Hardware/software(HW/SW) partitioning is one of the key processes in an embedded system.It is used to determine which system components are assigned to hardware and which are processed by software.In contrast with p...Hardware/software(HW/SW) partitioning is one of the key processes in an embedded system.It is used to determine which system components are assigned to hardware and which are processed by software.In contrast with previous research that focuses on developing efficient heuristic,we focus on the pre-process of the task graph before the HW/SW partitioning in this paper,that is,enumerating all the sub-graphs that meet the requirements.Experimental results showed that the original graph can be reduced to 67% in the worst-case scenario and 58% in the best-case scenario.In conclusion,the reduced task graph saved hardware area while improving partitioning speed and accuracy.展开更多
OBJECTIVE:To explore the correlation between diagnostic information of tongue and gastroscopy results of patients with chronic gastritis.METHODS:Frequent pattern growth(FP-Growth),SPSS Modeler was used to analyze the ...OBJECTIVE:To explore the correlation between diagnostic information of tongue and gastroscopy results of patients with chronic gastritis.METHODS:Frequent pattern growth(FP-Growth),SPSS Modeler was used to analyze the correlation rules between the image information of tongue parameters and the characteristics of the stomach and duodenum seen under gastroscopy.RESULTS:Ranking in order of confidence:cyanotic tongue,slippery fur,yellow fur and spotted tongue were sequently associated with both gastric antrum mucosal hyperemia or edema and gastric antrum mucosal erythema/macula.L,one value of tongue coating color,which counted among(30,60),tooth-marked tongue and b,one value of tongue coating color,which counted in the range of(5,20)were sequently associated with gastric antrum mucosal erythema/macula.A,one value of tongue body color,which counted in the range of(0,20),was related to both gastric antrum mucosal hyperemia or edema and gastric antrum mucosal erythema/macula.a,one value of tongue coating color,which counted in the range of(15,35),was associated with gastric antrum mucosal erythema/macula.There are a total of 9 strong correlation rules.CONCLUSIONS:Cyanotic tongue,slippery fur,yellow fur,the CIE Lab value of tongue coating,a,the value of tongue body color,spotted tongue,and tooth-marked tongue are all related to the gastric antrum mucosal hyperemia or edema and gastric antrum mucosal erythema/macula.The conditions of gastric mucosa could be predicted by the examination of the above related image information of tongue.展开更多
Gears play an important role in virtual manufacturing systems for digital twins;however,the image of gear tooth defects is difficult to acquire owing to its non-convex shape.In this study,a deep learning network is pr...Gears play an important role in virtual manufacturing systems for digital twins;however,the image of gear tooth defects is difficult to acquire owing to its non-convex shape.In this study,a deep learning network is proposed to detect gear defects based on their point cloud representation.This approach mainly consists of three steps:(1)Various types of gear defects are classified into four cases(fracture,pitting,glue,and wear);A 3D gear dataset was constructed with 10000 instances following the aforementioned classification.(2)Gear-PCNet++introduces a novel Combinational Convolution Block,proposed based on the gear dataset for gear defect detection to effectively extract the local gear information and identify its complex topology;(3)Compared with other methods,experiments show that this method can achieve better recognition results for gear defects with higher efficiency and practicability.展开更多
This study proposes an image-based three-dimensional(3D)vector reconstruction of industrial parts that can gener-ate non-uniform rational B-splines(NURBS)surfaces with high fidelity and flexibility.The contributions o...This study proposes an image-based three-dimensional(3D)vector reconstruction of industrial parts that can gener-ate non-uniform rational B-splines(NURBS)surfaces with high fidelity and flexibility.The contributions of this study include three parts:first,a dataset of two-dimensional images is constructed for typical industrial parts,including hex-agonal head bolts,cylindrical gears,shoulder rings,hexagonal nuts,and cylindrical roller bearings;second,a deep learning algorithm is developed for parameter extraction of 3D industrial parts,which can determine the final 3D parameters and pose information of the reconstructed model using two new nets,CAD-ClassNet and CAD-ReconNet;and finally,a 3D vector shape reconstruction of mechanical parts is presented to generate NURBS from the obtained shape parameters.The final reconstructed models show that the proposed approach is highly accurate,efficient,and practical.展开更多
We present a model for self-adjustment of social conventions to small perturbations, and investigate how perturbations can influence the convergence of social convention in different situations. The experimental resul...We present a model for self-adjustment of social conventions to small perturbations, and investigate how perturbations can influence the convergence of social convention in different situations. The experimental results show that the sensitivity of social conventions is determined by not only the perturbations themselves but also the agent adjustment functions for the perturbations; and social conventions are more sensitive to the outlier agent number than to the strategy fluctuation magnitudes and localities of perturbations.展开更多
Quantum machine learning(QML)models,like their classical counterparts,are intrinsically vulnerable to adversarial attacks,hindering their secure deployment.Here,we report the first systematic experimental benchmark of...Quantum machine learning(QML)models,like their classical counterparts,are intrinsically vulnerable to adversarial attacks,hindering their secure deployment.Here,we report the first systematic experimental benchmark of robustness for 20-qubit quantum neural network(QNN)classifiers executed on a superconducting processor.Our benchmarking protocol features an efficient adversarial attack algorithm tailored for quantum hardware,enabling the diagnosis of QNN’s robustness across diverse datasets.The empirical upper bound extracted from our attack experiments deviates by only 3×10−3from the analytical lower bound,providing strong experimental confirmation of our attack’s precision and the tightness of the fidelity-based robustness bounds.Furthermore,our quantitative analysis reveals that adversarial training mitigates sensitivity to targeted perturbations by regularizing input gradients,thereby significantly enhancing QNN robustness.Additionally,we observe that experimentally measured QNNs exhibit higher adversarial robustness than classical neural networks,an effect attributed to inherent quantum noise.Our work establishes the first scalable and experimentally accessible framework for robustness benchmarking,paving the way for secure and reliable QML applications.展开更多
Correction to:The Life Cycle of Knowledge in Big Language Models:A Survey DOI:10.1007/s11633-023-1416-x Authors:Boxi Cao,Hongyu Lin,Xianpei Han,Le Sun The article The Life Cycle of Knowledge in Big Language Models:A S...Correction to:The Life Cycle of Knowledge in Big Language Models:A Survey DOI:10.1007/s11633-023-1416-x Authors:Boxi Cao,Hongyu Lin,Xianpei Han,Le Sun The article The Life Cycle of Knowledge in Big Language Models:A Survey,written by Boxi Cao,Hongyu Lin,Xianpei Han,Le Sun,was originally published without Open Access.After publication,the authors decided to opt for Open Choice and to make the article an Open Access publication.展开更多
Real-Time Publish and Subscribe (RTPS) protocol is a protocol for implementing message exchange over an unreliable transport in data distribution service (DDS). Formal modelling and verification of the protocol provid...Real-Time Publish and Subscribe (RTPS) protocol is a protocol for implementing message exchange over an unreliable transport in data distribution service (DDS). Formal modelling and verification of the protocol provide stronger guarantees of its correctness and efficiency than testing alone. In this paper, we build formal models for the RTPS protocol using UPPAAL and Simulink/Stateflow. Modelling using Simulink/Stateflow allows analyzing the protocol through simula-tion, as well as generate executable code. Modelling using UPPAAL allows us to verify properties of the model stated in TCTL (Timed Computation Tree Logic), as well as estimate its performance using statistical model checking. We further describe a procedure for translation from Stateflow to timed automata, where a subset of major features in Stateflow is supported, and prove the soundness statement that the Stateflow model is a refinement of the translated timed automata model. As a consequence, any property in a certain fragment of TCTL that we have verified for the timed automata model in UPPAAL is preserved for the original Stateflow model.展开更多
The maximum satisfiability (MAX-SAT)problem is an important NP-hard problem in theory,and has a broad range of applications in practice.Stochastic local search (SLS)is becoming an increasingly popular method for solvi...The maximum satisfiability (MAX-SAT)problem is an important NP-hard problem in theory,and has a broad range of applications in practice.Stochastic local search (SLS)is becoming an increasingly popular method for solving MAX-SAT.Recently,a powerful SLS algorithm called CCLS shows efficiency on solving random and crafted MAX-SAT instances.However,the performance of CCLS on solving industrial MAX-SAT instances lags far behind.In this paper,we focus on experimentally analyzing the performance of SLS algorithms for solving industrial MAXSAT instances.First,we conduct experiments to analyze why CCLS performs poor on industrial instances.Then we propose a new strategy called additive BMS (Best from Multiple Selections)to ease the serious issue.By integrating CCLS and additive BMS,we develop a new SLS algorithm for MAXSAT called CCABMS,and related experiments indicate the efficiency of CCABMS.Also,we experimentally analyze the effectiveness of initialization methods on SLS algorithms for MAX-SAT,and combine an effective initialization method with CCABMS,resulting in an enhanced algorithm.Experimental results show that our enhanced algorithm performs better than its state-of-the-art SLS competitors on a large number of industrial MAX-SAT instances.展开更多
SAT-based bounded model checking (BMC) has been introduced as a complementary technique to BDD-based symbolic model checking in recent years, and a lot of successful work has been done in this direction. The approac...SAT-based bounded model checking (BMC) has been introduced as a complementary technique to BDD-based symbolic model checking in recent years, and a lot of successful work has been done in this direction. The approach was first introduced by A. Biere et al. in checking linear temporal logic (LTL) formulae and then also adapted to check formulae of the universal fragment of computation tree logic (ACTL) by W. Penczek et al. As the efficiency of model checking is still an important issue, we present an improved BMC approach for ACTL based on Penczek's method. We consider two aspects of the approach. One is reduction of the number of variables and transitions in the κ-model by distinguishing the temporal operator EX from the others. The other is simplification of the transformation of formulae by using uniform path encoding instead of a disjunction of all paths needed in the κ-model. With these improvements, for an ACTL formula, the length of the final encoding of the formula in the worst case is reduced. The improved approach is implemented in the tool BMV and is compared with the original one by applying both to two well known examples, mutual exclusion and dining philosophers. The comparison shoves the advantages of the improved approach with respect to the efficiency of model checking.展开更多
Semiconductor manufacturing (SM) system is one of the most complicated hybrid processes involved continuously variable dynamical systems and discrete event dynamical systems. The optimization and scheduling of semicon...Semiconductor manufacturing (SM) system is one of the most complicated hybrid processes involved continuously variable dynamical systems and discrete event dynamical systems. The optimization and scheduling of semiconductor fabrication has long been a hot research direction in automation. Bottleneck is the key factor to a SM system, which seriously influences the throughput rate, cycle time, time-delivery rate, etc. Efficient prediction for the bottleneck of a SM system provides the best support for the consequent scheduling. Because categorical data (product types, releasing strategies) and numerical data (work in process, processing time, utilization rate, buffer length, etc.) have significant effect on bottleneck, an improved adaptive network-based fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) was adopted in this study to predict bottleneck since conventional neural network-based methods accommodate only numerical inputs. In this improved ANFIS, the contribution of categorical inputs to firing strength is reflected through a transformation matrix. In order to tackle high-dimensional inputs, reduce the number of fuzzy rules and obtain high prediction accuracy, a fuzzy c-means method combining binary tree linear division method was applied to identify the initial structure of fuzzy inference system. According to the experimental results, the main-bottleneck and sub-bottleneck of SM system can be predicted accurately with the proposed method.展开更多
Knowledge plays a critical role in artificial intelligence.Recently,the extensive success of pre-trained language models(PLMs)has raised significant attention about how knowledge can be acquired,maintained,updated and...Knowledge plays a critical role in artificial intelligence.Recently,the extensive success of pre-trained language models(PLMs)has raised significant attention about how knowledge can be acquired,maintained,updated and used by language models.Despite the enormous amount of related studies,there is still a lack of a unified view of how knowledge circulates within language models throughout the learning,tuning,and application processes,which may prevent us from further understanding the connections between current progress or realizing existing limitations.In this survey,we revisit PLMs as knowledge-based systems by dividing the life circle of knowledge in PLMs into five critical periods,and investigating how knowledge circulates when it is built,maintained and used.To this end,we systematically review existing studies of each period of the knowledge life cycle,summarize the main challenges and current limitations,and discuss future directions.展开更多
Trusted computing(TC)is an emerging technology to enhance the security of various computing platforms by a dedicated secure chip(TPM/TCM),which is widely accepted by both the industrial and academic world.This paper a...Trusted computing(TC)is an emerging technology to enhance the security of various computing platforms by a dedicated secure chip(TPM/TCM),which is widely accepted by both the industrial and academic world.This paper attempts to sketch the evolution of TC from the view of our theoretical and engineering work.In theory,we focus on protocol design and security analysis.We have proposed the first ECDAA protocol scheme based on q-SDH assumption,which highlights a new way to design direct anonymous attestation scheme.In technical evolution,we discuss the key technologies of trust chain,trusted network connection and TC testing and evaluation.We break through several key technologies such as trusted boot,OS measurement and remote attestation,and implement a TC system from TPM/TCM to network.We also design and implement a testing and evaluation system of TC platform,which is the first one put into practical application in China.Finally,with the rapid development of cloud computing and mobile applications,TC is moving toward some new directions,such as the trust in cloud and mobile environments,new TPM standard,and flexible trust execution environment trust establishment method.展开更多
Geometric morphometrics (GM) is an important method of shape analysis and increasingly used in a wide range of scientific disciplines. Presently, a single character comparison system of geometric morphometric data i...Geometric morphometrics (GM) is an important method of shape analysis and increasingly used in a wide range of scientific disciplines. Presently, a single character comparison system of geometric morphometric data is used in almost all empirical studies, and this approach is sufficient for many scientific problems. However, the estimation of overall similarity among taxa or objects based on multiple characters is crucial in a variety of contexts (e.g. (semi-)automated identification, phenetic relationships, tracing of character evolution, phylogenetic reconstruction). Here we propose a new web-based tool for merging several geometric morphometrics data files from multiple characters into a single data file. Using this approach information from multiple characters can be compared in combination and an overall similarity estimate can be obtained in a convenient and geometrically rigorous manner. To illustrate our method, we provide an example analysis of 25 dung beetle species with seven Procrustes superimposed landmark data files representing the morphological variation of body features: the epipharynx, right mandible, pronotum, elytra, hindwing, and the metendosternite in dorsal and lateral view. All seven files were merged into a single one containing information on 649 landmark locations. The possible applications of such merged data files in different fields of science are discussed.展开更多
This paper presents an efficient method to trace secondary rays in depth-of-field (DOF) rendering, which significantly enhances realism. Till now, the effects by secondary rays have been little addressed in real-tim...This paper presents an efficient method to trace secondary rays in depth-of-field (DOF) rendering, which significantly enhances realism. Till now, the effects by secondary rays have been little addressed in real-time/interactive DOF rendering, because secondary rays have less coherence than primary rays, making them very difficult to handle. We propose novel measures to cluster secondary rays, and take a virtual viewpoint to construct a layered image-based representation for the objects that would be intersected by a cluster of secondary rays respectively. Therefore, we can exploit coherence of secondary rays in the clusters to speed up tracing secondary rays in DOF rendering. Results show that, we can interactively achieve DOF rendering effects with reflections or refractions on a commodity graphics card.展开更多
The notion of amortisation has been integrated in quantitative bisimulations to make long-term behavioral comparisons between nondeterministic systems. In this paper, we present sound and complete proof systems for am...The notion of amortisation has been integrated in quantitative bisimulations to make long-term behavioral comparisons between nondeterministic systems. In this paper, we present sound and complete proof systems for amortised strong probabilistic bisimulation and its observational congruence on a process algebra with probability and nondeterminism, and prove their soundness and completeness. Our results make it possible to reason about long-term (observable) probabilistic behaviors by syntactic manipulations.展开更多
We study CFG parse tree enumeration in this paper. By dividing the set of all parse trees into infinite hierarchies according to height of parse tree, the hierarchical lexicographic order on the set of parse trees is ...We study CFG parse tree enumeration in this paper. By dividing the set of all parse trees into infinite hierarchies according to height of parse tree, the hierarchical lexicographic order on the set of parse trees is established. Then grammar-based algorithms for counting and enumerating CFG parse trees in this order are presented. To generate a parse tree of height n, the time complexity is O(n). If τ is a lowest parse tree for its yield, then O(n) =O(||τ|| + 1), where ||τ|| is the length of the sentence (yield) generated by τ. The sentence can be obtained as a by-product of the parse tree. To compute sentence from its parse tree (needn't be lowest one), the time complexity is O(node)+O(||τ|| + 1), where node is the number of non-leaf nodes of parse tree τ. To generate both a complete lowest parse tree and its yield at the same time, the time complexity is O(||τ|| + 1).展开更多
Mu-calculus(a.k.a.μTL)is built up from modal/dynamic logic via adding the least fixpoint operatorμ.This type of logic has attracted increasing attention since Kozen’s seminal work.PμTL is a succinct probabilistic ...Mu-calculus(a.k.a.μTL)is built up from modal/dynamic logic via adding the least fixpoint operatorμ.This type of logic has attracted increasing attention since Kozen’s seminal work.PμTL is a succinct probabilistic extension of the standardμTL obtained by making the modal operators probabilistic.Properties of this logic,such as expressiveness and satisfiability decision,have been studied elsewhere.We consider another important problem:the axiomatization of that logic.By extending the approaches of Kozen and Walukiewicz,we present an axiom system for PμTL.In addition,we show that the axiom system is complete for aconjunctive formulas.展开更多
Resolution modulo is an extension of first-order resolution in which rewrite rules are used to rewrite clauses during the search. In the first version of this method, clauses are rewritten to arbitrary propositions. T...Resolution modulo is an extension of first-order resolution in which rewrite rules are used to rewrite clauses during the search. In the first version of this method, clauses are rewritten to arbitrary propositions. These propositions are needed to be dynamically transformed into clauses. This unpleasant feature can be eliminated when the rewrite system is clausal, i.e., when it rewrites clauses to clauses. We show in this paper how to transform any rewrite system into a clausal one, preserving the existence of cut free proofs of any sequent.展开更多
Markov decision process(MDP)offers a general framework for modelling sequential decision making where outcomes are random.In particular,it serves as a mathematical framework for reinforcement learning.This paper intro...Markov decision process(MDP)offers a general framework for modelling sequential decision making where outcomes are random.In particular,it serves as a mathematical framework for reinforcement learning.This paper introduces an extension of MDP,namely quantum MDP(q MDP),that can serve as a mathematical model of decision making about quantum systems.We develop dynamic programming algorithms for policy evaluation and finding optimal policies for q MDPs in the case of finite-horizon.The results obtained in this paper provide some useful mathematical tools for reinforcement learning techniques applied to the quantum world.展开更多
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (60970016,61173032)
摘要Hardware/software(HW/SW) partitioning is one of the key processes in an embedded system.It is used to determine which system components are assigned to hardware and which are processed by software.In contrast with previous research that focuses on developing efficient heuristic,we focus on the pre-process of the task graph before the HW/SW partitioning in this paper,that is,enumerating all the sub-graphs that meet the requirements.Experimental results showed that the original graph can be reduced to 67% in the worst-case scenario and 58% in the best-case scenario.In conclusion,the reduced task graph saved hardware area while improving partitioning speed and accuracy.
基金Key Special Project of the National Key Research and Development Program of Ministry of Science and Technology(No.2017YFB1002300):Topic One:Multimodal Heterogeneous Efficient Acquisition of Traditional Chinese Medicine Big Data and Resource Library Construction(No.2017YFB1002301)and Topic Three:Multi-Scale Cognition Methods and Treatment Analysis Model of Traditional Chinese Medicine Based on Deep Learning(No.2017YFB1002303)from Big Data-Driven Traditional Chinese Medicine Intelligent Auxiliary Diagnostic Service SystemGraduation Design of“Cultivation Program”for Cross-cultivation of High-level Talents in Beijing Colleges and Universities in 2010(Scientific Research):the Research on the Clinical Diagnosis and Prediction System of Gastric Precancerous Lesions Based on Artificial Intelligence+2 种基金National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.30701071)the Sixth Batch of Academic Experience Inheritance of Traditional Chinese Medicine Experts(2017)“3+3”Project of Beijing Traditional Chinese Medicine Inheritance(No.2012-SZ-C-41)。
摘要OBJECTIVE:To explore the correlation between diagnostic information of tongue and gastroscopy results of patients with chronic gastritis.METHODS:Frequent pattern growth(FP-Growth),SPSS Modeler was used to analyze the correlation rules between the image information of tongue parameters and the characteristics of the stomach and duodenum seen under gastroscopy.RESULTS:Ranking in order of confidence:cyanotic tongue,slippery fur,yellow fur and spotted tongue were sequently associated with both gastric antrum mucosal hyperemia or edema and gastric antrum mucosal erythema/macula.L,one value of tongue coating color,which counted among(30,60),tooth-marked tongue and b,one value of tongue coating color,which counted in the range of(5,20)were sequently associated with gastric antrum mucosal erythema/macula.A,one value of tongue body color,which counted in the range of(0,20),was related to both gastric antrum mucosal hyperemia or edema and gastric antrum mucosal erythema/macula.a,one value of tongue coating color,which counted in the range of(15,35),was associated with gastric antrum mucosal erythema/macula.There are a total of 9 strong correlation rules.CONCLUSIONS:Cyanotic tongue,slippery fur,yellow fur,the CIE Lab value of tongue coating,a,the value of tongue body color,spotted tongue,and tooth-marked tongue are all related to the gastric antrum mucosal hyperemia or edema and gastric antrum mucosal erythema/macula.The conditions of gastric mucosa could be predicted by the examination of the above related image information of tongue.
基金opening fund of State Key Laboratory of Lunar and Planetary Sciences(Macao University of Science and Technology),No.119/2017/A3the Natural Science Foundation of China,Nos.61572056 and 61872347the Special Plan for the Development of Distinguished Young Scientists of ISCAS,No.Y8RC535018.
摘要Gears play an important role in virtual manufacturing systems for digital twins;however,the image of gear tooth defects is difficult to acquire owing to its non-convex shape.In this study,a deep learning network is proposed to detect gear defects based on their point cloud representation.This approach mainly consists of three steps:(1)Various types of gear defects are classified into four cases(fracture,pitting,glue,and wear);A 3D gear dataset was constructed with 10000 instances following the aforementioned classification.(2)Gear-PCNet++introduces a novel Combinational Convolution Block,proposed based on the gear dataset for gear defect detection to effectively extract the local gear information and identify its complex topology;(3)Compared with other methods,experiments show that this method can achieve better recognition results for gear defects with higher efficiency and practicability.
基金supported by the Aeronautical Science Foundation of China,No.2023Z0680510022021 Special Scientific Research on Civil Aircraft Project+1 种基金the Natural Science Foundation of China,Nos.61572056 and 61872347the Special Plan for the Development of Distinguished Young Scientists of ISCAS,No.Y8RC535018.
摘要This study proposes an image-based three-dimensional(3D)vector reconstruction of industrial parts that can gener-ate non-uniform rational B-splines(NURBS)surfaces with high fidelity and flexibility.The contributions of this study include three parts:first,a dataset of two-dimensional images is constructed for typical industrial parts,including hex-agonal head bolts,cylindrical gears,shoulder rings,hexagonal nuts,and cylindrical roller bearings;second,a deep learning algorithm is developed for parameter extraction of 3D industrial parts,which can determine the final 3D parameters and pose information of the reconstructed model using two new nets,CAD-ClassNet and CAD-ReconNet;and finally,a 3D vector shape reconstruction of mechanical parts is presented to generate NURBS from the obtained shape parameters.The final reconstructed models show that the proposed approach is highly accurate,efficient,and practical.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant No 60803060, and the Excellent Young Teachers Program of Southeast University.
摘要We present a model for self-adjustment of social conventions to small perturbations, and investigate how perturbations can influence the convergence of social convention in different situations. The experimental results show that the sensitivity of social conventions is determined by not only the perturbations themselves but also the agent adjustment functions for the perturbations; and social conventions are more sensitive to the outlier agent number than to the strategy fluctuation magnitudes and localities of perturbations.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(Grant No.2023YFB4502500)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.12404564)+1 种基金the Anhui Province Science and Technology Innovation(Grant No.202423s06050001)This work was partially carried out at the USTC Center for Micro and Nanoscale Research and Fabrication.
摘要Quantum machine learning(QML)models,like their classical counterparts,are intrinsically vulnerable to adversarial attacks,hindering their secure deployment.Here,we report the first systematic experimental benchmark of robustness for 20-qubit quantum neural network(QNN)classifiers executed on a superconducting processor.Our benchmarking protocol features an efficient adversarial attack algorithm tailored for quantum hardware,enabling the diagnosis of QNN’s robustness across diverse datasets.The empirical upper bound extracted from our attack experiments deviates by only 3×10−3from the analytical lower bound,providing strong experimental confirmation of our attack’s precision and the tightness of the fidelity-based robustness bounds.Furthermore,our quantitative analysis reveals that adversarial training mitigates sensitivity to targeted perturbations by regularizing input gradients,thereby significantly enhancing QNN robustness.Additionally,we observe that experimentally measured QNNs exhibit higher adversarial robustness than classical neural networks,an effect attributed to inherent quantum noise.Our work establishes the first scalable and experimentally accessible framework for robustness benchmarking,paving the way for secure and reliable QML applications.
摘要Correction to:The Life Cycle of Knowledge in Big Language Models:A Survey DOI:10.1007/s11633-023-1416-x Authors:Boxi Cao,Hongyu Lin,Xianpei Han,Le Sun The article The Life Cycle of Knowledge in Big Language Models:A Survey,written by Boxi Cao,Hongyu Lin,Xianpei Han,Le Sun,was originally published without Open Access.After publication,the authors decided to opt for Open Choice and to make the article an Open Access publication.
基金This work was partially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant Nos.61625206,61972385 and 61732001the Chinese Academy of Sciences Pioneer 100 Talents Program under Grant No.Y9RC585036.
摘要Real-Time Publish and Subscribe (RTPS) protocol is a protocol for implementing message exchange over an unreliable transport in data distribution service (DDS). Formal modelling and verification of the protocol provide stronger guarantees of its correctness and efficiency than testing alone. In this paper, we build formal models for the RTPS protocol using UPPAAL and Simulink/Stateflow. Modelling using Simulink/Stateflow allows analyzing the protocol through simula-tion, as well as generate executable code. Modelling using UPPAAL allows us to verify properties of the model stated in TCTL (Timed Computation Tree Logic), as well as estimate its performance using statistical model checking. We further describe a procedure for translation from Stateflow to timed automata, where a subset of major features in Stateflow is supported, and prove the soundness statement that the Stateflow model is a refinement of the translated timed automata model. As a consequence, any property in a certain fragment of TCTL that we have verified for the timed automata model in UPPAAL is preserved for the original Stateflow model.
基金the National Key Research and Development Program of China (2016YFE0100300, 2017YFB02025)partially supported by the 100 Talents Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (2920154070)+2 种基金partially supported by the Knowledge Innovation Project of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (5120146040)partially supported by the Open Project Program of the State Key Laboratory of Mathematical Engineering and Advanced Computing (2016A06)partially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No.61502464).
摘要The maximum satisfiability (MAX-SAT)problem is an important NP-hard problem in theory,and has a broad range of applications in practice.Stochastic local search (SLS)is becoming an increasingly popular method for solving MAX-SAT.Recently,a powerful SLS algorithm called CCLS shows efficiency on solving random and crafted MAX-SAT instances.However,the performance of CCLS on solving industrial MAX-SAT instances lags far behind.In this paper,we focus on experimentally analyzing the performance of SLS algorithms for solving industrial MAXSAT instances.First,we conduct experiments to analyze why CCLS performs poor on industrial instances.Then we propose a new strategy called additive BMS (Best from Multiple Selections)to ease the serious issue.By integrating CCLS and additive BMS,we develop a new SLS algorithm for MAXSAT called CCABMS,and related experiments indicate the efficiency of CCABMS.Also,we experimentally analyze the effectiveness of initialization methods on SLS algorithms for MAX-SAT,and combine an effective initialization method with CCABMS,resulting in an enhanced algorithm.Experimental results show that our enhanced algorithm performs better than its state-of-the-art SLS competitors on a large number of industrial MAX-SAT instances.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grants No.60573012 and No.60721061the National Basic Research 973 Program of China under Grant No.2002CB312200.
摘要SAT-based bounded model checking (BMC) has been introduced as a complementary technique to BDD-based symbolic model checking in recent years, and a lot of successful work has been done in this direction. The approach was first introduced by A. Biere et al. in checking linear temporal logic (LTL) formulae and then also adapted to check formulae of the universal fragment of computation tree logic (ACTL) by W. Penczek et al. As the efficiency of model checking is still an important issue, we present an improved BMC approach for ACTL based on Penczek's method. We consider two aspects of the approach. One is reduction of the number of variables and transitions in the κ-model by distinguishing the temporal operator EX from the others. The other is simplification of the transformation of formulae by using uniform path encoding instead of a disjunction of all paths needed in the κ-model. With these improvements, for an ACTL formula, the length of the final encoding of the formula in the worst case is reduced. The improved approach is implemented in the tool BMV and is compared with the original one by applying both to two well known examples, mutual exclusion and dining philosophers. The comparison shoves the advantages of the improved approach with respect to the efficiency of model checking.
基金Supported by the National Key Basic Research and Development Program of China (2009CB320602)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (60834004, 61025018)+2 种基金the Open Project Program of the State Key Lab of Industrial ControlTechnology (ICT1108)the Open Project Program of the State Key Lab of CAD & CG (A1120)the Foundation of Key Laboratory of System Control and Information Processing (SCIP2011005),Ministry of Education,China
摘要Semiconductor manufacturing (SM) system is one of the most complicated hybrid processes involved continuously variable dynamical systems and discrete event dynamical systems. The optimization and scheduling of semiconductor fabrication has long been a hot research direction in automation. Bottleneck is the key factor to a SM system, which seriously influences the throughput rate, cycle time, time-delivery rate, etc. Efficient prediction for the bottleneck of a SM system provides the best support for the consequent scheduling. Because categorical data (product types, releasing strategies) and numerical data (work in process, processing time, utilization rate, buffer length, etc.) have significant effect on bottleneck, an improved adaptive network-based fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) was adopted in this study to predict bottleneck since conventional neural network-based methods accommodate only numerical inputs. In this improved ANFIS, the contribution of categorical inputs to firing strength is reflected through a transformation matrix. In order to tackle high-dimensional inputs, reduce the number of fuzzy rules and obtain high prediction accuracy, a fuzzy c-means method combining binary tree linear division method was applied to identify the initial structure of fuzzy inference system. According to the experimental results, the main-bottleneck and sub-bottleneck of SM system can be predicted accurately with the proposed method.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.62122077)CAS Project for Young Scientists in Basic Research,China(No.YSBR-040).
摘要Knowledge plays a critical role in artificial intelligence.Recently,the extensive success of pre-trained language models(PLMs)has raised significant attention about how knowledge can be acquired,maintained,updated and used by language models.Despite the enormous amount of related studies,there is still a lack of a unified view of how knowledge circulates within language models throughout the learning,tuning,and application processes,which may prevent us from further understanding the connections between current progress or realizing existing limitations.In this survey,we revisit PLMs as knowledge-based systems by dividing the life circle of knowledge in PLMs into five critical periods,and investigating how knowledge circulates when it is built,maintained and used.To this end,we systematically review existing studies of each period of the knowledge life cycle,summarize the main challenges and current limitations,and discuss future directions.
基金supported by the National BasicResearch Program of China(2013CB338003)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(91118006 and 61202414)
摘要Trusted computing(TC)is an emerging technology to enhance the security of various computing platforms by a dedicated secure chip(TPM/TCM),which is widely accepted by both the industrial and academic world.This paper attempts to sketch the evolution of TC from the view of our theoretical and engineering work.In theory,we focus on protocol design and security analysis.We have proposed the first ECDAA protocol scheme based on q-SDH assumption,which highlights a new way to design direct anonymous attestation scheme.In technical evolution,we discuss the key technologies of trust chain,trusted network connection and TC testing and evaluation.We break through several key technologies such as trusted boot,OS measurement and remote attestation,and implement a TC system from TPM/TCM to network.We also design and implement a testing and evaluation system of TC platform,which is the first one put into practical application in China.Finally,with the rapid development of cloud computing and mobile applications,TC is moving toward some new directions,such as the trust in cloud and mobile environments,new TPM standard,and flexible trust execution environment trust establishment method.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31672345,51305057,61379087)the Research Equipment Development Project of Chinese Academy of Sciences(YZ201509)a Humboldt Fellowship(M.B.) from Alexander von Humboldt Foundation
摘要Geometric morphometrics (GM) is an important method of shape analysis and increasingly used in a wide range of scientific disciplines. Presently, a single character comparison system of geometric morphometric data is used in almost all empirical studies, and this approach is sufficient for many scientific problems. However, the estimation of overall similarity among taxa or objects based on multiple characters is crucial in a variety of contexts (e.g. (semi-)automated identification, phenetic relationships, tracing of character evolution, phylogenetic reconstruction). Here we propose a new web-based tool for merging several geometric morphometrics data files from multiple characters into a single data file. Using this approach information from multiple characters can be compared in combination and an overall similarity estimate can be obtained in a convenient and geometrically rigorous manner. To illustrate our method, we provide an example analysis of 25 dung beetle species with seven Procrustes superimposed landmark data files representing the morphological variation of body features: the epipharynx, right mandible, pronotum, elytra, hindwing, and the metendosternite in dorsal and lateral view. All seven files were merged into a single one containing information on 649 landmark locations. The possible applications of such merged data files in different fields of science are discussed.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant Nos. 60773026 and 60833007the Knowledge Innovation Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences
摘要This paper presents an efficient method to trace secondary rays in depth-of-field (DOF) rendering, which significantly enhances realism. Till now, the effects by secondary rays have been little addressed in real-time/interactive DOF rendering, because secondary rays have less coherence than primary rays, making them very difficult to handle. We propose novel measures to cluster secondary rays, and take a virtual viewpoint to construct a layered image-based representation for the objects that would be intersected by a cluster of secondary rays respectively. Therefore, we can exploit coherence of secondary rays in the clusters to speed up tracing secondary rays in DOF rendering. Results show that, we can interactively achieve DOF rendering effects with reflections or refractions on a commodity graphics card.
基金This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant No. 60833001.
摘要The notion of amortisation has been integrated in quantitative bisimulations to make long-term behavioral comparisons between nondeterministic systems. In this paper, we present sound and complete proof systems for amortised strong probabilistic bisimulation and its observational congruence on a process algebra with probability and nondeterminism, and prove their soundness and completeness. Our results make it possible to reason about long-term (observable) probabilistic behaviors by syntactic manipulations.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 60273023, 60721061)
摘要We study CFG parse tree enumeration in this paper. By dividing the set of all parse trees into infinite hierarchies according to height of parse tree, the hierarchical lexicographic order on the set of parse trees is established. Then grammar-based algorithms for counting and enumerating CFG parse trees in this order are presented. To generate a parse tree of height n, the time complexity is O(n). If τ is a lowest parse tree for its yield, then O(n) =O(||τ|| + 1), where ||τ|| is the length of the sentence (yield) generated by τ. The sentence can be obtained as a by-product of the parse tree. To compute sentence from its parse tree (needn't be lowest one), the time complexity is O(node)+O(||τ|| + 1), where node is the number of non-leaf nodes of parse tree τ. To generate both a complete lowest parse tree and its yield at the same time, the time complexity is O(||τ|| + 1).
基金supported by the National Science Foundation of China(No.61872371)the National Science Foundation of China(Nos.61761136011 and 61836005)+2 种基金the Open Fund from the State Key Laboratory of High Performance Computing of China(HPCL)(No.2020001-07)the National Key Research and Development Program of China(No.2018YFB0204301)supported by the Guangdong Science and Technology(No.2018B010107004)。
摘要Mu-calculus(a.k.a.μTL)is built up from modal/dynamic logic via adding the least fixpoint operatorμ.This type of logic has attracted increasing attention since Kozen’s seminal work.PμTL is a succinct probabilistic extension of the standardμTL obtained by making the modal operators probabilistic.Properties of this logic,such as expressiveness and satisfiability decision,have been studied elsewhere.We consider another important problem:the axiomatization of that logic.By extending the approaches of Kozen and Walukiewicz,we present an axiom system for PμTL.In addition,we show that the axiom system is complete for aconjunctive formulas.
基金Supported by the French National Research Agency–National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant No.61161130530National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant No.60833001
摘要Resolution modulo is an extension of first-order resolution in which rewrite rules are used to rewrite clauses during the search. In the first version of this method, clauses are rewritten to arbitrary propositions. These propositions are needed to be dynamically transformed into clauses. This unpleasant feature can be eliminated when the rewrite system is clausal, i.e., when it rewrites clauses to clauses. We show in this paper how to transform any rewrite system into a clausal one, preserving the existence of cut free proofs of any sequent.
基金partly supported by National Key R&D Program of China(No.2018YFA0306701)the Australian Research Council(Nos.DP160101652 and DP180100691)+1 种基金National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.61832015)the Key Research Program of Frontier Sciences,Chinese Academy of Sciences。
摘要Markov decision process(MDP)offers a general framework for modelling sequential decision making where outcomes are random.In particular,it serves as a mathematical framework for reinforcement learning.This paper introduces an extension of MDP,namely quantum MDP(q MDP),that can serve as a mathematical model of decision making about quantum systems.We develop dynamic programming algorithms for policy evaluation and finding optimal policies for q MDPs in the case of finite-horizon.The results obtained in this paper provide some useful mathematical tools for reinforcement learning techniques applied to the quantum world.