Microsphere arrays exhibit significant potential in large-area laser processing due to their high numerical aperture for near-field nanofocusing and self-assembly properties for scalable deployment.However,the complexity of wavefront-modulated light interaction with microspheres presents significant challenges in predicting and optimizing processing outcomes.Therefore,developing accurate computational models to elucidate and tailor these near-field effects is essential to translate the inherent advantages of microspheres into reliable and efficient nanofabrication processes.This work presents a near-field differential scattering(NFDS)algorithm for high-fidelity and computationally efficient calculation of microsphere-assisted near-field nanofocusing.The algorithm advances conventional Mie scattering theory by incorporating wavefront characteristics and localized near-field corrections.Through comparison with experimental results,the in-plane polarization component is identified as the critical factor determining processing outcomes.Furthermore,the NFDS framework is integrated into a corrective patterning workflow for microsphere arrays,demonstrating its capability to achieve precise positional alignment and tailored morphological control in the fabrication of functional micro-and nanostructures.This work bridges the gap between high-accuracy physical modeling and practical nanofabrication,establishing a scalable computational foundation for wavefrontengineered microsphere photolithography.展开更多
The Lucy-Richardson-Rosen Algorithm is widely used for image restoration,but suffers from slow convergence or failure when analyzing images with severe optical aberrations and high noise.To address these limitations,w...The Lucy-Richardson-Rosen Algorithm is widely used for image restoration,but suffers from slow convergence or failure when analyzing images with severe optical aberrations and high noise.To address these limitations,we propose the Differential Lucy-Richardson-Rosen Algorithm which enhances both robustness and convergence speed.By integrating a Hartmann-Shack wavefront sensor into the imaging system,our proposed algorithm directly measures wavefront distortions to accurately estimate the spatially varying point spread function,enabling high-fidelity non-blind deconvolution,even for images acquired by ground-based telescopes,with significant optical imperfections.Extensive simulations and experiments demonstrate that our proposed algorithm outperforms its predecessor in image quality and computational efficiency under challenging aberration and noise conditions.Its rapid and stable performance makes it particularly suitable for real-time or near-real-time astronomical imaging,where reliable,high-resolution recovery is critical.This work advances computational imaging for next-generation astronomical instrumentation through a tightly coupled hardware-algorithm framework.展开更多
Nonlinear wavefront shaping is crucial for advancing optical technologies,enabling applications in optical computation,information processing,and imaging.However,a significant challenge is that once a metasurface is f...Nonlinear wavefront shaping is crucial for advancing optical technologies,enabling applications in optical computation,information processing,and imaging.However,a significant challenge is that once a metasurface is fabricated,the nonlinear wavefront it generates is fixed,offering little flexibility.This limitation often necessitates the fabrication of different metasurfaces for different wavefronts,which is both time-consuming and inefficient.To address this,we combine evolutionary algorithms with spatial light modulators(SLMs)to dynamically control wavefronts using a single metasurface,reducing the need for multiple fabrications and enabling the generation of arbitrary nonlinear wavefront patterns without requiring complicated optical alignment.We demonstrate this approach by introducing a genetic algorithm(GA)to manipulate visible wavefronts converted from near-infrared light via third-harmonic generation(THG)in a silicon metasurface.The Si metasurface supports multipolar Mie resonances that strongly enhance light-matter interactions,thereby significantly boosting THG emission at resonant positions.Additionally,the cubic relationship between THG emission and the infrared input reduces noise in the diffractive patterns produced by the SLM.This allows for precise experimental engineering of the nonlinear emission patterns with fewer alignment constraints.Our approach paves the way for self-optimized nonlinear wavefront shaping,advancing optical computation and information processing techniques.展开更多
Among all kinds of wavefront control algorithms in adaptive optics systems, the direct gradient wavefront control algorithm is the most widespread and common method. This control algorithm obtains the actuator voltage...Among all kinds of wavefront control algorithms in adaptive optics systems, the direct gradient wavefront control algorithm is the most widespread and common method. This control algorithm obtains the actuator voltages directly from wavefront slopes through pre-measuring the relational matrix between deformable mirror actuators and Hartmann wavefront sensor with perfect real-time characteristic and stability. However, with increasing the number of sub-apertures in wavefront sensor and deformable mirror actuators of adaptive optics systems, the matrix operation in direct gradient algorithm takes too much time, which becomes a major factor influencing control effect of adaptive optics systems. In this paper we apply an iterative wavefront control algorithm to high-resolution adaptive optics systems, in which the voltages of each actuator are obtained through iteration arithmetic, which gains great advantage in calculation and storage. For AO system with thousands of actuators, the computational complexity estimate is about O(n2) ~ O(n3) in direct gradient wavefront control algorithm, while the computational complexity estimate in iterative wavefront control algorithm is about O(n) ~(O(n)3/2), in which n is the number of actuators of AO system. And the more the numbers of sub-apertures and deformable mirror actuators, the more significant advantage the iterative wavefront control algorithm exhibits.展开更多
While propagating inside the strongly scattering biological tssue,photons lose their incident directions beyond one transport mean free path(TMFP,~1 millimeter(mm)),which makes it challenging to achieve optical focusi...While propagating inside the strongly scattering biological tssue,photons lose their incident directions beyond one transport mean free path(TMFP,~1 millimeter(mm)),which makes it challenging to achieve optical focusing or clear imaging deep inside tissue.By manipulating many degrees of the incident optical wavefront,the latest optical wavefront engineering(WFE)technology compensates the wavelfront distortions caused by the scattering media and thus is toward breaking this physical limit,bringing bright perspective to many applications deep inside tissue,eg,high resolution functional/molecular imaging,optical excitation(optogenetics)and optical tweezers.However,inside the dynamic turbid media such as the biological tissue,the wavefront distortion is a fast and continuously changing process whose decorrelation rate is on timescales from milliseconds(ms)to microseconds(μs),or even faster.This requires that the WFE technology should be capable of beating this rapid process.In this review,we discuss the major challenges faced by the WFE technology due to the fast decorrelation of dynamic turbid media such as living tissue when achieving light focusing/imaging and summarize the research progress achieved to date to overcome these challenges.展开更多
Wavefront aberration affects the quality of retinal image directly.This paper reviews the representation and reconstruction of wavefront aberration,as well as the construction of virtual eye model based on Zernike pol...Wavefront aberration affects the quality of retinal image directly.This paper reviews the representation and reconstruction of wavefront aberration,as well as the construction of virtual eye model based on Zernike polynomial coefficients.In addition,the promising prospect of virtual eye model is emphasized.展开更多
The phase diversity wavefront sensor is one of the tools used to estimate wavefront aberration, and it is often used as a wavefront sensor in adaptive optics systems. However, the performance of the traditional phase ...The phase diversity wavefront sensor is one of the tools used to estimate wavefront aberration, and it is often used as a wavefront sensor in adaptive optics systems. However, the performance of the traditional phase diversity wavefront sensor is limited by the accuracy and dynamic ranges of the intensity distribution at the focus and defocus positions of the CCD camera. In this paper, a modified phase diversity wavefront sensor based on a diffraction grating is proposed to improve the ability to measure the wavefront aberration with larger amplitude and higher spatial frequency. The basic principle and the optics construction of the proposed method are also described in detail. The noise propagation property of the proposed method is also analysed by using the numerical simulation method, and comparison between the diffraction grating phase diversity wavefront sensor and the traditional phase diversity wavefront sensor is also made. The simulation results show that the diffraction grating phase diversity wavefront sensor can obviously improve the ability to measure the wavefront aberration, especially the wavefront aberration with larger amplitude and higher spatial frequency.展开更多
AIM: To compare the wavefront aberrations and corneal surface regularity between dry eye(DE) patients and normal subjects and assess its diagnostic performance for DE measured with OPD Scan-Ⅲ.METHODS: Fifty right eye...AIM: To compare the wavefront aberrations and corneal surface regularity between dry eye(DE) patients and normal subjects and assess its diagnostic performance for DE measured with OPD Scan-Ⅲ.METHODS: Fifty right eyes of 50 DE patients and 31 right eyes of normal subjects were included.The examinations for ocular surface including logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution best-corrected distance visual acuity(logMAR BCVA) the ocular surface disease index(OSDI), tear film break-up time(TBUT) and corneal fluorescein staining(CFS).OPD Scan-Ⅲ was used to measure anterior corneal aberrations including total corneal aberrations, high order aberration(HOA), coma, trefoil, spherical aberration(SA), standard deviation of corneal power(SDP), surface regularity index(SRI) and surface asymmetry index(SAI).Statistical analysis were assessed with nonparametric tests and Spearman’s correlations.All parameters were also analyzed for sensitivity, specificity, and receiver operating characteristics(ROC) curves.RESULTS: Wavefront aberrations parameters including total corneal aberrations, HOA, coma, trefoil, and SA in DE group were significantly higher than those in normal group(P<0.001).Corneal surface regularity parameters including SRI and SAI in DE group were significantly higher than both in normal group(P<0.05).All the wavefront aberrations parameters had significant correlations with ocular surface parameters(P<0.05).The logMAR BCVA had positive correlations with SAI and SRI(all P<0.001).CFS scores had positive correlations with SAI and SRI(all P<0.001).All the wavefront aberrations parameters showed good diagnosis sensitivity and specificity, however, the corneal regularity parameters showed only good specificity but poor sensitivity.The cut-off value selected for trefoil in diagnosis DE showed the highest area under the curve(AUC, 0.921) values as compared to the other parameters with sensitivity of 0.955 and specificity of 0.867.CONCLUSION: Wavefront aberrations and corneal surface regularity are increased in DE patients and also correlated with ocular surface parameters.Wavefront aberrations parameters have potential to be indicators to diagnosis and monitor DE.展开更多
3D traveltime calculation is widely used in seismic exploration technologies such as seismic migration and tomography. The fast marching method (FMM) is useful for calculating 3D traveltime and has proven to be effi...3D traveltime calculation is widely used in seismic exploration technologies such as seismic migration and tomography. The fast marching method (FMM) is useful for calculating 3D traveltime and has proven to be efficient and stable. However, it has low calculation accuracy near the source, which thus gives it low overall accuracy. This paper proposes a joint traveltime calculation method to solve this problem. The method firstly employs the wavefront construction method (WFC), which has a higher calculation accuracy than FMM in calculating traveltime in the small area near the source, and secondly adopts FMM to calculate traveltime for the remaining grid nodes. Due to the increase in calculation precision of grid nodes near the source, this new algorithm is shown to have good calculation precision while maintaining the high calculation efficiency of FMM, which is employed in most of the computational area. Results are verified using various numerical models.展开更多
Wavefront shaping(WFS)techniques have been used as a powerful tool to control light propagation in complex media,including multimode fibers.In this paper,we propose a new application of WFS for multimode fber-based se...Wavefront shaping(WFS)techniques have been used as a powerful tool to control light propagation in complex media,including multimode fibers.In this paper,we propose a new application of WFS for multimode fber-based sensors.The use of a single multimode fiber alone,without any special fabrication,as a sensor based on the light intensity variations is not an easy task.The twist effect on multimode fiber is used as an example herein.Experimental results show that light intensity through the multimode fiber shows no direct relationship with the twist angle,but the correlation coefficient(CC)of speckle patterns does.Moreover,if WFS is applied to transform the spatially seemingly random light pattern at the exit of the multimode fiber into an optical focus.The focal pattern correlation and intensity both can serve to gauge the twist angle,with doubled measurement range and allowance of using a fast point detector to provide the feedback.With further development,WFS may find potentials to facilitate the development of multimode fber-based sensors in a variety of scenarios.展开更多
Feedback-based wavefront shaping focuses light through scattering media by employing phase optimization algorithms.Genetic algorithms(GAs),inspired by the process of natural selection,are well suited for phase optimiz...Feedback-based wavefront shaping focuses light through scattering media by employing phase optimization algorithms.Genetic algorithms(GAs),inspired by the process of natural selection,are well suited for phase optimization in wavelfront shaping problems.In 2012,Conkey et al.first introduced a GA into feedback-based wavefront shaping to find the optimum phase map.Since then,due to its siuperior performance in noisy environment,the GA has been widely adopted by lots of implementations.However,there have been limited studies discussing and optimizing the detailed procedures of the GA.To fill this blank,in this study,we performed a thorough study on the performance of the GA for focusing light through scattering media.Using numerical tools,we evaluated certain procedures that can be potentially improved and provided guidance on how to choose certain parameters appropriately.This study is beneficial in improving the performance of wavefront shaping systems with GAs.展开更多
AIM: To compare and calculate the 3-year refractive results, higher-order aberrations (HOAs), contrast sensitivity (CS) and dry eye parameters after small incision lenticule extraction (SMILE) and wavefront-gui...AIM: To compare and calculate the 3-year refractive results, higher-order aberrations (HOAs), contrast sensitivity (CS) and dry eye parameters after small incision lenticule extraction (SMILE) and wavefront-guided femtosecond laser-assisted laser in situ keratomileusis (FS-LASIK) for correction of high myopia and myopic astigmatism. METHODS: In this prospective, non-randomized comparative study, 78 eyes with spherical equivalent (SE) of -8.11±1.09 diopters (D) received a SMILE surgery, and 65 eyes with SE of -8.05±1.12 D received a wavefront-guided FS-LASIK surgery with the VisuMax femtosecond laser (Carl Zeiss Meditec, Jena, Germany) for flap cutting. Visual acuity, manifest refraction, CS, HOAs, ocular surface disease index (OSDI) and tear break-up time (TBUT) were evaluated during a 3-year follow-up. RESULTS: The difference of uncorrected distance visual acuity (UDVA) postoperatively was achieved at lmo and at 3mo, whereas the difference of the mean UDVA between two groups at 3y were not statistically significant (t=-1.59, P=-0.13). The postoperative change of SE was 0.89 D in the FS-LASIK group (t=5.76, P=0.00), and 0.14 D in the SMILE group (t=-0.54, P=0.59) from lmo to 3y after surgery. At 3-year postoperatively, both HOAs and spherical aberrations in the SMILE group were obviously less than those in the FS-LASIK group (P=0.00), but the coma root mean square (RMS) was higher in the SMILE group (0.59±0.26) than in the FS-LASIK group (0.29±0.14, P=0.00). The mesopic CS values between two groups were not statistically significant at 3y postoperatively. Compared with the FS-LASIK group, lower OSDI scores and longer TBUT values were found in the SMILE group at Imo and 3mo postoperatively. With regard to safety, no eye lost any line of CDVA in both groups at 3y after surgery. CONCLUSION: Both SMILE and wavefront-guided FS- LASIK procedures provide good visual outcomes. Both procedures are effective and safe, but SMILE surgery achieve more stable long-term refractive outcome and better control of early postoperative dry eye as compared to FS-LASIK.展开更多
By applying the wavefront coding technique to an optical system, the depth of focus can be greatly increased. Several complicated methods, such as Fisher Information based method, have already been taken to optimize f...By applying the wavefront coding technique to an optical system, the depth of focus can be greatly increased. Several complicated methods, such as Fisher Information based method, have already been taken to optimize for the best pupil phase mask in ideal condition. Here one simple point spread function (PSF) based method with only the standard deviation method used to evaluate the PSF stability over the depth of focus is taken to optimize for the best coefficients of pupil phase mask in practical optical systems. Results of imaging simulations for optical systems with and without pupil phase mask are presented, and the sharpness of image is calculated for comparison. The optimized results showed better and much more stable imaging quality over the original system without changing the position of the image plane.展开更多
This paper is concerned with the stability of traveling wavefronts for a population dynamics model with time delay. Combining the weighted energy method and the comparison principle, the global exponential stability o...This paper is concerned with the stability of traveling wavefronts for a population dynamics model with time delay. Combining the weighted energy method and the comparison principle, the global exponential stability of noncritical traveling wavefronts (waves with speeds c 〉 c*, where c=c* is the minimal speed) is established, when the initial perturbations around the wavefront decays to zero exponentially in space as x → -∞, but it can be allowed arbitrary large in other locations, which improves the results in[9, 18, 21].展开更多
We studied the evolution of wavefront aberration(WFA) of a signal beam during amplification in a Ti:sapphire chirped pulse amplification(CPA) system. The results verified that the WFA of the amplified laser beam has l...We studied the evolution of wavefront aberration(WFA) of a signal beam during amplification in a Ti:sapphire chirped pulse amplification(CPA) system. The results verified that the WFA of the amplified laser beam has little relation with the change of the pump beam energies. Transverse parasitic lasing that might occur in CPA hardly affects the wavefront of the signal beam. Thermal effects were also considered in this study, and the results show that the thermal effect cumulated in multiple amplification processes also has no obvious influence on the wavefront of the signal beam for a single-shot frequency. The results presented in this paper confirmed experimentally that the amplification in a Ti:sapphire CPA system has little impact on the WFA of the signal beam and it is very helpful for wavefront correction of single-shot PW and multi-PW laser systems based on Ti:sapphire.展开更多
摘要Objective The widespread adoption of portable fundus cameras for primary care and community screening is hindered by limitations in current autofocus(AF)technologies.Image-based methods relying on sharpness evaluation require iterative searches,resulting in slow convergence,while projection-based techniques are susceptible to optical artifacts and calibration errors.To address these challenges,this study introduces a novel AF system based on direct wavefront sensing,designed to deliver simultaneous high speed,high precision,and operational robustness within the compact form factor essential for portable ophthalmic devices.Methods Our approach fundamentally reimagines the AF process by directly measuring the ocular wavefront aberration.We developed a custom portable fundus camera integrating a miniaturized Shack-Hartmann wavefront sensor(SHWS)into the optical path.An 850 nm laser diode projects a point source onto the retina via oblique illumination to minimize corneal reflections.Light scattered from this spot carries the eye’s refractive error through the imaging optics and is directed to the SHWS,positioned at a plane optically conjugate to the primary color CMOS imaging sensor.A microlens array within the SHWS samples the incident wavefront,generating a pattern of focal spots on a CCD.Real-time centroid analysis of these spots provides a map of local wavefront slopes.These measurements are processed through a singular value decomposition(SVD)algorithm to fit a Zernike polynomial basis set,enabling real-time reconstruction of the wavefront phase.The defocus component(S)is extracted from the second-order Zernike coefficients,providing a direct,quantitative measure of the refractive error in diopters.This value serves as a precise error signal in a closed-loop control system,which commands a voice-coil actuated focusing lens to its null position in a single,deterministic step,eliminating the need for iterative search algorithms.Results Comprehensive evaluation demonstrated the system’s high performance.Testing on a calibrated model eye(OEMI-7)established a highly linear relationship between the computed defocus S and the focusing lens position across a±20 Diopter(D)compensation range,achievable within a 5 mm mechanical travel.The system achieved a focusing precision of 0.08 D,corresponding to an 18-fold improvement over a conventional projection spot-size method tested under identical conditions.The total focus acquisition time,encompassing wavefront measurement,computation,and lens actuation,averaged under 0.5 s.Clinical validation with 25 human volunteers(50 eyes,refractive range-15 D to+10 D)confirmed practical efficacy.The wavefront-sensing AF succeeded in 92%of attempts with a mean time of 0.5 s,substantially outperforming a projection-based benchmark which achieved only a 32%success rate with an average time of 4.25 s.The system provided instantaneous directional guidance and maintained stability during minor ocular movements.Objective assessment of image quality,via amplitude contrast of retinal vasculature,showed consistent and significant enhancement following AF correction across the entire tested diopter range.Conclusion This work successfully implements and validates a direct wavefront-sensing autofocus paradigm for portable fundus cameras.By directly quantifying and compensating for the optical defocus aberration,this method bypasses the fundamental limitations of image-processing and projection-based techniques,enabling rapid,precise,and deterministic diopter compensation.The developed system delivers an exceptional combination of a wide operational range(±20 D),high accuracy(0.08 D),fast convergence(0.5 s),and a compact physical footprint.This technology provides a practical and highperformance focusing solution capable of enhancing the reliability,throughput,and diagnostic utility of portable retinal imaging in large-scale screening applications.Future efforts will be directed towards system cost optimization and performance adaptation for diverse ocular conditions.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.52175509 and 52450158)the National Key Research and Development Program of China(Grant No.2023YFF1500900)+2 种基金the Shenzhen Fundamental Research Program(Grant No.JCYJ20220818100412027)the Guangdong-Hong Kong Technology Cooperation Funding Scheme Category C Platform(Grant No.SGDX20230116093543005)the Innovation Project of Optics Valley Laboratory(Grant No.OVL2023PY003)。
摘要Point-of-care diagnostics and inline quantitative phase imaging(QPI)drive the demand for portable,ultra-miniaturized,and robust optical imaging and metrology systems.We propose and demonstrate a wavefront sensor integrated into a photonic integrated circuit,enabling single-shot optical phase retrieval.We implemented an integrated wavefront sensor array with a spatial resolution of 17μm and a numerical aperture of 0.1.Furthermore,we experimentally demonstrated the reconstruction of wavefronts defined by Zernike polynomials,specifically the first 14 terms(Z1to Z14),achieving an average root mean square error below 0.07.This advancement paves the way for fully integrated,portable,and robust optical imaging systems,facilitating integrated wavefront sensors in demanding applications such as point-of-care diagnostics,endoscopy,in situ QPI,and inline surface profile measurement.
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China(52572123,U23A20279,62288101)。
摘要Reconfigurable intelligent surface(RIS)technology is believed to effectively solve the dilemma of terahertz wireless communication in non-line-of-sight scenarios.Notably,the deployment of large-scale RIS arrays at high frequencies brings about significant near-field effects,resulting in extensive near-field areas,which provides the possibility for the application of near-field communication.In this paper,a pixelated liquid crystal program-mable metasurface(PLCPM)is proposed to effectively manipulate terahertz waves in the near-field region.Leveraging the tunability of liquid crystal(LC)materials,the proposed PLCPM achieves 1-bit phase coding capability within the 104-110 GHz frequency band.
基金supported by the National Key R&D Program of China(Grant Nos.2022YFA1404400 and 2022YFA1404301)the Startup Foundation for Introducing Talent of NUIST(Grant No.1513142501019)+1 种基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.12274313)the Gusu Leading Talent Plan for Scientific and Technological Innovation and Entrepreneurship(Grant No.ZXL2024400).
摘要Acoustic resonance metasurfaces have emerged as versatile platforms for the precise manipulation of acoustic waves,yet existing designs suffer from fundamental trade-offs among reconfigurability,structural complexity,and resonance quality factors(Q).Here,we theoretically propose and experimentally demonstrate a structural design of acoustic reconfigurable metagratings(ARMs)that achieves a high-Q Fano resonance via transverse translation of a tunable baffle.This mechanism is enabled by dynamic coupling between discrete local dark modes(first-order guided modes)and continuous bright modes(fundamental guided modes)confined within grooves,creating a pronounced Fano resonance.In contrast to traditional static metagratings,this device enables reversible switching between the state of perfect specular reflection and anomalous reflection using only a subwavelength displacement of the tunable baffle.Furthermore,we analytically elucidate the mechanism of Fano resonance in ARMs and derive the expression for the resonance condition.All theoretical predictions are rigorously validated through full-wave simulations and experimental measurements.This work establishes a paradigm for designing high-Q acoustic components with tunable functionality,opening new avenues for applications in ultrasonic sensing and information processing.
摘要Compact size,high brightness,and wide field of view(FOV)are key requirements for long-wave infrared imagers used in military surveillance or night navigation.However,to meet the imaging requirements of high resolution and wide FOV,infrared optical systems often adopt complex optical lens groups,which will increase the size and weight of the optical system.In this paper,a strategy based on wavefront coding(WFC)is proposed to design a compact wide-FOV infrared imager.A cubic phase mask is inserted into the pupil plane of the infrared imager to correct the aberration.The simulated results show that,the WFC infrared imager has good imaging quality in a wide FOV of±16°.In addition,the WFC infrared imager achieves compactness with its 40 mm×40 mm×40 mm size.A fast focal ratio of 1 combined with an entrance pupil diameter of 25 mm ensures brightness.This work is of significance for designing a compact wide-FOV infrared imager.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(Grant No.2022YFB4600400)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.62404012,12374339,and 62405012)+1 种基金the Ningbo Key R&D Program(Grant No.2024Z172)the Beijing Natural Science Foundation(Grant No.L241062).
摘要Microsphere arrays exhibit significant potential in large-area laser processing due to their high numerical aperture for near-field nanofocusing and self-assembly properties for scalable deployment.However,the complexity of wavefront-modulated light interaction with microspheres presents significant challenges in predicting and optimizing processing outcomes.Therefore,developing accurate computational models to elucidate and tailor these near-field effects is essential to translate the inherent advantages of microspheres into reliable and efficient nanofabrication processes.This work presents a near-field differential scattering(NFDS)algorithm for high-fidelity and computationally efficient calculation of microsphere-assisted near-field nanofocusing.The algorithm advances conventional Mie scattering theory by incorporating wavefront characteristics and localized near-field corrections.Through comparison with experimental results,the in-plane polarization component is identified as the critical factor determining processing outcomes.Furthermore,the NFDS framework is integrated into a corrective patterning workflow for microsphere arrays,demonstrating its capability to achieve precise positional alignment and tailored morphological control in the fabrication of functional micro-and nanostructures.This work bridges the gap between high-accuracy physical modeling and practical nanofabrication,establishing a scalable computational foundation for wavefrontengineered microsphere photolithography.
基金funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(11803015)the Natural Science Foundation of Fujian Province(2018J05009 and 2023J011031)+3 种基金the Fujian Provincial Health Department(2017-1-92)the National Fund Cultivation Program of Sanming University(PYT2104)the Science and Technology Planning Project of Sanming(2023-S-115)the Doctoral Research Start-up Project of Putian University(2024138).
摘要The Lucy-Richardson-Rosen Algorithm is widely used for image restoration,but suffers from slow convergence or failure when analyzing images with severe optical aberrations and high noise.To address these limitations,we propose the Differential Lucy-Richardson-Rosen Algorithm which enhances both robustness and convergence speed.By integrating a Hartmann-Shack wavefront sensor into the imaging system,our proposed algorithm directly measures wavefront distortions to accurately estimate the spatially varying point spread function,enabling high-fidelity non-blind deconvolution,even for images acquired by ground-based telescopes,with significant optical imperfections.Extensive simulations and experiments demonstrate that our proposed algorithm outperforms its predecessor in image quality and computational efficiency under challenging aberration and noise conditions.Its rapid and stable performance makes it particularly suitable for real-time or near-real-time astronomical imaging,where reliable,high-resolution recovery is critical.This work advances computational imaging for next-generation astronomical instrumentation through a tightly coupled hardware-algorithm framework.
基金support from the Biotechnology and Biological Council Doctoral Training Programme(BBSRC DTP)the support from the Royal Society and Wolfson Foundation(RSWF\FT\191022).
摘要Nonlinear wavefront shaping is crucial for advancing optical technologies,enabling applications in optical computation,information processing,and imaging.However,a significant challenge is that once a metasurface is fabricated,the nonlinear wavefront it generates is fixed,offering little flexibility.This limitation often necessitates the fabrication of different metasurfaces for different wavefronts,which is both time-consuming and inefficient.To address this,we combine evolutionary algorithms with spatial light modulators(SLMs)to dynamically control wavefronts using a single metasurface,reducing the need for multiple fabrications and enabling the generation of arbitrary nonlinear wavefront patterns without requiring complicated optical alignment.We demonstrate this approach by introducing a genetic algorithm(GA)to manipulate visible wavefronts converted from near-infrared light via third-harmonic generation(THG)in a silicon metasurface.The Si metasurface supports multipolar Mie resonances that strongly enhance light-matter interactions,thereby significantly boosting THG emission at resonant positions.Additionally,the cubic relationship between THG emission and the infrared input reduces noise in the diffractive patterns produced by the SLM.This allows for precise experimental engineering of the nonlinear emission patterns with fewer alignment constraints.Our approach paves the way for self-optimized nonlinear wavefront shaping,advancing optical computation and information processing techniques.
基金supported by the National Key Scientific and Research Equipment Development Project of China(Grant No.ZDYZ2013-2)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.11173008)the Sichuan Provincial Outstanding Youth Academic Technology Leaders Program,China(Grant No.2012JQ0012)
摘要Among all kinds of wavefront control algorithms in adaptive optics systems, the direct gradient wavefront control algorithm is the most widespread and common method. This control algorithm obtains the actuator voltages directly from wavefront slopes through pre-measuring the relational matrix between deformable mirror actuators and Hartmann wavefront sensor with perfect real-time characteristic and stability. However, with increasing the number of sub-apertures in wavefront sensor and deformable mirror actuators of adaptive optics systems, the matrix operation in direct gradient algorithm takes too much time, which becomes a major factor influencing control effect of adaptive optics systems. In this paper we apply an iterative wavefront control algorithm to high-resolution adaptive optics systems, in which the voltages of each actuator are obtained through iteration arithmetic, which gains great advantage in calculation and storage. For AO system with thousands of actuators, the computational complexity estimate is about O(n2) ~ O(n3) in direct gradient wavefront control algorithm, while the computational complexity estimate in iterative wavefront control algorithm is about O(n) ~(O(n)3/2), in which n is the number of actuators of AO system. And the more the numbers of sub-apertures and deformable mirror actuators, the more significant advantage the iterative wavefront control algorithm exhibits.
摘要While propagating inside the strongly scattering biological tssue,photons lose their incident directions beyond one transport mean free path(TMFP,~1 millimeter(mm)),which makes it challenging to achieve optical focusing or clear imaging deep inside tissue.By manipulating many degrees of the incident optical wavefront,the latest optical wavefront engineering(WFE)technology compensates the wavelfront distortions caused by the scattering media and thus is toward breaking this physical limit,bringing bright perspective to many applications deep inside tissue,eg,high resolution functional/molecular imaging,optical excitation(optogenetics)and optical tweezers.However,inside the dynamic turbid media such as the biological tissue,the wavefront distortion is a fast and continuously changing process whose decorrelation rate is on timescales from milliseconds(ms)to microseconds(μs),or even faster.This requires that the WFE technology should be capable of beating this rapid process.In this review,we discuss the major challenges faced by the WFE technology due to the fast decorrelation of dynamic turbid media such as living tissue when achieving light focusing/imaging and summarize the research progress achieved to date to overcome these challenges.
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.61173182,No.61179071)Applied Basic Research Project(No.2011JY0124)International Cooperation and Exchange Project of Sichuan Province(No.2012HH0004)
摘要Wavefront aberration affects the quality of retinal image directly.This paper reviews the representation and reconstruction of wavefront aberration,as well as the construction of virtual eye model based on Zernike polynomial coefficients.In addition,the promising prospect of virtual eye model is emphasized.
摘要The phase diversity wavefront sensor is one of the tools used to estimate wavefront aberration, and it is often used as a wavefront sensor in adaptive optics systems. However, the performance of the traditional phase diversity wavefront sensor is limited by the accuracy and dynamic ranges of the intensity distribution at the focus and defocus positions of the CCD camera. In this paper, a modified phase diversity wavefront sensor based on a diffraction grating is proposed to improve the ability to measure the wavefront aberration with larger amplitude and higher spatial frequency. The basic principle and the optics construction of the proposed method are also described in detail. The noise propagation property of the proposed method is also analysed by using the numerical simulation method, and comparison between the diffraction grating phase diversity wavefront sensor and the traditional phase diversity wavefront sensor is also made. The simulation results show that the diffraction grating phase diversity wavefront sensor can obviously improve the ability to measure the wavefront aberration, especially the wavefront aberration with larger amplitude and higher spatial frequency.
摘要AIM: To compare the wavefront aberrations and corneal surface regularity between dry eye(DE) patients and normal subjects and assess its diagnostic performance for DE measured with OPD Scan-Ⅲ.METHODS: Fifty right eyes of 50 DE patients and 31 right eyes of normal subjects were included.The examinations for ocular surface including logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution best-corrected distance visual acuity(logMAR BCVA) the ocular surface disease index(OSDI), tear film break-up time(TBUT) and corneal fluorescein staining(CFS).OPD Scan-Ⅲ was used to measure anterior corneal aberrations including total corneal aberrations, high order aberration(HOA), coma, trefoil, spherical aberration(SA), standard deviation of corneal power(SDP), surface regularity index(SRI) and surface asymmetry index(SAI).Statistical analysis were assessed with nonparametric tests and Spearman’s correlations.All parameters were also analyzed for sensitivity, specificity, and receiver operating characteristics(ROC) curves.RESULTS: Wavefront aberrations parameters including total corneal aberrations, HOA, coma, trefoil, and SA in DE group were significantly higher than those in normal group(P<0.001).Corneal surface regularity parameters including SRI and SAI in DE group were significantly higher than both in normal group(P<0.05).All the wavefront aberrations parameters had significant correlations with ocular surface parameters(P<0.05).The logMAR BCVA had positive correlations with SAI and SRI(all P<0.001).CFS scores had positive correlations with SAI and SRI(all P<0.001).All the wavefront aberrations parameters showed good diagnosis sensitivity and specificity, however, the corneal regularity parameters showed only good specificity but poor sensitivity.The cut-off value selected for trefoil in diagnosis DE showed the highest area under the curve(AUC, 0.921) values as compared to the other parameters with sensitivity of 0.955 and specificity of 0.867.CONCLUSION: Wavefront aberrations and corneal surface regularity are increased in DE patients and also correlated with ocular surface parameters.Wavefront aberrations parameters have potential to be indicators to diagnosis and monitor DE.
基金supported by NSFC(Nos.41274120,41404085,and 41504084)
摘要3D traveltime calculation is widely used in seismic exploration technologies such as seismic migration and tomography. The fast marching method (FMM) is useful for calculating 3D traveltime and has proven to be efficient and stable. However, it has low calculation accuracy near the source, which thus gives it low overall accuracy. This paper proposes a joint traveltime calculation method to solve this problem. The method firstly employs the wavefront construction method (WFC), which has a higher calculation accuracy than FMM in calculating traveltime in the small area near the source, and secondly adopts FMM to calculate traveltime for the remaining grid nodes. Due to the increase in calculation precision of grid nodes near the source, this new algorithm is shown to have good calculation precision while maintaining the high calculation efficiency of FMM, which is employed in most of the computational area. Results are verified using various numerical models.
基金supported by the Shenzhen Science and Technology Innovation Commission(No.JCYJ20170818104421564)the Hong Kong Innovation and Technology Commission(No.ITS/022/18)+1 种基金the Hong Kong Research Grant Council(No.25204416)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.81671726 and 81627805).
摘要Wavefront shaping(WFS)techniques have been used as a powerful tool to control light propagation in complex media,including multimode fibers.In this paper,we propose a new application of WFS for multimode fber-based sensors.The use of a single multimode fiber alone,without any special fabrication,as a sensor based on the light intensity variations is not an easy task.The twist effect on multimode fiber is used as an example herein.Experimental results show that light intensity through the multimode fiber shows no direct relationship with the twist angle,but the correlation coefficient(CC)of speckle patterns does.Moreover,if WFS is applied to transform the spatially seemingly random light pattern at the exit of the multimode fiber into an optical focus.The focal pattern correlation and intensity both can serve to gauge the twist angle,with doubled measurement range and allowance of using a fast point detector to provide the feedback.With further development,WFS may find potentials to facilitate the development of multimode fber-based sensors in a variety of scenarios.
摘要Feedback-based wavefront shaping focuses light through scattering media by employing phase optimization algorithms.Genetic algorithms(GAs),inspired by the process of natural selection,are well suited for phase optimization in wavelfront shaping problems.In 2012,Conkey et al.first introduced a GA into feedback-based wavefront shaping to find the optimum phase map.Since then,due to its siuperior performance in noisy environment,the GA has been widely adopted by lots of implementations.However,there have been limited studies discussing and optimizing the detailed procedures of the GA.To fill this blank,in this study,we performed a thorough study on the performance of the GA for focusing light through scattering media.Using numerical tools,we evaluated certain procedures that can be potentially improved and provided guidance on how to choose certain parameters appropriately.This study is beneficial in improving the performance of wavefront shaping systems with GAs.
摘要AIM: To compare and calculate the 3-year refractive results, higher-order aberrations (HOAs), contrast sensitivity (CS) and dry eye parameters after small incision lenticule extraction (SMILE) and wavefront-guided femtosecond laser-assisted laser in situ keratomileusis (FS-LASIK) for correction of high myopia and myopic astigmatism. METHODS: In this prospective, non-randomized comparative study, 78 eyes with spherical equivalent (SE) of -8.11±1.09 diopters (D) received a SMILE surgery, and 65 eyes with SE of -8.05±1.12 D received a wavefront-guided FS-LASIK surgery with the VisuMax femtosecond laser (Carl Zeiss Meditec, Jena, Germany) for flap cutting. Visual acuity, manifest refraction, CS, HOAs, ocular surface disease index (OSDI) and tear break-up time (TBUT) were evaluated during a 3-year follow-up. RESULTS: The difference of uncorrected distance visual acuity (UDVA) postoperatively was achieved at lmo and at 3mo, whereas the difference of the mean UDVA between two groups at 3y were not statistically significant (t=-1.59, P=-0.13). The postoperative change of SE was 0.89 D in the FS-LASIK group (t=5.76, P=0.00), and 0.14 D in the SMILE group (t=-0.54, P=0.59) from lmo to 3y after surgery. At 3-year postoperatively, both HOAs and spherical aberrations in the SMILE group were obviously less than those in the FS-LASIK group (P=0.00), but the coma root mean square (RMS) was higher in the SMILE group (0.59±0.26) than in the FS-LASIK group (0.29±0.14, P=0.00). The mesopic CS values between two groups were not statistically significant at 3y postoperatively. Compared with the FS-LASIK group, lower OSDI scores and longer TBUT values were found in the SMILE group at Imo and 3mo postoperatively. With regard to safety, no eye lost any line of CDVA in both groups at 3y after surgery. CONCLUSION: Both SMILE and wavefront-guided FS- LASIK procedures provide good visual outcomes. Both procedures are effective and safe, but SMILE surgery achieve more stable long-term refractive outcome and better control of early postoperative dry eye as compared to FS-LASIK.
摘要By applying the wavefront coding technique to an optical system, the depth of focus can be greatly increased. Several complicated methods, such as Fisher Information based method, have already been taken to optimize for the best pupil phase mask in ideal condition. Here one simple point spread function (PSF) based method with only the standard deviation method used to evaluate the PSF stability over the depth of focus is taken to optimize for the best coefficients of pupil phase mask in practical optical systems. Results of imaging simulations for optical systems with and without pupil phase mask are presented, and the sharpness of image is calculated for comparison. The optimized results showed better and much more stable imaging quality over the original system without changing the position of the image plane.
基金supported by NSF of China(11401478)Gansu Provincial Natural Science Foundation(145RJZA220)
摘要This paper is concerned with the stability of traveling wavefronts for a population dynamics model with time delay. Combining the weighted energy method and the comparison principle, the global exponential stability of noncritical traveling wavefronts (waves with speeds c 〉 c*, where c=c* is the minimal speed) is established, when the initial perturbations around the wavefront decays to zero exponentially in space as x → -∞, but it can be allowed arbitrary large in other locations, which improves the results in[9, 18, 21].
基金Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.61775223)the Strategic Priority Research Program of Chinese Academy of Sciences(Grant No.XDB1603)
摘要We studied the evolution of wavefront aberration(WFA) of a signal beam during amplification in a Ti:sapphire chirped pulse amplification(CPA) system. The results verified that the WFA of the amplified laser beam has little relation with the change of the pump beam energies. Transverse parasitic lasing that might occur in CPA hardly affects the wavefront of the signal beam. Thermal effects were also considered in this study, and the results show that the thermal effect cumulated in multiple amplification processes also has no obvious influence on the wavefront of the signal beam for a single-shot frequency. The results presented in this paper confirmed experimentally that the amplification in a Ti:sapphire CPA system has little impact on the WFA of the signal beam and it is very helpful for wavefront correction of single-shot PW and multi-PW laser systems based on Ti:sapphire.